The caveolar-mitochondrial interface: regulation of cellular metabolism in physiology and pathophysiology

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cerrone R. Foster ◽  
Shiho Satomi ◽  
Yuko Kato ◽  
Hemal H. Patel
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Cellular Metabolism ◽  
Primary Factor ◽  
Cellular Organelle ◽  
Membrane Microdomain ◽  
Intracellular Communication ◽  
Intracellular Organelles ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The plasma membrane is an important cellular organelle that is often overlooked in terms of a primary factor in regulating physiology and pathophysiology. There is emerging evidence to suggest that the plasma membrane serves a greater purpose than a simple barrier or transporter of ions. New paradigms suggest that the membrane serves as a critical bridge to connect extracellular to intracellular communication particularly to regulate energy and metabolism by forming physical and biochemical associations with intracellular organelles. This review will focus on the relationship of a particular membrane microdomain — caveolae — with mitochondria and the particular implication of this to physiology and pathophysiology.

GENETIC CONTROL OF CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1960 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 459-465
Author(s):  
David M. Bonner
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Control ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Cellular Metabolism ◽  
Human Cells ◽  
Biological Research ◽  
Cellular Biochemistry ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The Present Paper deals with the cell, but we should not forget that the problems of the cell are at the same time the problems of the whole organism. I would like to consider briefly the gene and the cell, i.e., the relationship of genetic material to metabolism. I would like to consider this problem not only in terms of the cell, but in terms of man as well, since the field of biological research is not a field solely of academic interest. The problems of gene action and of the genetic control of metabolism are fields which are rapidly developing as fields of major importance to medicine, and, in fact, the impact of genetics may be perhaps felt most keenly in the years ahead in the field of pediatrics. In discussing the genetic control of cellular metabolism, one might first ask: What is meant when we speak of the genetics of a cell or of man? Basically, we are concerned with the nature and action of the material which is transmitted from cell to cell or from organism to organism, and which determines the traits of the succeeding generation. It has been clearly shown that the genetic material of the cell resides in its chromosomes, and that chemically, it is a polydeoxyribonucleotide, designated DNA for short.1,2 What makes one think that genetic material controls cellular metabolism? In recent years, the cytology of human cells has enjoyed a great resurgence of interest. It is now possible to grow human cells in tissue culture, and by this means human chromo somes can be studied with great care and precision.

scholarly journals THE FINE STRUCTURAL LOCALIZATION OF ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE AT THE MYONEURAL JUNCTION

1962 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell J. Barrnett
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Axon Terminal ◽  
Myoneural Junction ◽  
Cytochemical Localization ◽  
Structural Localization ◽  
Terminal Axon ◽  
Esterolytic Activity ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

A study of the cytochemical localization of acetylcholiriesterase activity, combining histochemistry with electron microscopy, showed that the final product of the reaction, which was deposited at or near enzyme sites, occurred at four places in the myoneural junction. These included: plasma membrane of the muscle covering the junctional folds, the primary and secondary synaptic clefts, parts of the plasma membrane covering the axon terminal, and vesicular structures in the terminal axoplasm. No reaction occurred in the presence of 10-4 eserine or DFP, whereas 10-5 DFP inhibited the reaction at all sites except in the vesicles of the terminal axon. These findings are discussed with reference to the histochemical method used and to the occurrence of esterolytic activity in the vesicles, as well as to some of the current hypotheses concerning the relationship of the site of acetylcholinesterase and synaptic transmission.

Endotoxin-induced platelet aggregation and secretion. II. Changes in plasma membrane proteins

1977 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 225-236
Author(s):  
K.J. Thorne ◽  
R.C. Oliver ◽  
D.E. MacIntyre ◽  
J.L. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Membrane Proteins ◽  
Blood Platelets ◽  
Molecular Organization ◽  
Double Labelling ◽  
Membrane Composition ◽  
Plasma Membrane Proteins ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Responses of blood platelets to bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) have been correlated with changes in the molecular organization and composition of the platelet plasma membrane proteins. Binding of LPS, which occurred in the absence of Ca2+, was distinguished from platelet aggregation and degranulation, which required Ca2+ and plasma proteins. Changes in membrane organization were detected by double-labelling with [125I] and [131I] iodide, mediated by lactoperoxidase and hydrogen peroxide. Changes in total membrane composition were detected by gel electrophoresis of isolated membranes. Binding of LPS was associated with increased accessibility of a protein of mol. wt. 80000 to iodination. After aggregation and degranulation there was, in addition, increased accessibility of proteins of mol. wt. 68000 and 48000. Isolated membranes from LPS-stimulated platelets contained more of a protein of mol. wt. 200000 and less of a protein of mol. wt. 220000 than control membranes prepared from unstimulated platelets in the presence of cAMP and aminophylline. The relationship of the modified plasma membrane proteins to the contractile proteins of the platelet and their possible redistribution in the cell during aggregation and secretion is discussed.

scholarly journals SPECULATIONS BASED ON THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE GOLGI SYSTEMS IN SEVERAL TYPES OF PROTEIN-SECRETING CELLS

1962 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Zeigel ◽  
A. J. Dalton
Keyword(s):  
Cell Types ◽  
Secretory Product ◽  
Transition Elements ◽  
Golgi Region ◽  
Small Variety ◽  
Intracellular Organelles ◽  
Electron Microscopical ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Protein Secreting

Electron microscopical observations on the relationship of the Golgi region to other intracellular organelles in certain protein-secreting cells have substantiated and extended existing hypotheses. In micrographs of several cell types, the juxtanuclear Golgi regions were observed to be closely associated with nuclear "pores." The "transition elements" of the ergastoplasmic membranes possess "blebs" which may represent a transport process facilitating the movement of intracisternal contents into the Golgi zone. A "blebbing" process of this nature may be one source of the small variety of Golgi vesicles. Zymogen granules of different densities were observed and their significance was postulated. Light Golgi vacuoles were observed. It is suggested that these vacuoles represent accumulations of relatively fluid material segregated from the secretory product in these cell types. These hypotheses from inferential evidence are discussed and extended.

scholarly journals The relationship of detergent-solubilization plasma-membrane components of rabbit alveolar macrophages to an isolated inhibitor of phagocytosis

1979 ◽  
Vol 179 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
R S Pratt ◽  
G M Cook
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Alveolar Macrophages ◽  
Membrane Fraction ◽  
Lung Lavage ◽  
Membrane Glycoproteins ◽  
Rabbit Lung ◽  
Membrane Components ◽  
Triton X ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

1. A plasma-membrane fraction prepared from rabbit alveolar macrophages by hyposmotic borate lysis is described. 2. Rabbit lung lavages, containing a glycoprotein inhibitor of phagocytosis, may be fractionated by preparative isoelectric focusing in the presence of Triton X-100. 3. Chemical analysis indicates that the glycoproteins of the lung lavage contain sialic acid, fucose, mannose, galactose, hexosamine and appreciable quantities of glucose. 4. The relationship of macrophage membrane glycoproteins, solubilized with Triton X-100 in the presence of borate, to the lung lavage glycoproteins is demonstrated immunoelectrophoretically.

The relationship of the scleractinian corals to the rugose corals

Paleobiology ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 6 (02) ◽  
pp. 146-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Critical Points ◽  
Scleractinian Corals ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Early Triassic ◽  
Rugose Corals ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Biologic Factors

The Mesozoic-Cenozoic coral Order Scleractinia has been suggested to have originated or evolved (1) by direct descent from the Paleozoic Order Rugosa or (2) by the development of a skeleton in members of one of the anemone groups that probably have existed throughout Phanerozoic time. In spite of much work on the subject, advocates of the direct descent hypothesis have failed to find convincing evidence of this relationship. Critical points are:(1) Rugosan septal insertion is serial; Scleractinian insertion is cyclic; no intermediate stages have been demonstrated. Apparent intermediates are Scleractinia having bilateral cyclic insertion or teratological Rugosa.(2) There is convincing evidence that the skeletons of many Rugosa were calcitic and none are known to be or to have been aragonitic. In contrast, the skeletons of all living Scleractinia are aragonitic and there is evidence that fossil Scleractinia were aragonitic also. The mineralogic difference is almost certainly due to intrinsic biologic factors.(3) No early Triassic corals of either group are known. This fact is not compelling (by itself) but is important in connection with points 1 and 2, because, given direct descent, both changes took place during this only stage in the history of the two groups in which there are no known corals.

Skeletal elements of crinoid echinoderms: High-resolution structural and microanalytical results

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 194-195
Author(s):  
D. F. Blake ◽  
L. F. Allard ◽  
D. R. Peacor
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Sea Stars ◽  
High Resolution Tem ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into

Echinodermata is a phylum of marine invertebrates which has been extant since Cambrian time (c.a. 500 m.y. before the present). Modern examples of echinoderms include sea urchins, sea stars, and sea lilies (crinoids). The endoskeletons of echinoderms are composed of plates or ossicles (Fig. 1) which are with few exceptions, porous, single crystals of high-magnesian calcite. Despite their single crystal nature, fracture surfaces do not exhibit the near-perfect {10.4} cleavage characteristic of inorganic calcite. This paradoxical mix of biogenic and inorganic features has prompted much recent work on echinoderm skeletal crystallography. Furthermore, fossil echinoderm hard parts comprise a volumetrically significant portion of some marine limestones sequences. The ultrastructural and microchemical characterization of modern skeletal material should lend insight into: 1). The nature of the biogenic processes involved, for example, the relationship of Mg heterogeneity to morphological and structural features in modern echinoderm material, and 2). The nature of the diagenetic changes undergone by their ancient, fossilized counterparts. In this study, high resolution TEM (HRTEM), high voltage TEM (HVTEM), and STEM microanalysis are used to characterize tha ultrastructural and microchemical composition of skeletal elements of the modern crinoid Neocrinus blakei.

Studies on Leukemogenic and Sarcomagenic Viruses

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 156-157
Author(s):  
Leon Dmochowski
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Mode Of Development ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Electron microscopy has proved to be an invaluable discipline in studies on the relationship of viruses to the origin of leukemia, sarcoma, and other types of tumors in animals and man. The successful cell-free transmission of leukemia and sarcoma in mice, rats, hamsters, and cats, interpreted as due to a virus or viruses, was proved to be due to a virus on the basis of electron microscope studies. These studies demonstrated that all the types of neoplasia in animals of the species examined are produced by a virus of certain characteristic morphological properties similar, if not identical, in the mode of development in all types of neoplasia in animals, as shown in Fig. 1.

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