Influence of muscular development, obesity, and age on the fat-free mass of adults

1976 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Womersley ◽  
J. V. Durnin ◽  
K. Boddy ◽  
M. Mahaffy
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Potassium Content ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Muscular Development ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Water Measurement

Body fat and the fat-free mass (FFM) were estimated in 36 men and 43 women deliberately chosen to represent a variety of physical types; these were 1) young sedentary, 2) “muscular,” 3) younger obese, 4) older obese, and 5) older nonobese individuals of both sexes. The body fat and the FFM were estimated from measurements of body density (by total immersion in water, measurement being made of the residual volume of air present in the lungs at immersion) and from measurements of total body potassium (using a whole-body monitor to assess the natural 40K isotope present in the body). The muscular men and women and the younger obese men and women had a considerably greater FFM and thus had greater quantities of potassium than the corresponding sedentary groups. There were significantly different estimates of the FFM calculated from density and from total body K in three groups, the sedentary young men, the muscular, and the younger obese women. The density and the potassium content of the FFM appear to decline with obesity and aging. Muscular development is associated with a decrease in the density but an increase in the potassium content of the FFM.

scholarly journals Stav antropometrických parametrov a telesného zloženia u detí mladšieho školského veku

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 15-27
Author(s):  
Tomáš Hadžega ◽  
Václav Bunc
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Body Height ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
School Age ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Frequency Apparatus

The aim of our observation was to measure selected anthropometric characteristics and to analyze actual body composition in children of younger school age from elementary schools in Prague. The group consisted of a total of 222 probands, boys (n-117) and girls (n-105) aged 8–11 years (average boys age = 9.0 ± 1.0 years, body height = 139.9 ± 8.6 cm, body weight = 32 ± 7.5 kg, BMI = 16.3 ± 2.4 kg.m–2). Average age girls = 8.9 ± 0.9 years, body height = 137.3 ± 8.8 cm, body weight = 30.5 ± 7.3 kg, BMI = 15.9 ± 2.4 kg.m–2). The BIA 2000 M multi-frequency apparatus (whole-body bioimpedance analysis) was used to analyze the body composition. Children of younger school age showed higher TBW values – total body water (boys 65.5 ± 6.0%, girls 66.6 ± 6.5%), low body fat (boys 16.1 ± 2.4%, girls 16.5 ± 2.9%) and higher ECM/BCM coefficients (boys 1.0 ± 0.13, girls 1.02 ± 0.11). The authors draws, attention to the importance of monitoring other body composition parameters. The percentage of fat-free mass (FFM) and the share of segmental distribution of body fat and muscle mass on individual parts of the human body.

Total Body Potassium and Body Fat Estimation in Relationship to Height, Sex, Age, Malnutrition and Obesity

1975 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 431-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Edmonds ◽  
B. M. Jasani ◽  
T. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Total Body Potassium ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Total Body

1. Total body potassium was estimated by 40K measurement with a high-sensitivity whole-body counter in normal individuals over a wide age range and in patients who were obese or were grossly wasted as a result of various conditions which restricted food intake. 2. Potassium concentration (mmol/kg body weight) fell with increasing age over 30 years in both normal males and females, but when individuals of different age groups were matched for height, a significant fall in total body potassium with increasing age was observed only in males. Total body potassium of females was about 75% that of males of similar height when young, the sex difference decreasing with ageing. In the normal population, total body potassium was significantly correlated with height and with weight; regression equations for various relationships are given. 3. Fat-free mass was estimated from total body potassium, values of 65 and 56 mmol of potassium/kg fat-free mass being used for males and females respectively. Body fat estimated by this method correlated well with skinfold measurements over a wide range of body weight but in malnourished individuals having inadequate food intake there was considerable discrepancy and present formulae for estimating fat-free mass from total body potassium appear unsatisfactory in malnutrition. Considerable differences between expected and observed values of total body potassium were found in muscular individuals and in normal individuals who were thin but whose body weight was relatively constant. 4. The patients with malnutrition were low both in body fat as estimated by skinfold thickness and in total body potassium estimated on the basis of height. Plasma potassium was, however, normal and potassium supplements did not increase the total body potassium. 5. Total body potassium of obese individuals was not significantly different from that of normal weight individuals on the basis of height. Total body potassium fell on weight reduction with a very low energy diet of 1260 kJ (300 kcal.) daily but changed little with a 3300 kJ (800 kcal.) diet over several months' observation. 6. For overweight, obese individuals, total body potassium was best predicted from the individual's height. For those whose body weight was less than expected, the use of weight gave the best prediction but the error was considerable when the weight deviation was large.

scholarly journals A new method for measuring the body density of obese adults

1979 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Garrow ◽  
Susan Stalley ◽  
R. Diethelm ◽  
Ph. Pittet ◽  
R. Hesp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
New Method ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Total Body

1. A new apparatus is described with which it is possible to measure the volume (and hence density) of obese patients without requiring them to immerse totally in water. Replicate measurements of subjects with 6, 23 and 38 kg body fat had a standard deviation not greater than 0.3 kg fat.2. In nineteen obese women body fat was measured by density, total body water, and total body potassium at the beginning, and again at the end, of a period of 3–4 weeks on a reducing diet, during which they lost 5.43 (SD 1.83) kg in weight. The composition of weight loss was also estimated both by energy balance and nitrogen balance during the interval between the two measurements of body composition.3. The estimates of fat content of the nineteen women at the start of the balance period were 45.63 (SD 14.50)kg by density, 48.07 (SD 13.88) kg by K and 47.09 (SD 13.85) kg by water. The correlation coefficient between the density and K estimate was 0–949, and for the density and water estimate it was 0.971.4. It is concluded that measurement of density by the new method provides a convenient method for estimating body fatness, and change in fat content, which compares favourably with estimates based on total body water or total body K. However, these methods cannot be used to provide an accurate estimate of the composition of a small weight loss in an individual since deviations up to 4 kg fat occur between fat loss based on change in density and those based on the more reliable (but more tedious) energy balance method.

Whole Body Fat Free Mass and Vo2peak in Recreationally Active Men and Women

2020 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 102-105
Author(s):  
Charles Paul Lambert
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Primary Driver ◽  
Hydrostatic Weighing ◽  
Verification Test ◽  
Oxygen Difference

BACKGROUND: Vo2peak has traditionally been thought to be regulated by cardiac output and arteriovenous-oxygen difference. A “muscle-centric” view suggests the cardiovascular system is secondarily responsive to the primary driver: active muscle mass.METHODS: A total of 19 recreationally active men (N = 10) and women (N = 9) performed a Vo2peak test, a Vo2peak verification test on an electrically braked cycle ergometer on the same day, and a hydrostatic weighing test to assess fat free mass after providing written informed consent.RESULTS: Vo2peak was significantly higher in men (3.74 ± 0.6 L · min−1) than women (2.22 ± 0.30 L · min−1). Whole body fat free mass explained 91% of the variability in Vo2peak (R2 = 0.91) in the men and women combined, 81% of the variability in Vo2peak in men alone, and 46% of the variability in Vo2peak in women alone. None of these subjects were highly trained.DISCUSSION: Fat free mass, a surrogate for muscle mass, was the primary predictor of Vo2peak in this group of recreationally active men and women. Therefore, it appears that whole body fat free mass (a surrogate for muscle mass) is the primary driver for Vo2peak in these recreationally active men and women. These data have implications as to the type of training NASA personnel should be undertaking: resistance training as opposed to aerobic training.Lambert CP. Whole body fat free mass and Vo2peak in recreationally active men and women. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2020; 91(2):102–105.

scholarly journals Stav antropometrických parametrů a tělesného složení u studentů Vojenského oboru UK FTVS v Praze

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivana Kinkorová ◽  
Matěj Vrba
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Extracellular Water ◽  
Body Composition Analysis ◽  
Segmental Analysis ◽  
Total Body ◽  
General Physical

The aim of our study was the measurement of selected anthropometric variables, respectively determining somatotype, body composition analysis of students Military Department (MD) at UK FTVS in Prague and compared to similar studies. The group consisted of 22 probands, men ranging in age from 19–27 years (mean age = 22,9 ± 2,6 years, height = 179,9 ± 6,0 cm, weight = 76,8 ± 7,0 kg, BMI = 23,8 ± 1,5 kg.m–2). In terms of measured average somatotype (1,7 – 7,3 – 2,5), the students MD have very good preconditions for general physical fitness. We used BIA-Tanita MC 980 for the body composition analysis (whole body and segmental analysis). The students MD showed a high proportion of lean body mass (70,5 ± 6,1 kg) and low proportion of fat mass (8,3 ± 3,0 %). The authors emphasize the importance of monitoring and other parameters of body composition, e.g. total body water (TBW), extracellular water (ECW), intracellular water (ICW), segmental analysis of muscle mass and body fat.

scholarly journals Investigation of the Effect of Six Weeks Electro Muscle Stimulation Training on Physical Changes in the Sedentary Men and Women

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Tahir Kılıç ◽  
Alkan Ugurlu
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Muscle Stimulation ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Physical Changes

The purpose of this study was to investigation of the effect of six weeks electrostimulation training on physical changes in the sedentary men and women. Electro muscle stimulation (EMS), which is applied since the discovery of contraction under the influence of electrical currents, on the purpose of rehabilitation and treatment purposes, has attracted the attention of coaches, athletes and sports scientists as a popular training method over time. In the present research, 6 weeks, 3 days a week and for 25 minutes in a day of EMS machine training program was applied to the sedentary women n=12 and sedentary men n=12. In order to determine effect of EMS machine training on the physical changes which are body mass, % body fat, fat mass, body mass index, total body water, fat free mass, muscle mass, Tanita (SC-300) Body Composition Analyzer was used as a pre-test and post-test. The results of the Tanita body measurements were analyzed by using SPSS computer program, the standard deviations were calculated, and pre- and post-training statistical paired samples T Test analysis were made. According to SPSS analysis results, there are statistically significant increases in the % body fat, fat mass, soft muscle tissues, extracellular and intracellular liquid weights and cell mass weights (p<0.05). There are increases in other results which is, body mass, BMI, muscle mass, metabolic ages, obesity levels, internal fat, bone mineral weights and skeletal muscle mass, but not statistically significant (p>0.05). Only EMS training has increased the maximum power associated with sports, due to the increase in the speed of movement. In addition, the stronger long-term effects of EMS training provide new opportunities, as determined by the duration of the training. The right application of full-body EMS training with dynamic exercise movements is a promising combination for power and speed training.

Does adipose tissue influence bioelectric impedance in obese men and women?

1998 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 257-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard N. Baumgartner ◽  
Robert Ross ◽  
Steven B. Heymsfield
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Impedance Analysis ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Bioelectric Impedance Analysis ◽  
Obese People ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Bioelectric Impedance

Baumgartner, Richard N., Robert Ross, and Steven B. Heymsfield. Does adipose tissue influence bioelectric impedance in obese men and women? J. Appl. Physiol.84(1): 257–262, 1998.—Bioelectric-impedance analysis overestimates fat-free mass in obese people. No clear hypotheses have been presented or tested that explain this effect. This study tested the hypothesis that adipose tissue affects measurements of resistance by using data for whole body and body segment resistance and by using muscle, adipose tissue, and bone volumes from magnetic resonance imaging for 86 overweight and obese men and women (body mass index >27 kg/m2; age 38.5 ± 10.2 yr). In multiple-regression analysis, muscle volumes had strong associations with resistance, confirming that the electric currents are conducted primarily in the lean soft tissues. Subcutaneous adipose tissue had a slight but statistically significant effect in women, primarily for the leg, suggesting that adipose tissue can affect measured resistance when the volume of adipose tissue is greater than muscle volume, as may occur in obese women in particular. This resulted in a slight overestimation of fat-free mass (e.g., +3 kg) when a bioelectric- impedance-analysis equation calibrated for nonobese female subjects was applied.

scholarly journals Anthropometric prediction of DXA-measured body composition in female team handball players

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e5913 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Cavedon ◽  
Carlo Zancanaro ◽  
Chiara Milanese
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Tissue Mass ◽  
Predictive Equations ◽  
Team Handball ◽  
Total Body

Background The relevance of body composition (BC) to performance in sport has long been appreciated with special concern on the total and regional proportion of fat and muscle. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is able to accurately measure BC, but it may not be easily available in practice; anthropometry has long been used as a simple and inexpensive field method to objectively assess BC. The aim of this study was twofold: first, to develop and validate a sport-specific anthropometric predictive equation for total body fat mass (FM) and lean mass components in female handball players to be used in the sport setting; second, to cross-validate in female team handball players several independently developed, predictive equations for BC in female athletes. Methods A total of 85 female team handball players (30 wings, 31 backs, 14 pivots, 10 goalkeepers) of different competitive levels underwent anthropometry and a whole-body DXA scan. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to develop predictive equations in a derivation sample (n = 60) of randomly selected players using demographic and anthropometric variables. The developed equations were used to predict DXA outcomes in an independent validation sample (n = 25). Results Statistically significant (P < 0.001) models were developed for total body FM (adjusted R2 = 0.943, standard error of the estimate, SEE = 1,379 g), percentage FM (adjusted R2 = 0.877, SEE = 2.00%), fat-free soft tissue mass (FFSTM) (adjusted R2 = 0.834, SEE = 2,412 g), fat-free mass (FFSTM + bone mineral content; adjusted R2 = 0.829, SEE = 2,579 g). All models were robust to collinearity. Each developed equation was successfully validated in the remaining 25 players using correlation analysis, mean signed difference, t-test, and Bland–Altman plot. The whole dataset of team handball players (n = 85) was used to cross-validate several predictive equations independently developed by others in female athletes. Equations significantly (P < 0.001 for all; t-test) over- or underestimated the corresponding DXA measurements. Discussion It is concluded that in team female handball players the anthropometric equations presented herein are able to estimate body fat and FFSTM with accuracy. Several BC predictive anthropometric equations developed in different female athletic populations revealed inaccurate when tested in team handball players. These results should be of use for coaches, physical trainers, and nutritionists when evaluating the physical status of female team handball players.

Body Composition Differences in Military Pilots and Aircrew

2020 ◽  
Vol 91 (7) ◽  
pp. 565-570
Author(s):  
Álvaro Bustamante-Sánchez ◽  
Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Helicopter Pilots ◽  
L Proteins ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Military Pilots

BACKGROUND: This research aimed to analyze the body composition (BC) of different military units in the Spanish Armed Forces.METHODS: We studied 179 male aircrew members (86 airplane pilots, 15 helicopter pilots and 78 transport aircrew) using bioimpedance.RESULTS: Airplane pilots (AP) had higher means than transport aircrew (TA) in height (179.56 cm vs. 173.90 cm), total body water (46.72 L vs. 42.96 L), intracellular body water (29.45 L vs. 26.89 L), extracellular body water (17.27 L vs. 16.07 L), proteins (12.72 kg vs.11.63 kg), minerals (4.50 kg vs. 4.15 kg), soft lean mass (60.21 kg vs. 55.29 kg), fat free mass (63.95 kg vs. 58.74 kg), skeletal muscle mass (36.41 kg vs. 33.07 kg), and lower means in body mass index (24.01 kg vs. 25.49 kg), body fat mass (BFM) (13.53 kg vs. 18.81 kg) and percentage of body fat (PBF) (16.83 kg vs. 23.79 kg). Helicopter pilots also had significantly lower means in BFM (13.21 kg vs. 18.81 kg) and PBF (17.11 kg vs. 18.81 kg) than TA.DISCUSSION: The different types of activity between AP (active coping with G forces) and TA (inactive) during operational flights negatively affects the body composition of TA. These results suggest differences in aircrews training and job tasks. Specific training is needed for each unit: it should be individualized, prevent injuries, and be directed by qualified personnel.Bustamante-Sánchez Á, Clemente-Suárez VJ. Body composition differences in military pilots and aircrew. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2020; 91(7):565–570.

Magnitude and variation of ratio of total body potassium to fat-free mass: a cellular level modeling study

2001 ◽  
Vol 281 (1) ◽  
pp. E1-E7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zimian Wang ◽  
F. Xavier Pi-Sunyer ◽  
Donald P. Kotler ◽  
Jack Wang ◽  
Richard N. Pierson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Physiological Model ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Total Body Potassium ◽  
Fluid Compartment ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Living Organisms

Potassium is an essential element of living organisms that is found almost exclusively in the intracellular fluid compartment. The assumed constant ratio of total body potassium (TBK) to fat-free mass (FFM) is a cornerstone of the TBK method of estimating total body fat. Although the TBK-to-FFM (TBK/FFM) ratio has been assumed constant, a large range of individual and group values is recognized. The purpose of the present study was to undertake a comprehensive analysis of biological factors that cause variation in the TBK/FFM ratio. A theoretical TBK/FFM model was developed on the cellular body composition level. This physiological model includes six factors that combine to produce the observed TBK/FFM ratio. The ratio magnitude and range, as well as the differences in the TBK/FFM ratio between men and women and variation with growth, were examined with the proposed model. The ratio of extracellular water to intracellular water ( E/I) is the major factor leading to between-individual variation in the TBK/FFM ratio. The present study provides a conceptual framework for examining the separate TBK/FFM determinants and suggests important limitations of the TBK/FFM method used in estimating total body fat in humans and other mammals.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document