Mass and composition of the fat-free tissues of patients with weight-loss

1985 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 455-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Burkinshaw ◽  
D. B. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Standard Error ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Random Component ◽  
Total Body Potassium ◽  
Random Components ◽  
Total Body ◽  
True Values

1. An estimate of the mass of fat-free tissue in the body can be calculated from body weight and skinfold thickness; this estimate is called the ‘fat-free mass'. Total body potassium and nitrogen are alternative estimates. Factor analysis of data for healthy subjects has defined relationships between the true values of these three quantities and estimated the random component of the variance of each, i.e. the component independent of variations in the mass of fat-free tissue. The results indicated that all three were reliable measures of the mass of fat-free tissue. However, it is not known whether these findings are valid for patients who have lost weight. 2. We have measured the same three quantities in 104 wasted patients with heart disease or disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. The patients’ mean values were significantly less than corresponding values for healthy volunteers. The patients had a mean ratio of total body nitrogen to fat-free mass similar to that of healthy subjects, but lower mean ratios of potassium to fat-free mass and nitrogen. These findings suggest that the potassium content of the patients’ fat-free tissues was abnormally low. 3. Factor analysis of the patients’ data gave relationships between the true values of the three quantities similar to those for healthy subjects; however, total body potassium was 100-300 mmol lower in patients than in healthy subjects with the same fat-free mass or total body nitrogen. 4. Factor analysis also showed that the random components of variance of fat-free mass and total body nitrogen were similar to those in healthy subjects. Therefore, in the patients as in healthy subjects, fat-free mass was as valid a measure of fat-free tissue as the more complex measurement of total body nitrogen. The random component of total body potassium was twice as big as in healthy subjects; however, it formed no greater a proportion of total variance than did the random components of the other two quantities. 5. Total body nitrogen, and hence body protein, could be estimated from measured fat-free mass with a standard error of approximately 136 g (compared with 139 g for healthy individuals), and from total body potassium with a standard error of 129 g (compared with 91 g in healthy subjects).

Total Body Nitrogen and Its Relation to Body Potassium and Fat-Free Mass in Healthy Subjects

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 457-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Burkinshaw ◽  
D. B. Morgan ◽  
N. P. Silverton ◽  
R. D. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Skinfold Thickness ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Total Body Potassium ◽  
Individual Values ◽  
Total Body ◽  
The Individual

1. The amount of lean tissue in the body can be assessed by measuring total body nitrogen, total body potassium or fat-free mass. To compare these techniques we have measured total body nitrogen, total body potassium and fat-free mass in 91 healthy subjects (62 males, 29 females). 2. Total body nitrogen in the women and civilian men agreed closely with the few values reported previously and was closely related to total body potassium and fat-free mass. 3. The simplest estimate of total body nitrogen in a subject whose body content has not been measured is the mean value for healthy people of the same sex. The standard deviation of individual values about this mean is 253 g. The precision of the estimate can be improved considerably by predicting body nitrogen from fat-free mass (156 g) and somewhat more by predicting it from body potassium (115 g). The error of measuring total body nitrogen directly is approximately 76 g. 4. When an individual's total body potassium is measured in a search for potassium depletion, the observed value must be compared with the value expected if the subject were healthy. The standard deviation of the healthy values about the group means is 408 mmol. The precision of the estimate can be improved by predicting total body potassium from fat-free mass (sd 237 mmol), and rather more by predicting it from total body nitrogen (sd 186 mmol). If gross body composition is normal, measurement of total body nitrogen has little advantage over measurement of fat-free mass by the anthropometric technique. 5. These results suggest that the simpler measure of fat-free mass from body weight and skinfold thickness has a major role in the assessment of total body nitrogen, and thus lean body tissue, in the individual.

Magnitude and variation of ratio of total body potassium to fat-free mass: a cellular level modeling study

2001 ◽  
Vol 281 (1) ◽  
pp. E1-E7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zimian Wang ◽  
F. Xavier Pi-Sunyer ◽  
Donald P. Kotler ◽  
Jack Wang ◽  
Richard N. Pierson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Physiological Model ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Total Body Potassium ◽  
Fluid Compartment ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Living Organisms

Potassium is an essential element of living organisms that is found almost exclusively in the intracellular fluid compartment. The assumed constant ratio of total body potassium (TBK) to fat-free mass (FFM) is a cornerstone of the TBK method of estimating total body fat. Although the TBK-to-FFM (TBK/FFM) ratio has been assumed constant, a large range of individual and group values is recognized. The purpose of the present study was to undertake a comprehensive analysis of biological factors that cause variation in the TBK/FFM ratio. A theoretical TBK/FFM model was developed on the cellular body composition level. This physiological model includes six factors that combine to produce the observed TBK/FFM ratio. The ratio magnitude and range, as well as the differences in the TBK/FFM ratio between men and women and variation with growth, were examined with the proposed model. The ratio of extracellular water to intracellular water ( E/I) is the major factor leading to between-individual variation in the TBK/FFM ratio. The present study provides a conceptual framework for examining the separate TBK/FFM determinants and suggests important limitations of the TBK/FFM method used in estimating total body fat in humans and other mammals.

Estimation of Non-Fat Body Tissues from Measurements of Skinfold Thickness, total Body Potassium and Total Body Nitrogen

1983 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 407-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. B. Morgan ◽  
L. Burkinshaw
Keyword(s):  
Fat Body ◽  
Skinfold Thickness ◽  
Statistical Technique ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Variable Component ◽  
Total Body Potassium ◽  
Tissue Mass ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Total Body ◽  
The Relationship

1. Many previous reports have shown that the ratio of total body potassium to fat-free tissue mass is, on average, higher in men than in women. 2. In an attempt to explain this finding we have re-examined our own data and data taken from the literature. Our own data comprise measurements on 333 healthy people (196 men and 137 women). In all subjects we measured total body potassium and estimated fat-free mass from body weight and skinfold thickness; in 91 of them (62 men and 29 women) we measured, in addition, total body nitrogen. 3. We have used the statistical technique of factor analysis to obtain unbiased estimates of the relationships between the three quantities measured in the smaller group. The validity of the relationships is supported by the results from the larger group and by data from the literature. 4. The average values of total body potassium and fat-free mass are greater in men than in women, but the relationship between the two variables is identical in men and women. The relationship has a positive intercept on the axis of fat-free mass, so that the ratio of total body potassium to fat-free mass increases with fat-free mass. The higher ratio in men compared with women can therefore be explained by a difference in size alone. 5. The relationship between total body potassium and total body nitrogen has a negligible intercept. Therefore the ratio of total body potassium to total body nitrogen does not change with size. 6. These findings suggest that, on average, the fat-free mass is made up of a fixed component of approximately 9 kg of tissue containing no potassium or nitrogen, and a variable component with a potassium to nitrogen ratio of about 1.81 mmol/g.

Hydration of fat-free body in protein-depleted patients

1985 ◽  
Vol 249 (2) ◽  
pp. E227-E233 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Beddoe ◽  
S. J. Streat ◽  
G. L. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Cell Mass ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Free Body ◽  
Fluid Compartments ◽  
Total Body

It is widely believed that increased hydration of the fat-free body accompanies most major disease processes as a result of contraction of the body cell mass and expansion of the extracellular fluid. Measurements of total body water (TBW) and total body nitrogen in 68 normal volunteers and 95 surgical ward patients presenting for intravenous nutrition have been used to derive ratios of TBW to fat-free mass (TBW:FFM) and protein indices (PI), where PI is defined as the ratio of measured total body protein to predicted TBP. Mean values of PI were 1.009 +/- 0.116 (SD) and 0.783 +/- 0.152 in the normal and patient groups, respectively, corresponding to mean TBW:FFM ratios of 0.719 +/- 0.016 and 0.741 +/- 0.029. However, 48 patients had normal TBW:FFM despite having lost 15% of body protein. A theoretical model of body composition changes in catabolic illness is presented, which is in accord with the patient data, demonstrating that TBW:FFM does not necessarily increase in catabolic illness and that the ratio masks underlying shifts in body fluid compartments.

Kinetic aspects of acetate metabolism in healthy humans using [1-13C] acetate

1996 ◽  
Vol 271 (1) ◽  
pp. E58-E64 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Pouteau ◽  
H. Piloquet ◽  
P. Maugeais ◽  
M. Champ ◽  
H. Dumon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
The Body ◽  
Constant Infusion ◽  
Acetate Metabolism ◽  
Hand Muscles ◽  
Healthy Humans ◽  
First Pass ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Basal Energy Expenditure

Acetate metabolism in humans is not well known. Kinetic aspects of acetate were investigated in the postabsorptive state on healthy subjects. In a first study, six subjects were infused with a primed constant infusion of [1-13C]acetate for 3 h and a prime of NaH13CO3. No difference was found between arterialized and venous tracer enrichments from the arm, although arterialized acetate concentrations were higher (74 +/- 12 vs. 59 +/- 14 mumol/l, P <0.05), suggesting that the hand muscles used but did not produce acetate in the postabsorptive state. Total body flux of acetate was 8.4 +/- 0.6 mumol.kg-1.min-1, of which 69 +/- 5% was oxidized. Acetate contributed to 6.5 +/- 0.4% of the basal energy expenditure. In a second study, five volunteers were submitted to a gastric infusion for 3 h followed by an intravenous infusion of [1-13C]acetate for 3 h. Higher fluxes were observed with the tracer gastric infusion, and the first-pass removal of acetate within the splanchnic bed was 60 +/- 7%. Acetate contributes significantly to the energy supply of the body. It is mainly used by the liver when produced in the gut.

Total Body Potassium and Body Fat Estimation in Relationship to Height, Sex, Age, Malnutrition and Obesity

1975 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 431-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Edmonds ◽  
B. M. Jasani ◽  
T. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Total Body Potassium ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Total Body

1. Total body potassium was estimated by 40K measurement with a high-sensitivity whole-body counter in normal individuals over a wide age range and in patients who were obese or were grossly wasted as a result of various conditions which restricted food intake. 2. Potassium concentration (mmol/kg body weight) fell with increasing age over 30 years in both normal males and females, but when individuals of different age groups were matched for height, a significant fall in total body potassium with increasing age was observed only in males. Total body potassium of females was about 75% that of males of similar height when young, the sex difference decreasing with ageing. In the normal population, total body potassium was significantly correlated with height and with weight; regression equations for various relationships are given. 3. Fat-free mass was estimated from total body potassium, values of 65 and 56 mmol of potassium/kg fat-free mass being used for males and females respectively. Body fat estimated by this method correlated well with skinfold measurements over a wide range of body weight but in malnourished individuals having inadequate food intake there was considerable discrepancy and present formulae for estimating fat-free mass from total body potassium appear unsatisfactory in malnutrition. Considerable differences between expected and observed values of total body potassium were found in muscular individuals and in normal individuals who were thin but whose body weight was relatively constant. 4. The patients with malnutrition were low both in body fat as estimated by skinfold thickness and in total body potassium estimated on the basis of height. Plasma potassium was, however, normal and potassium supplements did not increase the total body potassium. 5. Total body potassium of obese individuals was not significantly different from that of normal weight individuals on the basis of height. Total body potassium fell on weight reduction with a very low energy diet of 1260 kJ (300 kcal.) daily but changed little with a 3300 kJ (800 kcal.) diet over several months' observation. 6. For overweight, obese individuals, total body potassium was best predicted from the individual's height. For those whose body weight was less than expected, the use of weight gave the best prediction but the error was considerable when the weight deviation was large.

scholarly journals Gambaran kadar kalium serum pada pasien penyakit ginjal kronik stadium 5 non dialisis di Manado

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela A. Sandala ◽  
Arthur E. Mongan ◽  
Maya F. Memah
Keyword(s):  
Home Care ◽  
Hospital Care ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Chronic Kidney Disease Stage ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
The Body ◽  
Disease Stage ◽  
Total Body Potassium ◽  
Ckd Stage ◽  
Total Body

Abstract: Potassium is the main intracellular ion in the body and plays a key role in maintaining cell function. Total body potassium distributed 98% in intracellular and 2% in extracellular fluid. A slight change in the distribution of these can cause hypokalemia or hyperkalemia. A healthy kidney has great capacity to maintain potassium homeostasis in the cace of excess potassium. The kidney is primarily responsible for maintaining total body potassium content by matching potassium intake with potassium excretion. This study aimed to obtain the profile of potassium serum in non dialysis CKD stage 5 patients in Manado. This was an obsevartional descriptive study. There were 35 blood samples obtained from patients in Nephrology-Hypertension Polyclinic and IRINA of Prof. Dr. R.D Kandou Hospital and Teling Adventist Hospital. There were 11 samples (31,4%) with hypokalemia consisted of 6 home-care patients (35.3%) and 5 hospital-care patients (27.8%), 15 samples (42.9%) were in normal range consisted of 8 home-care patients (47.1%) and 7 hospital-care patients (38.9%), and 9 samples (25.7%) with hyperkalemia consisted of 3 home-care patients (17.6%) and 6 hospital-care patients (33,3%) from total non-dialysis CKD stage 5 samples resulted from laboratory examination. Conclusion: In non dialysis CKD stage 5 patients in Manado, normokalemia was the most common found than hypokalemia and hyperkalemia. Keywords: potassium, chronic kidney disease stage 5, non dialysis. Abstrak: Kalium adalah ion intraseluler utama dalam tubuh dan berperan penting dalam menjaga fungsi sel. Kalium tubuh total terdistribusi 98% intrasel dan 2% ekstrasel. Sedikit saja terjadi perubahan dalam distribusi ini dapat menyebabkan hipokalemia atau hiperkalemia. Ginjal yang sehat memiliki kapasitas yang besar untuk mempertahankan homeostasis kalium dalam menghadapi kalium yang berlebih. Ginjal bertanggung jawab dalam menjaga kadar kalium tubuh total dengan mencocokkan asupan kalium dan ekskresi kalium. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran kadar kalium serum pada pasien PGK non dialisis stadium 5 di Manado. Jenis penelitian ini deskriptif obsevasional. Sampel darah diambil dari pasien di Poliklinik Nefrologi-Hipertensi dan IRINA Bagian Penyakit Dalam RSUP Prof. DR. R. D. Kandou Manado dan RS Advent Teling sebanyak 35 sampel. Hasil: penelitian mendapatkan 11 orang yang mengalami hipokalemia (31,4%) diantaranya 6 orang pasien rawat jalan (35,3%) dan 5 orang pasien rawat inap (27,8%); 15 orang dalam batas nilai normal (42,9%) diantaranya 8 orang pasien rawat jalan (47,1%) dan 7 orang pasien rawat inap (38,9%); serta 9 orang mengalami hiperkalemia (25,7%) diantaranya 3 orang pasien rawat jalan (17,6%) dan 6 orang pasien rawat inap (33,3%) dari jumlah total pasien terdiagnosis dokter PGK stadium 5 non dialisis yang didapatkan dari hasil pemeriksaan laboratorium. Simpulan: Pada pasien PGK non-dialisis stadium 5 di Manado, normokalemia yang paling sering ditemukan dibandingkan hiper dan hipokalemia.Kata kunci: kalium serum, penyakit ginjal kronik stadium 5, non dialisis

scholarly journals Chemical composition of organs of children who died from malnutrition

1969 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 783-790 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. O. Alleyne ◽  
D. Halliday ◽  
J. C. Waterlow ◽  
B. L. Nichols
Keyword(s):  
Magnesium Content ◽  
The Body ◽  
Liver Fat ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Total Body Potassium ◽  
Malnourished Children ◽  
Body Counting ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Whole Body Counting ◽  
The Brain

1. Chemical analysis was carried out on samples of brain, liver, skeletal muscle, heart and kidney obtained from children who died of malnutrition. Total body potassium was measured before autopsy by the ‘whole body counting’ technique.2. There was a marked increase in liver fat, and the brain contributed a higher percentage of the body-weight in the more severely malnourished children.3. All the organs had approximately the same concentrations of non-collagen nitrogen. The proportion of collagen was highest in muscle.4. All organs were depleted of potassium, but the muscle was most severely affected. Brain potassium as a percentage of total body potassium was higher than normal in the most severely potassium depleted children.5. Measurements of tissue magnesium showed that there was no difference in magnesium content of tissues when expressed in terms of non-collagen nitrogen. When compared with normal values, muscle was magnesium depleted. The potassium to magnesium ratio was lowest in muscle.

Influence of muscular development, obesity, and age on the fat-free mass of adults

1976 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Womersley ◽  
J. V. Durnin ◽  
K. Boddy ◽  
M. Mahaffy
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Potassium Content ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Muscular Development ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Water Measurement

Body fat and the fat-free mass (FFM) were estimated in 36 men and 43 women deliberately chosen to represent a variety of physical types; these were 1) young sedentary, 2) “muscular,” 3) younger obese, 4) older obese, and 5) older nonobese individuals of both sexes. The body fat and the FFM were estimated from measurements of body density (by total immersion in water, measurement being made of the residual volume of air present in the lungs at immersion) and from measurements of total body potassium (using a whole-body monitor to assess the natural 40K isotope present in the body). The muscular men and women and the younger obese men and women had a considerably greater FFM and thus had greater quantities of potassium than the corresponding sedentary groups. There were significantly different estimates of the FFM calculated from density and from total body K in three groups, the sedentary young men, the muscular, and the younger obese women. The density and the potassium content of the FFM appear to decline with obesity and aging. Muscular development is associated with a decrease in the density but an increase in the potassium content of the FFM.

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