scholarly journals Development pattern of the endemic of Baikal Siberia – Dracocephalum popovii T.V. Egorova et Sipliv. (Lamiaceae).

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 00019
Author(s):  
Gulnora Denisova
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Adventitious Root ◽  
Shoot Formation ◽  
Development Pattern ◽  
Aboveground Part ◽  
Shoot System ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Vegetative Origin

The structure and development pattern of endemic of Baikal Siberia Dracocephalum popovii T.V. Egorova et Sipliv were studied in Buryatia. The base of the shoot system of adults is made up of branched and unbranched bi-tricyclical root-elongated and monocyclical elongated monocarpic shoots. Ontogenesis of individuals of D. popovii – full, difficult also consists of ontogenesis of a seed individual and the reduced ontogeneses of affiliated individuals. Individuals of a vegetative origin are represented by partial branched and unbranched shoots with an adventitious root system. Every year, the aboveground part of the individual completely dies, the shoot formation occurs due to the kidneys of the geophilic part of the bi-tricyclical rhizome-elongated shoots.

scholarly journals SHOOT FORMATION OF EPILOBIUM HIRSUTUM L. IN CONNECTION WITH THE ADAPTATION OF HERBS OF THE SEASONAL CLIMATE TO THE CONDITIONS OF VARIABLE HUMIDIFICATION / WATERING

2021 ◽  
pp. 103-115
Author(s):  
N. Savinyh ◽  
I. Konovalova
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Formation ◽  
Modular Organization ◽  
Zone Of Inhibition ◽  
Modern Biology ◽  
Functional Zoning ◽  
Shoot System ◽  
Mechanisms Of Adaptation ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Transitional Phase ◽  
Main Module

One of the fundamental problems of modern biology is the identification of adaptations of organisms to existence in different environments of the biosphere, the mechanisms and methods of the formation of their adaptations. A comparative analysis of shoot formation and ontogenesis of individuals makes it possible to reveal these features in plant biomorphs, including during the development of reservoirs by herbs by mesophytes. The article describes the shoot formation of the hygromesophyte Epilobium hirsutum L. The development and structural-functional zoning of shoots were assessed from the standpoint of modular organization and compared with the peculiarities of shoots formation in mesophytic and hydrophyte grasses. Shown: their similarity with monocarpic shoots of mesophytic herbs at the initial stages; further prolongation in the form of basipetal development through heterochronies and heterotopies with the development of lateral sylleptic shoots as in hydrophytes; increasing the area of the assimilating surface of an individual and ensuring the autonomy of individual shoot systems due to this with early morphological disintegration of the individual. It is proposed to distinguish the following stages in the development of the terrestrial part of the shoot system: vegetative uniaxial shoot - monocarpic shoot - disjunctive system of monopodial shoot - synflorescence system (double heterothetical frondose-frondular brush) at the shoot apex and replacement shoots in the transitional phase of its development in the zone of renewal , broken by the middle zone of inhibition, is more multicomponent and branched in comparison with those in mesohygrophytes like Veronica longifolia L., but less complexity than in hydrophytes - the aquatic form of V. anagallis-aquatica L. It is noted that the early transformation of the universal module (monocarpic shoot) into the main module (the shoot system formed on its basis) is provided by polyvariance in the development of leaf rudiments and axillary structures of elementary modules (elementary metameres) in connection with the conditions of the location of the apex and demonstrates possible mechanisms of adaptation of flowering plants with a sympodial long-shoot model of shoot formation to life in water bodies: abbreviation of ontogeny of an individual and monocarpity of ramet with polycarpicity of an organism (prolongation of ontogeny of an individual).

EFFECTS OF ALUMINIUM ON THE ADVENTITIOUS ROOT SYSTEM, AERIAL BIOMASS AND GRAIN YIELD OF MAIZE GROWN IN THE FIELD AND IN A RHIZOTRON

2006 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. COMIN ◽  
J. BARLOY ◽  
V. HALLAIRE ◽  
F. ZANETTE ◽  
P. R. M. MILLER
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Root System ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Adventitious Root ◽  
Adventitious Roots ◽  
Total Root Length ◽  
Al Tolerance ◽  
Root Branching ◽  
Four Levels

The aim of this work was to study the effects of soluble aluminium on the morphology and growth of the adventitious root system, aerial biomass and grain yield of maize (Zea mays). The analysis focuses on two hybrid cultivars (Al-sensitive HS7777 and Al-tolerant C525M). Experiments were carried out in the field and in a rhizotron in Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. In the field, four levels of lime application were used: T0 = 0 t ha−1, T1 = 3.5 t ha−1, T2 = 7.0 t ha−1, and T3 = 10.5 t ha−1. Two levels were used in a rhizotron: T0 and T3. In the surface horizon (0–15 cm), the Al concentrations of the soil solution were: T0 = 15, T1 = 5.1, T2 = 4.4, and T3 = 3.1 μM. In the field, neither Al concentration in the soil solution nor cultivar affected the number of primary adventitious roots per internode or the total number of primary adventitious roots. However, root diameter, plant population and grain yield of the two cultivars confirmed the differences in Al tolerance between them. Al was observed to have an adverse effect on the grain yield from C525M, while low yields from HS7777, at all levels of Al, precluded any response to liming. In the rhizotron studies, Al concentration and cultivar affected the root branching and total root length. Cultivar C525M had more branches and total root length than HS7777, mainly at low concentrations of soil Al solution, leading to greater spatial colonization of the soil down to 0.9 m depth.

scholarly journals Multi-dimensional leaf phenotypes reflect root system genotype in grafted grapevine over the growing season

GigaScience ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary N Harris ◽  
Mani Awale ◽  
Niyati Bhakta ◽  
Daniel H Chitwood ◽  
Anne Fennell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Experimental System ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Plant Biology ◽  
Shoot System ◽  
Distinct Individual ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Ground Effects ◽  
Horticultural Practice ◽  
Broad Understanding

Abstract Background Modern biological approaches generate volumes of multi-dimensional data, offering unprecedented opportunities to address biological questions previously beyond reach owing to small or subtle effects. A fundamental question in plant biology is the extent to which below-ground activity in the root system influences above-ground phenotypes expressed in the shoot system. Grafting, an ancient horticultural practice that fuses the root system of one individual (the rootstock) with the shoot system of a second, genetically distinct individual (the scion), is a powerful experimental system to understand below-ground effects on above-ground phenotypes. Previous studies on grafted grapevines have detected rootstock influence on scion phenotypes including physiology and berry chemistry. However, the extent of the rootstock's influence on leaves, the photosynthetic engines of the vine, and how those effects change over the course of a growing season, are still largely unknown. Results Here, we investigate associations between rootstock genotype and shoot system phenotypes using 5 multi-dimensional leaf phenotyping modalities measured in a common grafted scion: ionomics, metabolomics, transcriptomics, morphometrics, and physiology. Rootstock influence is ubiquitous but subtle across modalities, with the strongest signature of rootstock observed in the leaf ionome. Moreover, we find that the extent of rootstock influence on scion phenotypes and patterns of phenomic covariation are highly dynamic across the season. Conclusions These findings substantially expand previously identified patterns to demonstrate that rootstock influence on scion phenotypes is complex and dynamic and underscore that broad understanding necessitates volumes of multi-dimensional data previously unmet.

scholarly journals Bioremediation of Nickel and Lead contaminated soil by Vica faba L. plant and AM fungi Glomus mosseae

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 260-265
Author(s):  
Baghdad Science Journal
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Soil Pollution ◽  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Glomus Mosseae ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Polluted Soil ◽  
The South ◽  
Shoot System ◽  
North And South

This study is conducted to determine the activity of plant Vica faba and two isolated from arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi (A,B) in bioremediation of soil pollution by Nickel and Lead elements in north and south of Baghdad city. The results showed that the average of soil pollution by Nickel and Lead elements in north of Baghdad was less than the average of soil pollution in the south of Baghdad which recorded 29.0,9.0PPm and 42.0, 25.0PPm respectively. The results show that the isolate A from the polluted soil is more active from isolate B which isolate from unpolluted soil for bioremediation. Vica faba recorded more in accumulate the Lead element in shoot system which was 19.65PPm and in root system was 27.2PPm and for Nickel element 24.65, 27.55PPm in shoot and root respectively.

scholarly journals Dissecting the effects of nitrate, sucrose and osmotic potential on Arabidopsis root and shoot system growth in laboratory assays

2012 ◽  
Vol 367 (1595) ◽  
pp. 1489-1500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Roycewicz ◽  
Jocelyn E. Malamy
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
System Size ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Target Tissue ◽  
Shoot Ratio ◽  
Root Shoot Ratio ◽  
Shoot System ◽  
The Impact

Studying the specific effects of water and nutrients on plant development is difficult because changes in a single component can often trigger multiple response pathways. Such confounding issues are prevalent in commonly used laboratory assays. For example, increasing the nitrate concentration in growth media alters both nitrate availability and osmotic potential. In addition, it was recently shown that a change in the osmotic potential of media alters the plant's ability to take up other nutrients such as sucrose. It can also be difficult to identify the initial target tissue of a particular environmental cue because there are correlated changes in development of many organs. These growth changes may be coordinately regulated, or changes in development of one organ may trigger changes in development of another organ as a secondary effect. All these complexities make analyses of plant responses to environmental factors difficult to interpret. Here, we review the literature on the effects of nitrate, sucrose and water availability on root system growth and discuss the mechanisms underlying these effects. We then present experiments that examine the impact of nitrate, sucrose and water on root and shoot system growth in culture using an approach that holds all variables constant except the one under analysis. We found that while all three factors also alter root system size, changes in sucrose and osmotic potential also altered shoot system size. In contrast, we found that, when osmotic effects are controlled, nitrate specifically inhibits root system growth while having no effect on shoot system growth. This effectively decreases the root : shoot ratio. Alterations in root : shoot ratio have been widely observed in response to nitrogen starvation, where root growth is selectively increased, but the present results suggest that alterations in this ratio can be triggered across a wide spectrum of nitrate concentrations.

scholarly journals Features of Dictamnus albus (Rutaceae) in the pregenerative period of ontogeny in M. M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden in Ukraine

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 470-476
Author(s):  
А. М. Gnatiuk
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Morphological Variability ◽  
Shoot Formation ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
Minimal Amount ◽  
National Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Fibrous Root ◽  
Diagnostic Features ◽  
Diagnostic Signs ◽  
Dictamnus Albus

Investigation of plant ontogenetic peculiarities and establishment of boundaries of ontogenetic states of individuals is a necessary basis for studying their populations. The minimal amount of data on morphology of plants in the pregenerative period of ontogenesis complicates plant identification in natural and cultural populations. Such information is especially important for rare species of plants. Dictamnus albus L. is a perennial rare plant listed in the Red Book of Ukraine.The objective of this research is to analyze the peculiarities of ontomorphogenesis of D. albus, to establish diagnostic signs of age stages and the sequence of their passage for identification of the multivariance of development. The results of the study on D. albus ontomorphogeny in the latent and pregenerative period at the M. M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden оf the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine are represented in this article. Diagnostic features of age stages: seeds, seedlings, juvenile, immature, virginile are established. The study shows a multivariate development that reveals different sequences of passing ontogenesis states by individuals and, accordingly, the rate of their aging and life expectancy. To describe the variation of the passage by individuals of ontogeny stages, we divided the stages into ontomorphs, which determined the degree of development-degradation of plants. The research showed that every age stage lasts for one growing season or longer. The first bloom in plants does not come earlier than the sixth year of vegetation. Seedlings and juvenile plants vary in leaf number and phyllotaxy. The development of immature plants takes place from the third year of vegetation. Seedlings, juvenile and young immature plants have a tap-root system. In individuals older than 4 years a root system forms which becomes similar to the fibrous root system due to the presence of several thickened roots. In immature and virginile plants, we observed the formation of adventitious roots on the caudex. It has been found that D. albus is characterized by heterophylly and morphological variability of leaves, which is developed during ontogeny and shoot formation. The variety of the architecture of individuals in the early stages of ontogenesis and the multi-variation of their development indicate the variation of the reaction rate.The data may be used for evaluate age (ontogenetic) structure of D. albus populations.

scholarly journals Preservation of representatives the genus Drosera L. using biotechnological methods

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-80
Author(s):  
S. Yu. Bilous ◽  
O. O. Oliinyk ◽  
O. O. Hunko
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Shoot Formation ◽  
Multiple Shoot ◽  
Reproduction Rate ◽  
Cultivation Conditions ◽  
Nutrient Media ◽  
Planting Material ◽  
Morphogenesis In Vitro ◽  
Disease Free

The peculiarities of obtaining planting material of rare representatives Drosera spatulate L. and Drosera aliciae L. using microclonal propagation in order to preserve and cultivate them in ex vitro conditions were studied. The method of sterilization of D. spatulate and D. aliciae explants with 80-90% obtaining aseptic material has been developed. The influence of different sterilization options on the development of microshoots has been studied. The best mode of sterilization is 0,1% solution of AgNO3 and 12.5% solution of H2O2. The features of organogenesis and regeneration of the whole organism from cultivated tissues and organs of Drosera L. was investigated. The effect of exogenous growth regulators at different stages of plant morphogenesis in vitro is shown. Improved conditions of rhizogenesis in vitro. It was found experimentally that MS nutrient media with the addition of 2 g∙l-1 PVP is optimal at the stage of introduction into culture in vitro D. spatulate and D. aliciae. The regeneration of microshoots of D. spatulate and D. aliciae depending on the type of explant and the composition of nutrient media was studied. Morphogenesis was most effective on nutrient media with the addition of 0.25 mg∙l-1 kinetin and on the hormone free MS media. Such cultivation conditions provided 100% regeneration of plants with a reproduction rate of 1:8. Studying the effect of cytokinins on the microclonal reproduction of D. spatulate and D. aliciae, it was found that the development and induction of multiple shoot formation in vitro is best performed on hormone free MS media. To induce the formation of the root system, it is necessary to add into MS nutrient media 0.5 mg∙l-1 IBA. According to the results of the research, a method of microclonal propagation was developed by cutting stem culture, which made it possible to obtain genetically stable, disease-free regenerating plants of D. spatulate and D. aliciae with an optimally formed root system and vegetative mass. The obtained homogeneous planting material can be used in floriculture, creation of terrariums, for pharmacological purposes and for the purpose of introduction. Keywords: Drosera L., microclonal reproduction, morphogenes.

scholarly journals Evaluation of different types of rooting stimulators

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (8) ◽  
pp. 217-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petr Salaš ◽  
H. Sasková ◽  
J. Mokričková ◽  
T. Litschmann
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Product Line ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Active Components ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Deciduous Shrub

This paper focuses on the assessment of selected stimulators, especially from Rhizopon product line, which are used for rooting and root system enhancement in various ornamental woody species. Two available methods of cuttings stimulation were selected from the available range of rooting stimulators: stimulation by long-term immersion in solutions or treatment of cuttings with powder stimulators. The experiment involved stimulators with two active components, currently the most commonly used phytohormones for this purpose – IBA and NAA – that were applied in different concentrations. The experiment took place in three propagation terms with twelve coniferous and deciduous shrub varieties. The results of the experiment show the different reactions of the individual species as well as varieties on the respective term of propagation and used form of stimulator.

scholarly journals In situ Phenotyping of Grapevine Root System Architecture by 2D or 3D Imaging: Advantages and Limits of Three Cultivation Methods

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuko Krzyzaniak ◽  
Frédéric Cointault ◽  
Camille Loupiac ◽  
Eric Bernaud ◽  
Frédéric Ott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Adventitious Root ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Root Traits ◽  
Automated Analysis ◽  
Root System Architecture ◽  
Neutron Tomography

The root system plays an essential role in the development and physiology of the plant, as well as in its response to various stresses. However, it is often insufficiently studied, mainly because it is difficult to visualize. For grapevine, a plant of major economic interest, there is a growing need to study the root system, in particular to assess its resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, understand the decline that may affect it, and identify new ecofriendly production systems. In this context, we have evaluated and compared three distinct growing methods (hydroponics, plane, and cylindric rhizotrons) in order to describe relevant architectural root traits of grapevine cuttings (mode of grapevine propagation), and also two 2D- (hydroponics and rhizotron) and one 3D- (neutron tomography) imaging techniques for visualization and quantification of roots. We observed that hydroponics tubes are a system easy to implement but do not allow the direct quantification of root traits over time, conversely to 2D imaging in rhizotron. We demonstrated that neutron tomography is relevant to quantify the root volume. We have also produced a new automated analysis method of digital photographs, adapted for identifying adventitious roots as a feature of root architecture in rhizotrons. This method integrates image segmentation, skeletonization, detection of adventitious root skeleton, and adventitious root reconstruction. Although this study was targeted to grapevine, most of the results obtained could be extended to other plants propagated by cuttings. Image analysis methods could also be adapted to characterization of the root system from seedlings.

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