Grammatical Function in Relation to Stuttering in Young Children

1967 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 786-789 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Bloodstein ◽  
Barbara F. Gantwerk
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Initial Phase ◽  
Grammatical Function ◽  
Grammatical Functions

Samples of the speech of 13 stutterers from two to six years of age were studied to determine to what extent the distribution of stutterings was related to the grammatical functions of words. The findings were markedly different from those reported on older stutterers. For the most part the stutterings were randomly distributed with respect to the grammatical factor, but there was a tendency for stuttering to occur unusually often on pronouns and conjunctions and less often, in relation to chance expectation, on nouns and interjections. The excessive stuttering on pronouns and conjunctions appeared to be largely the effect of the high frequency of stuttering on the first word of the sentence. It was concluded that a true grammatical factor does not exist in the initial phase of stuttering, and probably emerges only with the emergence of difficult words.

De Verwerving van Morfologische Regels in Schrift

1998 ◽  
Vol 60 ◽  
pp. 87-100
Author(s):  
Marjolein van Dort-Slijper ◽  
Gert Rijlaarsdam ◽  
Maaike Ditzel
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Data ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Production Task ◽  
Grammatical Function ◽  
Reading And Writing ◽  
Stressed Syllable ◽  
Special Case ◽  
Grammatical Functions

In order to provide authors of text books with empirical data on the acquisition in Dutch of written morphology in nouns, verbs and adjectives, several empirical studies were undertaken. In this article, the second study is reported on the performance of the morpheme -en in a special case of adjectives in Dutch: material adjectives such as 'gouden' (gold). The study tried to determine factors which affect the performance in reading and writing. Factors involved were two interference factors (plural in adjacent nouns; normal adjectives), cognitive task (comprehension versus writing) and two syntactic factors (grammatical function and position in the sentence of the constituent. Subjects (n=80, grades 6 and 7, from four schools) individually completed a comprehension and a production task in which factors were systematically varied. No effects of cognitive task were observed. Therefore only results for the production task were reported in detail. It turned out that material adjectives were more difficult than normal adjectives, and that within the category of material adjectives two subcategories should be distinguished, the easier one in which the morpheme is preceded by a stressed syllable as in 'gouden', and the more difficult one in which this is not the case, as in 'zilveren'. Of the two syntactic factors, only the grammatical function seems to affect the performance: adjectives in constituents with subject function were more difficult than adjectives with other grammatical functions; interactions between group and category of adjectives were found. Of the two interference factors, both factors seemed to affect performance.

scholarly journals Nominal juxtaposition in Australian languages: An LFG analysis

2009 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 415-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
LOUISA SADLER ◽  
RACHEL NORDLINGER
Keyword(s):  
Grammatical Function ◽  
Functional Grammar ◽  
Lexical Functional Grammar ◽  
Theoretical Literature ◽  
Syntactic Similarity ◽  
Australian Languages ◽  
Grammatical Functions

It is well known that Australian languages make heavy use of nominal juxtaposition in a wide variety of functions, but there is little discussion in the theoretical literature of how such juxtapositions should be analysed. We discuss a range of data from Australian languages illustrating how multiple nominals share a single grammatical function within the clause. We argue that such constructions should be treated syntactically as set-valued grammatical functions in Lexical-Functional Grammar (LFG). Sets as values for functions are well-established in LFG and are used in the representation of adjuncts, and also in the representation of coordination. In many Australian languages, coordination is expressed asyndetically, that is, by nominal juxtaposition with no overt coordinator at all. We argue that the syntactic similarity of all juxtaposed constructions (ranging from coordination through a number of more appositional relations) motivates an analysis in which they are treated similarly in the syntax, but suitably distinguished in the semantics. We show how this can be achieved within LFG, providing a unified treatment of the syntax of juxtaposition in Australian languages and showing how the interface to the semantics can be quite straightforwardly defined in the modular LFG approach.

scholarly journals INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE IN MINANGKABAU LANGUAGE: X-BAR THEORY

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 188-200
Author(s):  
Dian Zelina Fitriyani ◽  
Dian Zelina Fitriyani
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Internal Structure ◽  
Native Speaker ◽  
Sentence Structure ◽  
Grammatical Function ◽  
Generative Syntax ◽  
Distributional Method ◽  
Interrogative Sentence ◽  
Grammatical Functions

This study discusses the grammatical function of the question words and the internal structure of interrogative sentence in Minangkabau language. The study of this interrogative sentence structure applies X-bar theory as one of the generative syntax subtheories. The data is gained from the interview of Minangkabau language native speaker and analysed by using the distributional method. The result of the analysis shows that the question words for wh-question has two grammatical functions, specifier and complement. For yes-no question, the question word “iyonyo” has one grammatical function, that is complement. The internal structure of interrogative sentence in Minangkabau language is constructed by specifier, complement, and adverb. Key words: interrogative sentence, question word, Minangkabau language

scholarly journals Causes of violation of vaccination schedule in young children

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 31-36
Author(s):  
Tatyana M. Chernova ◽  
Vladimir N. Timchenko ◽  
Nadezhda A. Myskina ◽  
Maria A. Lapina ◽  
Anna E. Orekhova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Maternity Hospital ◽  
Vaccination Schedule ◽  
First Year ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Immunization Schedule ◽  
Significant Delay ◽  
First Year Of Life

The high frequency of severe and complicated forms of infectious diseases in young children, with the possibility of death, confirms the importance of timely specific protection of this age group. In order to identify the causes of violation of the terms of vaccination of young children, 469 histories of children from 0 to 12 months of life were studied. The analysis showed that only 77% of the observed children in the first year of life were vaccinated according to the immunization schedule, whereas in 23% of cases, violations of the vaccination status were found. In 45% of children, the time of immunization was violated already at the stage of the maternity hospital: only every fifth child was not vaccinated because of health reasons, while 79% of children did not receive prophylactic vaccinations due to the mother’s refusal. Medical abductions prevailed in the structure of violations of vaccination terms in the сhildren’s оutpatient: 39% of children were vaccinated with deviations from the schedule due to temporary contraindications, 22% were vaccinated later than terms due to unreasonable medical leads. In 39% of cases of violation of vaccine status is associated with a misunderstanding of the parents of the risk of infectious diseases and the effectiveness of the child’s protection through immunization. Of these, 22% of children were denied, 10% of children were vaccinated with a significant delay, 7% of children did not reach the сhildren’s оutpatient during the year without an explanation of the reasons. Thus, the analysis showed that the majority of the observed children (57%) did not receive timely protection against infectious diseases due to attitudes towards vaccinations of parents, 43% of children were not vaccinated due to medical abductions.

scholarly journals A LOOK AT CLASSIFIERS IN LAO LANGUAGE

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cam Tu Tai
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Culture Teaching ◽  
Grammatical Functions

Classifiers, which are part of the Lao lexicon, are commonly used with high frequency in daily communication. Analysing Lao quantifiers from structural and typological perspectives can help us gain better understanding of the characteristics of their presence, types, grammatical functions, and their combinationality. It also reveals the uniqueness of Lao people’s cognition and thought. Thus, the paper hopes to provide readers with more knowledge of the linguistic characteristics of Lao quantifiers as well as more references for studies on Lao language, culture, teaching and learning, apart from studies on languages and cultures of other ethnic minorities in Vietnam.

Satzgliedfunktionen im Deutschen: eine realistische Weiterentwicklung

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Neef
Keyword(s):  
Axiomatic Approach ◽  
The Other ◽  
Grammatical Function ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Grammatical Functions

AbstractThe concept of grammatical functions has a long and changeful history. It is used in many different theoretical approaches, not least in the grammar that underlies school instruction. However, several problems and inconsistencies are connected with this concept. These problems can be solved if definitions of the individual grammatical functions are homogeneously grounded in formal criteria instead of making recourse to semantics. In this article, an axiomatic approach of this kind is presented which is couched in terms of the paradigm of Linguistic Realism. The set of definitions given affords a basis for the unambiguous analysis of (German) sentences. At the same time, the traditionally distinct concepts of grammatical functions on the one hand and valency of verbs on the other can be merged into a uniform concept. Crucial in this context is a reevaluation of the grammatical function ‘adverbial’.

Fault Mechanism Analysis and Characteristic Extraction for Multi-Disc Clutch

2014 ◽  
Vol 526 ◽  
pp. 155-163
Author(s):  
Man Chen ◽  
He Yan Li ◽  
Biao Ma
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Initial Phase ◽  
Friction Pair ◽  
Vibration Signal ◽  
Coupling Model ◽  
Dynamics Simulation ◽  
Mechanism Analysis ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Vibration Signal Analysis ◽  
The Impact

The thermo-elastic coupling model of clutch friction pair is established by the thermoelastic instability theory to acquire the basic process of friction disc warp due to hot agglomeration; according to this process, thought of reflecting initial phase clutch fault by observing the partial deformation generated by hot spots is proposed in this paper. And based on this thought, the multi-disc clutch dynamics simulation model is established to acquire the dynamic characteristics existing on the friction pair when tiny deformation happens; according to vibration characteristics of this characteristics and the feature that the interference noise of the high frequency section of the transmission system is comparatively light, and based on the analysis on the difference of frequency spectrum of the high frequency section before and after shifting gears, a new kind of initial phase multi-disc clutch fault diagnosing method based on vibration signal analysis is proposed. The test results further prove that, this method can be used to extract the impact vibration generated by tiny deformation happened on the friction pair, and is hopeful to be used in the practical engineering of initial phase multi-disc clutch fault diagnosing.

scholarly journals Bone conducted responses in the neonatal rat auditory cortex

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman Makarov ◽  
Mikhail Sintsov ◽  
Guzel Valeeva ◽  
Pavel Starikov ◽  
Dmitriy Negrov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Cortex ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Initial Phase ◽  
Neonatal Rat ◽  
Electrode Arrays ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Low Threshold ◽  
Ear Canals ◽  
Biphasic Responses ◽  
Stimulation Of

AbstractRats are born deaf and start hearing at the end of the second postnatal week, when the ear canals open and low-intensity sounds start to evoke responses in the auditory cortex. Here, using μECoG electrode arrays and intracortical silicon probe recordings, we found that bone-conducted (BC) sounds evoked biphasic responses in the auditory cortex starting from postnatal day (P) 8. The initial phase of these responses, generated by thalamocortical input, was followed by intracortical propagation within supragranular layers. BC-evoked responses co-localized with the responses evoked by electrical stimulation of the cochlea and the deepest layers of the inferior colliculus prior to onset of low-threshold hearing (P13), as well as with the responses evoked by high-frequency (30 kHz) low-intensity (70 dB) air-conducted sounds after that. Thus, BC signals reach high-frequency processing regions of the auditory cortex well before the onset of low-threshold hearing, reflecting early integrity of the auditory system.

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