ACQUISITION OF SENTENCES BY A THREE-YEAR-OLD INDONESIAN BOY: A CASE STUDY ON M. GENTAMAS RANSI ALDEN

This study was investigated about the acquisition of sentences by three-year-old Indonesian boy, M. Gentamas Ransi Alden. The objective of this study were to investigated the sentences that produced by three years old Indonesia boy, and to explain the reason for the sentences produced based on mood in a case study on M. Gentamas Ransi Alden. This research was conducted by using descriptive qualitative research design. The data were utterances from a three years old Indonesia boy and source of data taken from M. Gentamas Ransi Alden. For the duration of almost three months, the researcher observed and recorded the subject’s produced sounds, words, and sentences. The researcher also observed how the learner interacts with various linguistics inputs to see how the subject processes them. Finally, the researcher also observed him as interacts with people to determine the levels of the various constructs of his communicative competence. The result of the data showed that the subject already acquired the sentences based on mood, they are: 1) declarative sentences, 2) imperative sentences, 3) exclamatory sentences, and 4) interrogative sentences. In acquiring the second language, the research subject acquired the sentence during the process of imitating from their parents since they start over to speak. The subject used a declarative sentence to declare their statements, the interrogative sentence they use it to ask about information of something, the exclamatory sentences they use to shows about the emotion and also to declare their statement, and the imperative sentences to ask another to do something. Keywords: Children Sentence Acquisition, Kinds of Sentences, a Three Year Old, Indonesian Boy

PRODUCTION OF AFFIRMATIVE, NEGATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES IN SCHIZOPHRENIA

Language disorder is one of the most significant symptom domains which characterize Schizophrenia Disorder. The aim of the present study considering these language problems is to find out the number of the affirmative, negative and interrogative sentences on schizophrenia patients’ spontaneous speech and reveal whether their depression, doubts and sceptical behaviours affect their speech. Fifty patients with schizophrenia diagnosed according to DSM-IV criteria were included into the study and compared to fifty healthy subjects matched for age, sex and education level with the patients participated in the study. The subjects’ speech was evaluated by using subject-based narration and free verbal narration tests. As a result of the statistical and linguistic analyses, significant differences were found between schizophrenic patients’ and healthy subjects’ speech in terms of between affirmative, negative and interrogative sentence use. The results indicate that the patients' excessive use of negative and interrogative sentences is related to their feature of attributing negatively to the events and emotions they experience.

Non-Prototypical Structurally Separate Conditional Constructions in Catalan (In Comparison with Spanish and French)

The article is devoted to non-prototypical structurally separate conditional constructions (NSCC) in Catalan in comparison with Spanish and French. These represent two (or more) separate sentences, one of which expresses condition and the other – consequence without conditional conjunctions. The relevance and novelty of this study follows from the fact that NSCCs have not received sufficient attention yet which is particularly true for Catalan. There is no consensus in specialist literature as regards the terms used to describe this kind of constructions or define their scope. The list of terms for NSCCs in Russian linguistics is too long, and includes the following: “non-prototypical constructions”, “conditional constructions formed as a “syntactic unity”, “supraphrasal unity”, among others. The paper states that it’s necessary to distinguish prototypical conditional constructions from the constructions with conditional con-junction “si”, on one hand, and non-prototypical constructions, on the other. And integral conditional constructions should be distinguished from structurally separate constructions (also referred to as formally separate). There are also non-prototypical structurally separate conditional constructions with interrogative words expressing condition in the protasis and imperatives constructions expressing consequence in the apodosis, constructions with imperatives (verbs like ‘suppose’) expressing condition in the protasis and interrogative sentences expressing consequence in the apodosis. NSCCs can use different moods: imperative, indicative, subjunctive, and conditional. Imperative forms are compatible both with semantics of conditions and consequences. There are also NSCCs without imperatives. And besides that, between the first sentence expressing the condition and the second sentence expressing the consequence filler utterances can occur. As typically in prototypical conditional constructions, in NSCC the condition and the consequence expressed also belong to the same subject of speech (speaker), though in some rare cases may be inserted, as a link be-tween the first and the second sentences of the construction, an interrogative sentence asked by another subject. NSCCs don’t allow the use of subordinating conjunctions, the opposite being a clear sign of prototypical constructions, but the consequence can be introduced with markers meaning ‘then’. The study is based on the texts by Catalan authors, excerpts from Catalan journals and their translations into Spanish and French; texts generated by the author’s informers, native speakers have also been used.

The Functional-Cognitive Characteristics of Interrogative Utterances in Modern Ukrainian

The Functional-Cognitive Characteristics of Interrogative Utterances in Modern UkrainianThe article presents a comprehensive multifaceted description of interrogative sentences in terms of the interaction of their semantic-syntactic (syntaxeme) and formal-grammatical articulation with their communicative articulation (relevant). The syntaxeme structure of interrogative sentences is determined according to the communicative intentions of the speaker. In particular, the following substantial syntaxemes, which serve as a means of modelling questions, are outlined: 1) the indefinite-interrogative subject of an action (physical, locative, intellectual, verbal); 2) the indefinite-interrogative subject of a state (physical, psycho-emotional, intellectual, locative, emotional-evaluative attitude, possessive); 3) the indefinite-interrogative subject of qualification feature, identification; 4) the indefinite-interrogative subject of a qualitative feature; 5) the indefinite-interrogative subject of a process; 6) the indefinite-interrogative object of an action (physical, intellectual-mental, verbal, perceptual); 7) the indefinite-interrogative object of a state (desire, intellectual); 8) the indefinite-interrogative object of a process (physical, psycho-emotional); 9) the indefinite-interrogative object of a qualitative feature; 10) the indefinite-interrogative addressee of an action or state; 11) the indefinite-interrogative means or instrument of an action; 12) the indefinite-interrogative locative.All of these syntaxemes replace the positions of controlled subordinate parts in the formal-syntactic structure of a simple sentence. The emphasis is placed on interrogative words in the field of adverbial syntaxemes, in particular time, reasons, purposes, conditions, manner, and sources of information, which at the formal-syntactic level remain in the position of determinants — subordinate parts of the sentence. The specifics of the thematic-rhematic articulation of interrogative utterances and their communicative variants are examined. It is found that the communicative intention of the speaker’s request determines the intonation type of the question (full dictal, partial dictal, full modal, partial modal), and the syntaxeme and formal structure of the interrogative sentence. The communicative intention also determines the semantic, morphological and positional variants of the interrogative marker. It is observed that interrogative words are usually positioned at the beginning of the sentence and form the rheme of the sentence. Funkcjonalno-kognitywna charakterystyka zdań interrogatywnych we współczesnym języku ukraińskimAutorzy dokonują kompleksowego i wieloaspektowego opisu zdań interrogatywnych w planie interakcji ich wymowy semantyczno-syntaktycznej (syntaksemowej) i formalno-gramatycznej z ich wymową komunikacyjną (relewantną). Struktura syntaksemowa zdań interrogatywnych jest określana w zależności od intencji komunikacyjnej mówiącego. W szczególności zarysowują się następujące istotne syntaksemy, które służą do modelowania pytań: 1) nieokreślony-interrogatywny podmiot czynności (fizyczny, lokatywny, intelektualny, werbalny); 2) nieokreślony-interrogatywny podmiot stanu (fizyczny, psycho-emocjonalny, intelektualny, lokatywny, stosunek emocjonalno-oceniający, zaborczy); 3) nieokreślony-interrogatywny podmiot cechy kwalifikacyjnej, identyfikacyjnej; 4) nieokreślony-interrogatywny podmiot cechy jakościowej; 5) nieokreślony-interrogatywny podmiot procesu; 6) nieokreślony-interrogatywny przedmiot czynności (fizycznej, intelektualno-mentalnej, werbalnej, percepcyjnej); 7) nieokreślony-interrogatywny przedmiot stanu (pożądanego, intelektualnego); 8) nieokreślony-interrogatywny przedmiot procesu (fizycznego, psychiczno-emocjonalnego); 9) nieokreślony-interrogatywny przedmiot cechy jakościowej; 10) nieokreślony-interrogatywny adresat czynności lub stanu; 11) nieokreślony-interrogatywny środek lub narzędzie czynności; 12) nieokreślony-interrogatywny miejscownik.Wszystkie te syntaksemy zastępują pozycje członów podrzędnych w strukturze formalno-syntaktycznej zdania prostego. W zakresie składni przysłówkowej nacisk położony jest na wyrazy pytające, w szczególności o czas, przyczyny, cele, warunki, sposób i źródła informacji, które na poziomie formalnosyntaktycznym pozostają w pozycji determinantów — części podrzędnych zdania. Badana jest specyfika artykulacji tematyczno-rematycznej wypowiedzi interrogatywnych i ich wariantów komunikacyjnych. Stwierdza się, że intencja komunikacyjna prośby mówiącego decyduje o typie intonacyjnym pytania oraz o strukturze składniowej i formalnej zdania pytającego. Intencja komunikacyjna determinuje również warianty semantyczne, morfologiczne i pozycyjne znacznika interrogatywnego. Stwierdza się, że wyrazy interrogatywne są zwykle umieszczane na początku zdania i tworzą jego remat.

Implikatur Percakapan dalam Sinetron "Dunia Tebalik" Episode ke-2006-2007 di RCTI: Kajian Pragmatik

Artikel ini memiliki tujuan untuk mendeskripsikan : 1) sumber implikatur percakapan sinetron Dunia Terbalik episode 2006-2007 dan 2) bentuk implikatur percakapan pada jenis kalimat dalam tuturan sinetron Dunia Terbalik episode 2006-2007. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode simak, sedangkan teknik yang dipakai adalah teknik catat dalam pengumpulan data. Data diperoleh dari tuturan yang di dalamnya terkandung implikatur. Data-data yang didapat kemudian dianalisis menggunakan pendekatan pragmatik dan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif. Metode penyajian menggunakan penyajian informal. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa di dalam sinetron Dunia Terbalik episode 2006-2007 ditemukan 7 implikatur percakapan, 1 bersumber pelanggaran bidal kuantitas, 1 bersumber dari pengambangan bidal relevansi, 2 bentuk implikatur pada kalimat deklaratif yang menyatakan penolakan dan protes, 1 bentuk implikatur pada kalimat interogatif yang menyatakan pengabaian, dan 2 bentuk implikatur pada kalimat imperatif yang menyatakan pengusiran secara halus dan ketidaksukaan. Dari penelitian ini diharapkan dapat dijadikan sumbangsih untuk pengembangan ilmu pragmatik dan referensi bagi penelitian sejenis.Katakunci: bentuk, implikatur, konteks, sinetron, sumber AbstractThis article has a purpose to describe: 1) the source of the implicature of the 2006-2007 episodes of Dunia Terbalik soap opera and 2) conversational implicatures of the sentence types in the 2006-2007 episodes of the sinetron. The method used observation method, while the technique used the note taking technique in collecting data. The data were obtained from utterances which contained implicatures. The data were analysed using a pragmatic and a qualitative descriptive approach. The method of result presentation used informal presentation. The results showed that in the Dunia Terbalik soap opera episode 2006-2007, it was found 7 conversational implicatures, 1 originating from violating maxim of the quantity, 1 originating from maxim of relevance, 2 implicatures in declarative sentence stating rejection and protest, 1 implicature in interrogative sentence which expressed abandonment, and 2 implicatures in imperative sentences which implied indirect expelling and dislike. This research is expected to contribute to the development of pragmatics and a reference for similar studyKeywords: form, implicature, context, soap operas, sources

KALIMAT TANYA DALAM BAHASA SASAK (INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE IN SASAK)

Kajian bahasa Sasak untuk kepentingan pembukuan terkait pelajaran bahasa daerah (mulok) belum ditemukan secara spesifik. Kajian tersebut belum mengarah kepada penyiapan bahan baku yang dapat diterjemahkan ke dalam buku mulok. Hasil kajian lebih condong ke arah ilmu mikrolinguistik bukan praktis pengajaran. Dengan demikian, tulisan ini berusaha memberikan deskripsi lebih detil mengenai kalimat tanya dalam bahasa Sasak dialek standar. Metode yang digunakan dalam tulisan ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif menggunakan data empiris lapangan yang bersifat naturalistik. Data empiris yang dimaksud adalah data kebahasan variasi dialektal a-e (Pujut) atau dialek standar. Data tersebut diperoleh di dua kabupaten dengan penutur dialek standar, yaitu Kabupaten Lombok Tengah dan Lombok Barat. Daerah yang dijadikan lokasi pengambilan data di kedua kabupaten tersebut adalah Kecamatan Batukliang Utara, Kecamatan Praya Timur, Kecamatan Pujut, dan Kecamatan Kuripan Utara. Data diperoleh dengan cara wawancara langsung dengan penutur dialek tersebut. Data tersebut kemudian dianalisis menggunakan metode agih dengan enam teknik lanjutannya. Analisis kalimat tanya dilakukan terhadap delapan jenis kata tanya menunjukkan bahwa selain struktur umum kata tanya berada di depan juga terdapat struktur lain yang memungkinkan kalimat tersebut dapat menjadi kalimat tanya yang berterima seccara gramatikal dan makna. Kata kunci: kalimat tanya, kata tanya, struktur, gramatikal, makna Study on Sasak for shake of publishing to support local language teaching is not yet found in specific one. The study is not managed to have material of production which can support producing teaching book. Result of study tends to be microlinguistics science not for teaching practice. Therefore, this writing is aimed at giving more detil descriptiom on interrogative sentence in standard dialectal of Sasak. Descriptive-qualitative method is used. This method uses natural-empirical data. The data is standard dialectal a-e (Pujut) of Sasak. Data is collected in two main regencies which occupied by Sasak speakers. They are Central Lombok and West Lombok which focused in Batukliang Utara, East Praya, Pujut, and Kuripan Utara. Data collected through direct interview with native speakers of Sasak. The data is analized by agih method using six techniques. The analysis of interrogative sentences is done into eight kinds of question words. It is shown that there is another structure of interrogative sentence other than common structure of question words which always exist at the beginning of sentences. This structure allows questions words to be at the middle. The sentence constructed is grammatically dan semantically accepted in Sasak. Key Words: interrogative sentence, question words, structure, grammatical, meaning