Cognitive Loci of Impairments in Picture Naming by Aphasic Subjects

1979 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell H. Mills ◽  
A. W. Knox ◽  
James F. Juola ◽  
Shirley J. Salmon
Keyword(s):  
Picture Naming ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Recognition Performance ◽  
Word Retrieval ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Retrieval Problem ◽  
Naming Response ◽  
Treatment Procedures ◽  
Low Uncertainty ◽  
High Uncertainty

In order to identify the process or processes responsible for impaired naming by aphasic patients, ten aphasic adults and ten normal adults performed three independent tasks—picture naming, modified Sternberg picture recognition, and modified Sternberg random shape recognition (Sternberg, 1966). Response times and error percentages were the dependent variables. Independent variables in naming were stimulus codability measured in bits of uncertainty (two levels) and number of naming trials (three trials). Independent variables in the recognition tasks were uncertainty (two levels), number of stimuli to be remembered (two or four stimuli) and response type (“yes” or “no”). The results showed that uncertainty had significant effects on naming but not on recognition performance. The aphasic group produced significantly longer naming response times regardless of uncertainty level. The differences between groups were much greater for high-uncertainty pictures (1100 msec) than for low-uncertainty pictures (270 msec). A comparison of estimates of word retrieval times showed that the two subject groups differed significantly for high-uncertainty but not for low-uncertainty items. It was concluded that (1) use of the term “word retrieval problem” rather than “loss of memory problem” was justified to describe the major component in the aphasic naming impairment for high-uncertainty items, and (2) when naming low-uncertainty items these aphasic subjects did not demonstrate a word retrieval problem. The results indicate that treatment procedures designed to improve naming should be process rather than content oriented.

scholarly journals Unknown Unknowns: Uncertainty About Risk and Stock Returns

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 1615-1651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guido Baltussen ◽  
Sjoerd van Bekkum ◽  
Bart van der Grient
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Stock Returns ◽  
Stock Prices ◽  
Stock Markets ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pricing Mechanism ◽  
European Stock Markets ◽  
Low Uncertainty ◽  
High Uncertainty

Stocks with high uncertainty about risk, as measured by the volatility of expected volatility (vol-of-vol), robustly underperform stocks with low uncertainty about risk by 8% per year. This vol-of-vol effect is distinct from (combinations of) at least 20 previously documented return predictors, survives many robustness checks, and holds in the United States and across European stock markets. We empirically explore the pricing mechanism behind the vol-of-vol effect. The evidence points toward preference-based explanations and away from alternative explanations. Collectively, our results show that uncertainty about risk is highly relevant for stock prices.

scholarly journals Promoting COVID-19 Vaccination: The Interplay of Message Framing, Psychological Uncertainty, and Public Agency as a Message Source

2021 ◽  
pp. 107554702110481
Author(s):  
Yan Huang ◽  
Wenlin Liu
Keyword(s):  
Interaction Effect ◽  
Message Framing ◽  
Psychological Reactance ◽  
Message Design ◽  
Public Agency ◽  
Message Source ◽  
Thought Listing ◽  
Loss Frame ◽  
Low Uncertainty ◽  
High Uncertainty

The study examines how framing, psychological uncertainty, and agency type influence campaign effectiveness in promoting coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines. A 2 (gain vs. loss frame) × 2 (high vs. low uncertainty) × 2 (national vs. local agency) between-subjects experiment was conducted among Houston residents ( N = 382). Findings revealed that a loss frame was more effective among participants primed with high uncertainty through a thought-listing task; however, it was less persuasive under conditions of low uncertainty due to increased psychological reactance. Moreover, there was an interaction effect between uncertainty and agency type on vaccine beliefs. The study contributes to the framing literature by identifying psychological uncertainty as a moderator and provides useful suggestions for vaccine message design.

scholarly journals Facilitating Word Retrieval in Aphasia: Which Type of Cues for Which Aphasic Speakers?

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grégoire Python ◽  
Pauline Pellet Cheneval ◽  
Caroline Bonnans ◽  
Marina Laganaro
Keyword(s):  
Brain Damage ◽  
Picture Naming ◽  
Word Retrieval ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Semantic Cues ◽  
Subject Design ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Phonological Errors ◽  
Omission Errors

Background: Even if both phonological and semantic cues can facilitate word retrieval in aphasia, it remains unclear if their respective effectiveness varies according to the underlying anomic profile.Aim: The aim of the present facilitation study is to compare the effect of phonological and semantic cues on picture naming accuracy and speed in different types of anomia.Methods: In the present within-subject design study, 15 aphasic persons following brain damage underwent picture naming paradigms with semantic cues (categorically- or associatively related) and phonological cues (initial phoneme presented auditorily, visually or both).Results: At the group level, semantic cueing was as effective as phonological cueing to significantly speed up picture naming. However, while phonological cues were effective regardless of the anomic profile, semantic cueing effects varied depending on the type of anomia. Participants with mixed anomia showed facilitation after both semantic categorical and associative cues, but individuals with lexical-phonological anomia only after categorical cues. Crucially, semantic cues were ineffective for participants with lexical-semantic anomia. These disparities were confirmed by categorical semantic facilitation decreasing when semantic/omission errors prevailed in the anomic profile, but increasing alongside phonological errors.Conclusion: The effectiveness of phonological vs semantic cues seems related to the underlying anomic profile: phonological cues benefit any type of anomia, but semantic cues only lexical-phonological or mixed anomia.

scholarly journals Links Between Short-Term Memory and Word Retrieval in Aphasia

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (1S) ◽  
pp. 379-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Minkina ◽  
Nadine Martin ◽  
Kristie A. Spencer ◽  
Diane L. Kendall
Keyword(s):  
Word Pair ◽  
Picture Naming ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Naming Task ◽  
Word Retrieval ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Retrieval Errors ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Repetition Task

Purpose This study explored the relationship between anomia and verbal short-term memory (STM) in the context of an interactive activation language processing model. Method Twenty-four individuals with aphasia and reduced STM spans (i.e., impaired immediate serial recall of words) completed a picture-naming task and a word pair repetition task (a measure of verbal STM). Correlations between verbal STM and word retrieval errors made on the picture-naming task were examined. Results A significant positive correlation between naming accuracy and verbal span length was found. More intricate verbal STM analyses examined the relationship between picture-naming error types (i.e., semantic vs. phonological) and 2 measures of verbal STM: (a) location of errors on the word pair repetition task and (b) imageability and frequency effects on the word pair repetition task. Results indicated that, as phonological word retrieval errors (relative to semantic) increase, bias toward correct repetition of high-imageability words increases. Conclusions Results suggest that word retrieval and verbal STM tasks likely rely on a partially shared temporary linguistic activation process.

Object-Selective Cortex Exhibits Performance-Independent Repetition Suppression

2006 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 995-1007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rory Sayres ◽  
Kalanit Grill-Spector
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Recognition Performance ◽  
Region Of Interest ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Repetition Suppression ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
Bold Responses ◽  
Cortical Regions ◽  
Time Required

Object-selective cortical regions exhibit a decreased response when an object stimulus is repeated [repetition suppression (RS)]. RS is often associated with priming: reduced response times and increased accuracy for repeated stimuli. It is unknown whether RS reflects stimulus-specific repetition, the associated changes in response time, or the combination of the two. To address this question, we performed a rapid event-related functional MRI (fMRI) study in which we measured BOLD signal in object-selective cortex, as well as object recognition performance, while we manipulated stimulus repetition. Our design allowed us to examine separately the roles of response time and repetition in explaining RS. We found that repetition played a robust role in explaining RS: repeated trials produced weaker BOLD responses than nonrepeated trials, even when comparing trials with matched response times. In contrast, response time played a weak role in explaining RS when repetition was controlled for: it explained BOLD responses only for one region of interest (ROI) and one experimental condition. Thus repetition suppression seems to be mostly driven by repetition rather than performance changes. We further examined whether RS reflects processes occurring at the same time as recognition or after recognition by manipulating stimulus presentation duration. In one experiment, durations were longer than required for recognition (2 s), whereas in a second experiment, durations were close to the minimum time required for recognition (85–101 ms). We found significant RS for brief presentations (albeit with a reduced magnitude), which again persisted when controlling for performance. This suggests a substantial amount of RS occurs during recognition.

Effects of structural similarity and name frequency on picture naming in Alzheimer's disease

1999 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
pp. 659-667 ◽  
Author(s):  
SHARON L. THOMPSON-SCHILL ◽  
JOHN D. E. GABRIELI ◽  
DEBRA A. FLEISCHMAN
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Picture Naming ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Naming Latency ◽  
Structural Similarity ◽  
Word Retrieval ◽  
Perceptual Processing ◽  
Retrieval Processes ◽  
Confrontation Naming

Impairments to either perceptual or word-retrieval processes have been hypothesized to explain confrontation naming impairments in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study measured the effects of structural similarity, which affects perceptual processing, and name frequency, which affects word retrieval, on naming latency and accuracy in 16 AD patients and 16 age-matched controls. AD patients named pictures more slowly and made more errors than control participants. Their naming accuracy was disproportionately affected by name frequency, but not by structural similarity. The findings indicate that the processing of structural properties of objects is unaffected in early-stage AD, and suggest that word-retrieval impairments underlie the naming deficit in AD. (JINS, 1999, 5, 659–667.)

A Computer Simulation of Visual Recognition Performance

1983 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 349-353
Author(s):  
Valerie J. Gawron ◽  
K. Ronald Laughery ◽  
Charles C. Jorgensen ◽  
Joseph Polito
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Visual Recognition ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Recognition Performance ◽  
Time On Task ◽  
Target Speed ◽  
Air Defense ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Operator Performance ◽  
Defense Systems

As part of an ongoing program to develop computer models of human performance (MOPADS, Model of Operator Performance in Air Defense Systems), a computer model of visual recognition performance was developed. The model predicts the probability of an observer detecting and recognizing a target as a function of several independent variables. The values of these variables can be defined by the user (e.g., number of observers, observer's time on task) or be provided from an ongoing simulation of an air defense scenario (e.g., distance to target, target speed).

scholarly journals PENGARUH ORIENTASI BUDAYA PENGHINDARAN KETIDAKPASTIAN TERHADAP GAYA BELANJA PADA WISATAWAN NUSANTARA

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Baiq Handayani Rinuastuti ◽  
Rusdan Rusdan ◽  
Junaidi Sagir ◽  
Darwini Darwini
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cultural Orientation ◽  
Uncertainty Avoidance ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Fashion Consciousness ◽  
The Many ◽  
Manova Analysis ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Low Uncertainty ◽  
High Uncertainty

This research aim is to get a depth understanding to the potential of difference in shopping style related to the culture orientation to avoid uncertainty in the tourist group. This research was conducted in three tourist sites, namely: Senggigi Beach, Gili Terawangan, and Kuta Beach. With Manova analysis known that tourists who have high uncertainty avoidance orientation tend to have decision-making style that prioritizes; quality, value, well-known brand, loyal to the brand, and confusion because of the many options. While at Travelers who have low uncertainty avoidance orientation tend to have a decision-making style that characterized expenditure: fashion consciousness, orientation recreational, and impulsive. By knowing the relationship between uncertainty avoidance cultural orientation and style tourist spending will bring enormous benefits to the tourism industry and government in promoting the activities of tourist spending, especially for the domestic market segment. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan pemahaman yang mendalam terhadap potensi perbedaan gaya belanja yang terkait dengan orientasi budaya untuk menghindari ketidakpastian dalam kelompok wisatawan. Penelitian ini dilakukan di tiga lokasi wisata, yaitu : senggigi beach, termasuk gili terawangan dan pantai kuta. Dengan analisis manova tahu bahwa wisatawan yang memiliki ketidakpastian tinggi penghindaran orientasi cenderung memiliki gaya pengambilan keputusan yang mengutamakan; kualitas, nilai, merek terkenal, setia kepada merek dan kebingungan karena banyaknya pilihan. Sementara pada wisatawan yang memiliki orientasi penghindaran ketidakpastian rendah cenderung memiliki keputusan-membuat gaya yang dicirikan pengeluaran : Mode kesadaran, orientasi rekreasi dan impulsif. Dengan mengetahui hubungan antara ketidakpastian penghindaran budaya orientasi dan gaya pengeluaran wisata akan membawa manfaat besar bagi industri pariwisata dan pemerintah dalam mempromosikan kegiatan wisata belanja, terutama untuk pasar domestik segmen.Keywords :Shopping style, uncertainty avoidance, domestic travelers

scholarly journals Pengalaman Kerja dan Penilaian Profesional Auditor: Bukti dari Mahasiswa di Yogyakarta

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 154-162
Author(s):  
Rizki Hamdani ◽  
Satrio Pamungkas ◽  
Kumalahadi
Keyword(s):  
Uncertainty Avoidance ◽  
Professional Judgment ◽  
Fraud Risk ◽  
Low Uncertainty ◽  
High Uncertainty

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeteksi pengaruh pengalaman kerja auditor terhadap penilaian profesional auditor. Sebanyak 100 orang responden dari mahasiswa S1 akuntansi dilibatkan dalam penelitian ini. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain eksperimen untuk menguji pengaruh pengalaman kerja auditor terhadap professional judgment auditor yang secara khusus dilihat dari evaluasi lingkungan pengendalian internal untuk perusahaan yang beroperasi di berbagai negara dengan budaya yang berbeda karakteristik dan penilaian fraud risk untuk perusahaan yang beroperasi di berbagai negara dengan budaya yang berbeda karakteristik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa lamanya pengalaman kerja auditor berpengaruh terhadap penilaian fraud risk dilihat dari budaya individualisme dan kolektivisme, namun tidak berpengaruh terhadap evaluasi pengendalian internal. Lamanya pengalaman kerja auditor juga tidak berpengaruh terhadap penilaian fraud risk dilihat dari budaya high uncertainty avoidance vs low uncertainty avoidance. Penelitian ini memberikan wawasan kepada kantor akuntan publik, perusahan, dan pemerintah untuk mengetahui bagaimana dalam melihat dan melakukan penilaian terhadap profesional auditor.

scholarly journals Chronic Wasting Disease Transmission Risk Assessment for Farmed Cervids in Minnesota and Wisconsin

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1586
Author(s):  
James M. Kincheloe ◽  
Dennis N. Makau ◽  
Scott J. Wells ◽  
Amy R. Horn-Delzer
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Chronic Wasting Disease ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Wasting Disease ◽  
Qualitative Risk Assessment ◽  
Low Uncertainty ◽  
High Uncertainty

CWD (chronic wasting disease) has emerged as one of the most important diseases of cervids and continues to adversely affect farmed and wild cervid populations, despite control and preventive measures. This study aims to use the current scientific understanding of CWD transmission and knowledge of farmed cervid operations to conduct a qualitative risk assessment for CWD transmission to cervid farms and, applying this risk assessment, systematically describe the CWD transmission risks experienced by CWD-positive farmed cervid operations in Minnesota and Wisconsin. A systematic review of literature related to CWD transmission informed our criteria to stratify CWD transmission risks to cervid operations into high-risk low uncertainty, moderate-risk high uncertainty, and negligible-risk low uncertainty categories. Case data from 34 CWD-positive farmed cervid operations in Minnesota and Wisconsin from 2002 to January 2019 were categorized by transmission risks exposure and evaluated for trends. The majority of case farms recorded high transmission risks (56%), which were likely sources of CWD, but many (44%) had only moderate or negligible transmission risks, including most of the herds (62%) detected since 2012. The presence of CWD-positive cervid farms with only moderate or low CWD transmission risks necessitates further investigation of these risks to inform effective control measures.

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