scholarly journals Thermal comfort analysis in the sustainable educational building

2021 ◽  
Vol 280 ◽  
pp. 04011
Author(s):  
Luiza Dębska ◽  
Justyna Krakowiak
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Subjective Feeling ◽  
Internal Environment ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Environment Research

In the modern world, a person spends most of his life indoors. That is why it is so important to create optimal conditions for the internal environment. Research on thermal comfort and subjective feeling of people inside the building can help in this. The article discusses two methods that are used in research on thermal sensations. This makes it possible to know the thermal assessment of people and then compare this result with the calculated PMV value, which is calculated using the formula from ISO 7730 standard.

scholarly journals MODERN METHODS OF THERMAL COMFORT MEASUREMENTS

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 161-165
Author(s):  
LUIZA DĘBSKA ◽  
JUSTYNA KRAKOWIAK ◽  
ANDREJ KAPJOR
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
Modern Methods ◽  
Questionnaire Surveys

The issue of thermal comfort and its subjective feelings inside a building is becoming more and more important in the modern world. It is caused by the desire to create optimal conditions in places where people stay. The article presents two methods, indirect and direct, which are typically used in the research projects. These methods enable to assess the thermal sensations of people and compare the feelings of the respondents with the value of PMV (the value of human thermal sensations) calculated using the formula from the ISO 7730 standard and the questionnaire surveys.

Possible Solutions for Ground Slabs of Energy Efficient Buildings

2014 ◽  
Vol 1041 ◽  
pp. 105-108
Author(s):  
Anna Sedláková ◽  
Pavol Majdlen ◽  
Ladislav Ťažký
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Heat Flow ◽  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
Thermal State ◽  
Building Envelope ◽  
Heat Losses ◽  
Internal Environment ◽  
Energy Efficient Buildings

The building envelope is a barrier that separates the internal environment from the effects of weather. This barrier ought to facilitate the optimal comfort of the interior environment in winter as well as summer. It has been shown in practice that most building defects occur within the building envelope. This includes external walls, roofs and floors too, and is impartial to new or renovated buildings. Heat losses of buildings through external constructions – roof, external walls, ground slabs are not negligible. It is therefore important to pay more attention to these construction elements. Basementless buildings situated on the ground are in direct contact with the subgrade and its thermal state. An amount of heat primarily destined for the creation of thermal comfort in the interior escapes from the baseplate to the cooler subgrade. The outgoing heat represents heat losses, which unfavourably affect the overall energy efficiency of the building. The heat losses represent approximately 15 to 20 % of the overall heat losses of the building. This number is a clear antecedent for the need to isolate and minimalize heat flow from the building to the subgrade.

scholarly journals Ανίχνευση C-αντιδρώσας πρωτεΐνης και D-διμερών σε μικροσυστοιχίες με φασματοσκοπία ανάκλασης λευκού φωτός

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Γεώργιος Κουκουβίνος
Keyword(s):  
Simultaneous Detection ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Cardiac Markers ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Transparent Material ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Time Flow ◽  
Optical Immunosensor

Cardiovascular diseases are one of the main death causes in the modern world. Forthis reason, the determination of the concentration in the serum of particular proteins,called cardiac markers, is vital both for determining the extent of the damage after anischemic incident as well as for predicting a cardiac disease. The aim of this workwas to develop a method to simultaneously detect two markers that can help inpredicting a heart attack, namely C-reactive protein (CRP) and D-Dimers usingantibodies microarrays in combination with an optical immunosensor based on whitelight reflectance spectroscopy and allows the detection of biomolecular reactions inreal time without the use of labels. In particular, detection is based on monitoringchanges in interference spectrum created upon reflection of white light on a siliconsurface covered with a suitable film of transparent material on which the analytespecificantibodies are immobilized. At first, suitable antibodies were selected throughthe development of non-competitive enzyme immunoassays for the two analytes inmicrotitration wells. After that, the immunochemical assays were transferred to theoptical sensor, wherein the thickness and composition of the transparent filmdeposited on the silicon surface as well as the method for the chemical modificationof the surface and immobilization of antibodies were optimized. Subsequently, all theparameters of immunochemical determinations with the sensor were optimizedincluding antibody concentrations, immunoreaction time, flow rate, etc. By applying the optimal conditions, calibration curves for both markers were obtained and therepeatability and reliability of the measurements performed with the developedimmunosensor were evaluated. Finally, discrete zones of the two specific antibodiesagainst CRP and D-Dimers were created by spotting them onto the same surfaceand the surfaces were used for the simultaneous detection of the two analytes inserum samples. The values determined for both analytes were in good agreementwith those determined for the same samples with reference methods, demonstratingthe reliability of the determinations performed with the developed immunosensor andits potential for application in the simultaneous determination of two markers inclinical samples.

The special clothing for firefighters – the normative requirements and original research results

2018 ◽  
Vol 560 (5) ◽  
pp. 12-15
Author(s):  
Magdalena Młynarczyk
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Protective Clothing ◽  
Thermal Sensation ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Normative Requirements ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact

The firefighters work in extreme environmental conditions and have to solve a wide variety of problems during their work. These can be rescuing and firefighting actions or removing effects of accidents or natural disasters. In order to protect, not only others but also themselves, they must be focused as much as possible in order to avoid mistakes. Optimal conditions for such work could create so-called thermal comfort, characterized by a thermoneutral state of a body. Lack of thermal comfort can also cause an increased number of mistakes. That is why it is so important to select the right protection and to know the impact of the protective clothing (special clothing) on the thermal sensation of firefighters. This article presents the requirements for special clothing for firefighters, the results of thermal insulation tests of the above-mentioned clothing and the analysis of thermal sensations of its users (by PMV index).

Differences Ug - Values of Glazing Measured In Situ with the Influence Factors of the Internal Environment

2013 ◽  
Vol 649 ◽  
pp. 61-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marián Flimel
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Heat Transfer Coefficient ◽  
Heat Flow ◽  
Transfer Coefficient ◽  
Influence Factors ◽  
Internal Environment ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Heating Period ◽  
Flow Measurements

This paper presented the results of experiments to determine Ug values of heat transfer coefficient on glazed window in the apartment block during heating period. For assessing the values of heat transfer coefficient of the window glazing was used heat flow measurements. Measurements are performed with optimal conditions (without the internal effects of environment) and the other hand with real conditions, when factors such as noise or artificial light affect on the construction of the glazing. Differences Ug - values is demonstrated by comparing the partial results due to transformation of noise and luminous energy from an internal environment to the heat flow in window glazing.

scholarly journals A SUBJECTIVE EVALUATION OF THE THERMAL COMFORT OF CLOTHING EVALUATED IN COLD ENVIRONMENT

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Damjana Celcar
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Phase Change Materials ◽  
Thermal State ◽  
Subjective Evaluation ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Subjective Feeling ◽  
Business Clothing ◽  
The Impact

In this study, the thermal comfort of clothing was subjectively evaluated in cold environmental conditions. Different male business clothing systems, made of standard textiles (wool and wool-mixture), and materials that contain phase-change materials (PCMs), were developed. The research was performed with the help of test subjects in a computer controlled climatic chamber, in artificially created cold environmental conditions, at ambient temperatures of 10 °C, 5 °C and 0 °C, and with physical activity that is as reminiscent as possible of the real life situation of wearing clothes, such as sitting and walking on a treadmill. The impact of particular business clothing systems and varied cold environmental conditions on the wearer’s subjective feeling of thermal comfort was determined with a questionnaire and an assessment scale of thermal comfort defined by standard ISO 10551:2004. For this purpose, an analysis of the subjective evaluation of thermal comfort, the desired thermal state, the acceptability of the current situation and their personal tolerance of the environment, was made before, during and after each experiment. The results of the research show that subjective evaluations of thermal comfort directly depend on environmental conditions, as well as clothing systems. From this subjective evaluation it can be seen that in spite of lower mean skin temperatures the test subjects felt comfortable at an ambient temperature of 10 °C. It is also evident that the analysed clothing systems are not suitable for wearing below an ambient temperature of 0 °C, because the test subjects felt uncomfortable.

scholarly journals The influence of building and installation conditions on shaping the optimal conditions of room microclimate

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 00042
Author(s):  
Krystian Kurowski
Keyword(s):  
Natural Ventilation ◽  
Thermal Protection ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Internal Environment ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Long Period ◽  
External Conditions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Ecology And Economy

We expect comfortable conditions when staying in a room for a long period of time. Architectural and constructional conditions (including, in particular, thermal parameters, or radiation transmittance - for transparent elements), and installations in confrontation with external conditions shape the microclimate of rooms. The standards and trends in the development of construction technologies, especially in terms of energy efficiency, equipment and installation systems, the role and the parameters of comfort in the rooms of contemporary solutions have been presented. The classic technologies of boilers (including solid fuel) and natural ventilation are presented. Technologies regarding modern boilers are discussed, both on conventional fuels and biomass, heat pumps, ventilation units, as well as installation systems in terms of energy, ecology and economy. The microclimate parameters were analysed, which shape the comfort and possibilities of influencing them with a construction and installation technique. The paper presents partial results from the conducted research on the impact of weather conditions, thermal protection and building installation solutions on shaping the parameters of the internal environment.

scholarly journals A research of subjective evaluations of the thermal comfort of business clothing evaluated in warm and slightly cold environment

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 22-30
Author(s):  
Damjana Celcar
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Thermal State ◽  
Subjective Evaluation ◽  
Subjective Feeling ◽  
Additional Layer ◽  
Subjective Evaluations ◽  
Business Clothing ◽  
The Impact

This paper presents a study of subjective assessments of thermal comfort when wearing business clothing made from conventional textiles, such as wool and blends with wool and textiles combined with phase-change materials (PCMs), which are capable of providing adequate thermal physiological comfort to the wearer. The evaluation of thermal comfort was carried out on the basis of determining the subjective feeling of thermal comfort with the help of test subjects in a computer controlled climatic chamber, in artificially created warm and slightly cold environmental conditions, at ambient temperature of 25°C, 20°C, 15°C and 10°C. The impact of particular business clothing systems and varied environmental conditions on the wearer's subjective feeling of thermal comfort was determined with a questionnaire and an assessment scale of thermal comfort defined by standard ISO 10551:1995. For this purpose, an analysis of the subjective evaluation of thermal comfort, the desired thermal state, the acceptability of the current situation and their personal tolerance of the environment, was made before, during and after each experiment. The results of the research show that subjective evaluations of thermal comfort directly depend on environmental conditions, as well as clothing systems and activity levels. It was found that the test subjects felt most comfortable in the selected business clothing at an ambient temperature of 20°C and 15°C. It is also evident from the results that at an ambient temperature of 25°C, the persons in the selected clothing felt slightly uncomfortable, especially during and after walking when they felt hot. The test subjects felt uncomfortable also at an ambient temperature of 10°C, when they felt cold or slightly cold while wearing the analysed 3-layer clothing systems without an additional layer of clothing. This indicates that an additional layer of clothing, such as a coat is needed for performing adequate thermal comfort around and below 10°C.

Amorphous silica coating on α-alumina particles

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 210-211
Author(s):  
J. W. Mellowes ◽  
C. M. Chun ◽  
I. A. Aksay
Keyword(s):  
Amorphous Silica ◽  
Heterogeneous Nucleation ◽  
Homogeneous Nucleation ◽  
Silica Coating ◽  
Full Density ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Alumina Particles ◽  
Complete Mullitization ◽  
Powder Compacts

Mullite (3Al2O32SiO2) can be fabricated by transient viscous sintering using composite particles which consist of inner cores of a-alumina and outer coatings of amorphous silica. Powder compacts prepared with these particles are sintered to almost full density at relatively low temperatures (~1300°C) and converted to dense, fine-grained mullite at higher temperatures (>1500°C) by reaction between the alumina core and the silica coating. In order to achieve complete mullitization, optimal conditions for coating alumina particles with amorphous silica must be achieved. Formation of amorphous silica can occur in solution (homogeneous nucleation) or on the surface of alumina (heterogeneous nucleation) depending on the degree of supersaturation of the solvent in which the particles are immersed. Successful coating of silica on alumina occurs when heterogeneous nucleation is promoted and homogeneous nucleation is suppressed. Therefore, one key to successful coating is an understanding of the factors such as pH and concentration that control silica nucleation in aqueous solutions. In the current work, we use TEM to determine the optimal conditions of this processing.

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