β-Adrenoceptor responsiveness and plasma catecholamines as determinants of cardiovascular reactivity to mental stress

1985 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 483-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Eisenhofer ◽  
D. G. Lambie ◽  
R. H. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Cardiovascular Reactivity ◽  
Mental Stress ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Plasma Catecholamines ◽  
Plasma Adrenaline ◽  
Blood Pressure Responses ◽  
Electronic Game

1. Twenty-five normotensive men were subjected to two periods of mental stress involving a cognitive task and a competitive electronic game. Plasma catecholamines, heart rate and blood pressure were measured before and during mental stress. Responsiveness to β-adrenoceptor stimulation was also determined in each subject by measurement of heart rate responses to bolus injections of isoprenaline. 2. Both periods of mental stress were associated with significant increases in systolic and diastolic blood pressures, heart rate and plasma adrenaline, but not plasma noradrenaline. Heart rate responses to mental stress varied widely, with increases ranging from 1 to 48 (mean ± sd 13.5 ± 10.6) beats/min for the cognitive task and from 2 to 49 (20.4 ± 14.0) beats/min for the electronic game. Systolic blood pressure responses also varied widely and showed significant positive correlations with heart rate responses. 3. Significant relationships were found between heart rate responses to both forms of mental stress and cardiac sensitivity to isoprenaline, subjects with low responsiveness to β-adrenoceptor stimulation tending to have smaller heart rate responses to mental stress than subjects with high responsiveness to β-adrenoceptor stimulation. Relationships were also found between plasma adrenaline responses and heart rate responses to mental stress, although these did not reach significance. Considerably improved relationships were found when heart rate responses were correlated with a single variable generated from the product of the adrenaline response and the inverse of the dose of isoprenaline required to raise heart rate by 25 beats/min. 4. It is concluded that wide variation is shown between different individuals in responsiveness to β-adrenoceptor stimulation and that this is an important factor in the variability between individuals in heart rate and systolic blood pressure responses to mental stress. Both catecholamines and adrenoceptor-mediated responses to catecholamines should be examined when determining the physiological basis for differences in cardiovascular reactivity to mental stress between individuals or groups.

Sex Differences in Cardiovascular Reactivity

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew C. Whited ◽  
Kevin T. Larkin
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
Cardiovascular Reactivity ◽  
Task Type ◽  
Conflict Task ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Conflicting Evidence ◽  
Blood Pressure Responses

Sex differences in cardiovascular reactivity to stress are well documented, with some studies showing women having greater heart rate responses than men, and men having greater blood pressure responses than women, while other studies show conflicting evidence. Few studies have attended to the gender relevance of tasks employed in these studies. This study investigated cardiovascular reactivity to two interpersonal stressors consistent with different gender roles to determine whether response differences exist between men and women. A total of 26 men and 31 women were assigned to either a traditional male-oriented task that involved interpersonal conflict (Conflict Task) or a traditional female-oriented task that involved comforting another person (Comfort Task). Results demonstrated that women exhibited greater heart rate reactions than men independent of the task type, and that men did not display a higher reactivity than women on any measure. These findings indicate that sex of participant was more important than gender relevance of the task in eliciting sex differences in cardiovascular responding.

Haemodynamic responses to psychosocial stress during the menstrual cycle

1991 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Manhem ◽  
Christina Jern ◽  
Martin Pilhall ◽  
Guy Shanks ◽  
Sverker Jern
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Psychosocial Stress ◽  
Mental Stress ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Plasma Catecholamine Concentrations

1. The haemodynamic effects of hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle were examined in 11 normotensive women (age 20–46 years). The subjects were studied on days 2–8 (follicular phase) and days 18–26 (luteal phase) in a randomized order. A standardized mental stress test and a 24 h recording of ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate were performed. 2. Pre-stress resting levels of heart rate and blood pressure were similar during the two phases of the menstrual cycle. 3. During mental stress, the heart rate response was significantly greater during the luteal phase than during the follicular phase (14.7 versus 9.7 beats/min; P < 0.05). 4. Blood pressure, plasma catecholamine concentrations and subjective stress experience increased significantly in response to stress, without any significant differences between the two phases. 5. During 24 h ambulatory monitoring, higher levels of systolic blood pressure and heart rate were observed in the luteal phase than in the follicular phase (P < 0.005 and P < 0.0001, respectively). 6. These data indicate that cyclic variations in female sex hormones not only affect systolic blood pressure and heart rate, but also alter the haemodynamic responses to psychosocial stress.

Acute effects of moderate alcohol consumption on blood pressure and plasma catecholamines

1984 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 643-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Ireland ◽  
R. Vandongen ◽  
L. Davidson ◽  
L. J. Beilin ◽  
I. L. Rouse
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Diastolic Pressure ◽  
Plasma Catecholamines ◽  
Acute Effects ◽  
Drinking Alcohol ◽  
Plasma Adrenaline ◽  
Noradrenaline Concentration

1. This study examines the response of blood pressure, plasma catecholamines and cortisol to acute alcohol intake in young men with light to moderate drinking habits. 2. Ingestion of alcohol was associated with a highly significant increase in systolic blood pressure and heart rate which occurred before blood alcohol reached its peak concentration of 16.9 ± 1.1 mmol/l (80 mg/100 ml). After an initial non-specific rise, diastolic pressure fell below values observed after drinking water only. This predominant effect of alcohol on systolic blood pressure is also seen with chronic alcohol consumption. 3. Drinking water and non-alcoholic cold liquids caused a marked fall in plasma adrenaline and a transient rise in noradrenaline concentration. In contrast, drinking alcohol resulted in a relative rise in adrenaline and a delayed increase in noradrenaline concentration. 4. Blood glucose increased after alcohol, supporting a physiological effect of adrenaline on liver glycogenolysis. Plasma cortisol concentration was also significantly higher after drinking alcohol. 5. It is proposed that the relative rise in adrenaline together with higher cortisol levels, repeated over a variable period in susceptible individuals, are implicated in the elevation of blood pressure associated with long term alcohol consumption. It concurs with observations in man and experimental animals of a slow pressor mechanism mediated by adrenaline. 6. The study emphasized that an evaluation of the acute effects of alcohol requires careful measurement of blood pressure, precise assay of catecholamines and recognition of the confounding effects of drinking cold liquids.

Fasting Insulin Concentration Is Related to Cardiovascular Reactivity to Exercise in Children

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 96 (6) ◽  
pp. 1123-1125
Author(s):  
Bernard Gutin ◽  
Syed Islam ◽  
Frank Treiber ◽  
Clayton Smith ◽  
Tina Manos
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Cardiovascular Reactivity ◽  
Nervous Activity ◽  
Insulin Concentration ◽  
Fasting Insulin ◽  
Prophylactic Measure ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous ◽  
The Relationship

Objective. One mechanism through which hyperinsulinemia is linked to hypertension is through its stimulation of sympathetic nervous activity. Thus, insulin concentration may be correlated with indices of sympathetic activity before it is associated with resting blood pressure. We tested this hypothesis by determining the relationship of insulin concentration and sympathetically mediated cardiovascular reactivity to exercise in children. Design. Survey. Setting. General community. Participants. Volunteer sample of 46 black and white boys and girls, 9 to 11 years of age. Interventions. None. Fasting insulin concentration was the main independent variable. Main outcome measures. Systolic blood pressure and heart rate during a standard submaximal bout of treadmill exercise, and systolic blood pressure at peak effort. Results. The hypothesis was tested by multiple regression analyses controlled for resting values. Insulin contributed significantly to the regression models for submaximal heart rate (P &lt; .001), submaximal systolic blood pressure (P = .001), and peak systolic blood pressure (P = .006). Conclusions. Fasting insulin concentration is associated with cardiovascular reactivity to exercise in young children. This supports the hypothesis that the relationship between hyperinsulinemia and hypertension is mediated by sympathetic nervous tone and that the process begins in childhood. Because percent body fat was positively associated with both insulin and cardiovascular reactivity to exercise, prevention of childhood obesity may be a valuable prophylactic measure for these health problems.

scholarly journals Angiotensin type 1a receptors in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus control cardiovascular reactivity and anxiety-like behavior in male mice

2016 ◽  
Vol 48 (9) ◽  
pp. 667-676 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Wang ◽  
Helmut Hiller ◽  
Justin A. Smith ◽  
Annette D. de Kloet ◽  
Eric G. Krause
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Cardiovascular Reactivity ◽  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Paraventricular Nucleus ◽  
Nervous Activity ◽  
Brain Inflammation ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Angiotensin Type

This study tested the hypothesis that deletion of angiotensin type 1a receptors (AT1a) from the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus (PVN) attenuates anxiety-like behavior, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity, and cardiovascular reactivity. We used the Cre/LoxP system to generate male mice with AT1a specifically deleted from the PVN. Deletion of the AT1a from the PVN reduced anxiety-like behavior as indicated by increased time spent in the open arms of the elevated plus maze. In contrast, PVN AT1a deletion had no effect on HPA axis activation subsequent to an acute restraint challenge but did reduce hypothalamic mRNA expression for corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). To determine whether PVN AT1a deletion inhibits cardiovascular reactivity, we measured systolic blood pressure, heart rate, and heart rate variability (HRV) using telemetry and found that PVN AT1a deletion attenuated restraint-induced elevations in systolic blood pressure and elicited changes in HRV indicative of reduced sympathetic nervous activity. Consistent with the decreased HRV, PVN AT1a deletion also decreased adrenal weight, suggestive of decreased adrenal sympathetic outflow. Interestingly, the altered stress responsivity of mice with AT1a deleted from the PVN was associated with decreased hypothalamic microglia and proinflammatory cytokine expression. Collectively, these results suggest that deletion of AT1a from the PVN attenuates anxiety, CRH gene transcription, and cardiovascular reactivity and reduced brain inflammation may contribute to these effects.

Heart-Rate and Blood-Pressure Responses to Speech Alone Compared with Cognitive Challenges in the Stroop Task

1993 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 555-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phyllis K. Stein ◽  
Stephen H. Boutcher
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
Conflict Task ◽  
Push Button ◽  
Stressful Task ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Blood Pressure Responses ◽  
Pressure Changes

Heart-rate and blood-pressure responses are assumed to reflect the “stressfulness” of cognitive tasks. Cardiovascular responses to speech are often assumed to be negligible. To test these assumptions, 34 middle-aged men (mean age 45.0 ± 6.1) performed three versions of the Stroop color-conflict task, passive responding, push-button, and verbal. Although difficulty of passive responding was rated 11.8 (fairly light), push-button 16.1 (between hard and very hard), and verbal Stroop 14.5 (hard), all were significantly differenr. Analysis of variance showed during tasks heart-rate responses and systolic blood pressure did not differ. Recovery average heart-rare and over-all heart-rate patterns were not different for the difficult tasks but were significantly different from the easy task. Diastolic blood-pressure changes during tasks were more similar for verbal tasks despite the difference in difficulty. Stressor heart-rate and systolic blood-pressure responses did not reflect the difficulty of this stressful task. Verbalization of responses contributed significantly to cardiovascular reactivity.

Catecholamines in coronary sinus during exercise in man before and after training

1977 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 801-806 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Cousineau ◽  
R. J. Ferguson ◽  
J. de Champlain ◽  
P. Gauthier ◽  
P. Cote ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Coronary Sinus ◽  
Physical Training ◽  
Plasma Catecholamines ◽  
Rate Pressure Product ◽  
Additional Increase ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Coronary Patients

Coronary patients exercised on an ergometric bicycle before and after physical training. Plasma catecholamines were sampled simultaneously at the arterial and coronary sinus levels and assayed with a radioenzymatic method. The increase in the level of coronary sinus catecholamines exceeded the increase in the arterial level, indicating a liberation of catecholamines by the myocardium and an activation of the peripheral sympathetic fibers during exercise. With high work loads, these values no longer differed, suggesting that the additional increase in circulating catecholamines originate from extra-myocardial stores, presumably the adrenal medulla. Arterial catecholamine levels were significantly correlated with work loads, heart rate, changes in systolic blood pressure, and rate-pressure product. After physical training, arterial catecholamine increases for various work loads were lower; these lower elevations were associated with diminished responses in heart rate and systolic blood pressure, resulting in a lower rate-pressure product. Physical training results in diminished sympathetic responses for a given level of exercise, which could be associated with the clinical improvement of these patients.

The Study of Laryngoscopic and Autonomic Patterns in Exercise-Induced Laryngeal Obstruction

2018 ◽  
Vol 127 (11) ◽  
pp. 754-762 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrianna C. Shembel ◽  
Christopher J. Hartnick ◽  
Glenn Bunting ◽  
Catherine Ballif ◽  
Jessie Vanswearingen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate Recovery ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Laryngeal Obstruction ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Blood Pressure Responses ◽  
And Control

Objectives: (1) Identify laryngeal patterns axiomatic to exercise-induced laryngeal obstruction (EILO) and (2) investigate the role of autonomic function in EILO. Methods: Twenty-seven athletic adolescents (13 EILO, 14 control) underwent laryngoscopy at rest and exercise. Glottal configurations, supraglottic dynamics, systolic blood pressure responses, and heart rate recovery were compared between conditions and groups. Results: Inspiratory glottal angles were smaller in the EILO group than the control group with exercise. However, group differences were not statistically significant ( P > .05), likely due to high variability of laryngeal responses in the EILO group. Expiratory glottal patterns showed statistically greater abductory responses to exercise in the control group ( P = .001) but not the EILO group ( P > .05). Arytenoid prolapse occurred variably in both groups. Systolic blood pressure responses to exercise were higher in the control group, and heart rate recovery was faster in the EILO group. However, no significant differences were seen between the 2 groups on either autonomic parameter ( P > .05). Conclusions: “Paradoxical” inspiratory and blunted expiratory vocal fold pattern responses to exercise best characterize EILO. Group differences were only seen with exercise challenge, thus highlighting the utility of provocation and control groups to identify EILO.

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