On Peat Production Capacity in Verkhoyansky District, Sakha (Yakutia) Republic

The article analyzes the possible substitution of long-range coal with peat fuel in boilerhouses of Batagai settlement, the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic, and technical and ecological problems that arise. Potential in-situ resources for permafrost production of moulded solid fuel with peat are examined. The study introduces two options of peat fuel production for boilerhouses: peat milling and sod peat moulding. Experimental work on sod peat drying shows that sod peat can be cut and dried to the conditioned moisture content in northern Yakutia but it is inexpedient both technologically and ecologically. A flowsheet of sod peat hydromechanised production from lacustrine peat is presented. According to it peat mass is scarified, diluted with lake water, sucked in by a pump dredge, and then pumped through a sludge line onto the lakeside where it is dehydrated in geotubes to have moulding moisture. Dehydrated geotubes are cut and peat mass is loaded into a peat spreader which stir and shape it into cylindrical peat sods, then spread it on a drying field. Further the process follows the conventional technology of harrowing, ridging, and covering dried peat.

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Comparative analyses of fast growing species in different moisture content for high quality solid fuel production

Fuel ◽

10.1016/j.fuel.2016.06.071 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 184 ◽

pp. 180-184 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Ana Larissa Santiago Hansted ◽

Gabriela Tami Nakashima ◽

Mariana Provedel Martins ◽

Hiroyuki Yamamoto ◽

Fábio Minoru Yamaji

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Solid Fuel ◽

Fuel Production ◽

High Quality ◽

Comparative Analyses ◽

Fast Growing ◽

Fast Growing Species

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Peat Extraction from Lake Sediments in the Northern Districts, the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202127801006 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 278 ◽

pp. 01006

Author(s):

Alexsandra Kuporova ◽

Vladimir Belyakov

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Water Content ◽

Lake Sediments ◽

Experimental Work ◽

Lake Water ◽

Artificial Ventilation ◽

Raw Material ◽

Material Base ◽

Durable Products ◽

Sufficient Strength

The article The article examines the possibility of extracting sod fuel peat to replace imported coal. A possible raw material base is considered for producing molded solid peat-based fuel in permafrost conditions. The production of molded peat products in the form of sod peat is proposed as an option. The experimental work on drying sod peat shows that peat can be extracted and dried to standard moisture content in the conditions of northern Yakutia. A flowsheet of producing sod peat from lake peat by hydraulicking is presented. According to the flowsheet the peat mass is loosened, liquefied by lake water, sucked in by a dredger pump and pumped through a pulp pipeline to the shore, where it is dewatered in geotubes to the molding water content. After dewatering, the geotubes are cut and the peat mass is loaded into a peat spreader mixing the peat, forming it into cylindrical pieces, and spreading it on a drying field. When molded, the peat structure is modified chemically to obtain strong and durable products. Having reached sufficient strength, peat sods are piled in a stack supplied with a trench for artificial ventilation at its base. The peat is dried to a final moisture content of 24–30%.

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Modular Simulation to Determine the Optimal Operating Policy of a Batch Reactor for the Enzymatic Fructose Reduction to Mannitol with the in situ Continuous Enzymatic Regeneration of the NAD Cofactor

Revista de Chimie ◽

10.37358/rc.17.9.5854 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 68 (9) ◽

pp. 2196-2203 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Mara Crisan ◽

Gheorghe Maria

Keyword(s):

Batch Reactor ◽

Production Capacity ◽

Optimization Procedure ◽

Enzymatic Reactions ◽

Mannitol Dehydrogenase ◽

Optimal Operating ◽

Operating Policy ◽

Enzymatic Reduction ◽

Optimal Operating Policy

Novel coupled enzymatic systems reported important applications in the industrial bio-catalysis. Multi-enzymatic reactions can successfully replace complex chemical syntheses, using milder reaction conditions, and generating less waste. For such systems acting simultaneously, the model-based engineering calculations (design, reactor operation optimization) are difficult tasks, because they must account for interacting reactions, differences in enzymes optimal activity domains and deactivation kinetics. The determination of the optimal operating mode (enzyme ratios, enzyme feeding policy, temperature, pH) often turns into a difficult multi-objective optimization problem with multiple constraints to be solved for every particular system. The paper focuses on applying a modular screening procedure that can identify the optimal operating policy of an enzymatic reactor, which minimizes the enzyme consumption, given the process kinetic model, and an imposed production capacity. Following an optimization procedure, the process effectiveness is evaluated in a systematic approach, by including simple batch reactor (BR), batch with intermittent addition of the key-enzyme following certain optimal policies (BRP). Exemplification is made for the case of the enzymatic reduction of D-fructose to mannitol by using suspended MDH (mannitol dehydrogenase) and NADH (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) cofactor, with the in-situ continuous regeneration of the cofactor by the expense of formate degradation in the presence of suspended FDH (Formate dehydrogenase).

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Chlorine-free Solid Fuel Production from Municipal Solid Waste by Hydrothermal Process

Journal of the Japan Institute of Energy ◽

10.3775/jie.90.1177 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 90 (12) ◽

pp. 1177-1182 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Bayu INDRAWAN ◽

Pandji PRAWISUDHA ◽

Kunio YOSHIKAWA

Keyword(s):

Municipal Solid Waste ◽

Solid Waste ◽

Solid Fuel ◽

Hydrothermal Process ◽

Fuel Production

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A hybrid bulk-heterojunction photoanode for direct solar-to-chemical conversion

Energy & Environmental Science ◽

10.1039/d1ee00152c ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Liang Yao ◽

Yongpeng Liu ◽

Han-Hee Cho ◽

Meng Xia ◽

Arvindh Sekar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Semiconductor ◽

Bulk Heterojunction ◽

Polymer Network ◽

Chemical Conversion ◽

Solar Fuel ◽

Fuel Production

The development of efficient and stable organic semiconductor-based photoanodes for solar fuel production is advanced by using a robust in situ-formed covalent polymer network together with a mesoporous inorganic film in a hybrid bulk heterojunction.

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Development of a rapid field testing method for metals in horizontal directional drilling residuals with XRF sensor

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-83584-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Hailin Zhang ◽

João Antonangelo ◽

Chad Penn

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Standard Method ◽

Field Testing ◽

Field Method ◽

Filter Press ◽

Directional Drilling ◽

Horizontal Directional Drilling ◽

Excess Water ◽

Spiked Soil

AbstractPortable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) spectrometer allows fast in-situ elemental determination without wet digestion for soils or geological materials, but the use of XRF on wet materials is not well documented. Our objective was to develop a rapid field method using pXRF to measure metals in the residues from horizontal directional drilling (HDD) operations so that proper disposal decisions can be made in-situ. To establish the procedure, we spiked soil samples with 4 concentrations of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb up to 1000 mg kg−1, and then the metal concentrations were determined by wet chemical method after drying and acid digestion (standard method), and by pXRF, also at laboratory conditions, after drying and at two different moisture conditions. The measurements by pXRF and standard method after drying and after removal of excess water (AREW) were highly correlated with slopes ranging from 0.83 ± 0.01 to 1.08 ± 0.01 (P < 0.001) for all metals. The relationship was better AREW than the saturated paste without removal of excess water and the moisture content affected only the accuracy of As, Cd, and Pb. The procedure established was successfully used for HDD residues collected from 26 states of US with moisture content ranging from 14 to 83% AREW. The pXRF was proven to be a reliable tool for fast detection of common metals in dried soils and HDD residues, and samples containing < 30% moisture content without needing to correct for moisture. If the moisture is > 30%, excess water in samples need to be removed with a commercially available filter press to achieve high accuracy. The developed procedures reduce time of metal detection from days to about an hour which allows drilling operators to make quick decisions on soil or HDD disposal.

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Synthetic Methanol/Fischer–Tropsch Fuel Production Capacity, Cost, and Carbon Intensity Utilizing CO2 from Industrial and Power Plants in the United States

Environmental Science & Technology ◽

10.1021/acs.est.0c08674 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Guiyan Zang ◽

Pingping Sun ◽

Eunji Yoo ◽

Amgad Elgowainy ◽

Adarsh Bafana ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Power Plants ◽

Production Capacity ◽

The United States ◽

Carbon Intensity ◽

Fuel Production ◽

Fischer Tropsch ◽

Capacity Cost

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Long-range terrestrial laser scanning measurements of annual and intra-annual mass balances for Urumqi Glacier No. 1, eastern Tien Shan, China

The Cryosphere ◽

10.5194/tc-13-2361-2019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 13 (9) ◽

pp. 2361-2383 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Chunhai Xu ◽

Zhongqin Li ◽

Huilin Li ◽

Feiteng Wang ◽

Ping Zhou

Keyword(s):

Mass Balance ◽

Long Range ◽

Tien Shan ◽

Glacier Mass Balance ◽

Surface Mass Balance ◽

Mass Balances ◽

Surface Mass ◽

Mass Conversion ◽

Geodetic Mass Balance

Abstract. The direct glaciological method provides in situ observations of annual or seasonal surface mass balance, but can only be implemented through a succession of intensive in situ measurements of field networks of stakes and snow pits. This has contributed to glacier surface mass-balance measurements being sparse and often discontinuous in the Tien Shan. Nevertheless, long-term glacier mass-balance measurements are the basis for understanding climate–glacier interactions and projecting future water availability for glacierized catchments in the Tien Shan. Riegl VZ®-6000 long-range terrestrial laser scanner (TLS), typically using class 3B laser beams, is exceptionally well suited for repeated glacier mapping, and thus determination of annual and seasonal geodetic mass balance. This paper introduces the applied TLS for monitoring summer and annual surface elevation and geodetic mass changes of Urumqi Glacier No. 1 as well as delineating accurate glacier boundaries for 2 consecutive mass-balance years (2015–2017), and discusses the potential of such technology in glaciological applications. Three-dimensional changes of ice and firn–snow bodies and the corresponding densities were considered for the volume-to-mass conversion. The glacier showed pronounced thinning and mass loss for the four investigated periods; glacier-wide geodetic mass balance in the mass-balance year 2015–2016 was slightly more negative than in 2016–2017. Statistical comparison shows that agreement between the glaciological and geodetic mass balances can be considered satisfactory, indicating that the TLS system yields accurate results and has the potential to monitor remote and inaccessible glacier areas where no glaciological measurements are available as the vertical velocity component of the glacier is negligible. For wide applications of the TLS in glaciology, we should use stable scan positions and in-situ-measured densities of snow–firn to establish volume-to-mass conversion.

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