Rationale of the quantity of soil-cutting stars and working body of soil rotary knives

This article considers the main parameters of the experimental rotary working body (RWB) used for tillage and opening of buried vines in the protection zone between rows, soil loosening and weeding blades in the protection zone of the crop protection zone, as well as the number of paddles for opening buried vines. The performance indicators of the rotary working body largely depend on its kinematic mode of operation, the number of knives, dumps and soil picks. The destruction of weeds and loosening of the soil in the root zone and the movement of the required volume of soil towards the row spacing is provided at λ = 1.6-1.8 and Zn = Zh = 8 pcs.

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Khorasan wheat population researching (Triticum turgidum, ssp. Turanicum (McKey) in the minimum tillage conditions

Genetika ◽

10.2298/gensr1401105i ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 46 (1) ◽

pp. 105-115 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jela Ikanovic ◽

Vera Popovic ◽

Snezana Jankovic ◽

Ljubisa Zivanovic ◽

Sveto Rakic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Triticum Turgidum ◽

Unit Area ◽

Crop Protection ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Yield Potential ◽

Row Spacing ◽

Protection Measures ◽

Absolute Weight ◽

Wheat Population

Khorasan wheat occupies a special place in the group of new-old cereals (Triticum turgidum, ssp. Turanicum McKey). It is an ancient species, native to eastern Persia, that is very close to durum wheat by morphological characteristics. Investigations were carried out in agro ecological conditions of the eastern Srem, with two wheat populations with dark and bright awns as objects of study. The following morphological and productive characteristics were investigated: plant height (PH), spike length (SH), number of spikelets per spike (NSS), absolute weight (AW) and grain weight per spike (GW), seed germination (G) and grains yield (YG). Field micro-experiments were set on the carbonate chernozem soil type on loess plateau in 2011 and 2012. Hand wheat sowing was conducted in early March with drill row spacing of 12 cm. The experiment was established as complete randomized block system with four replications. Tending crops measures were not applied during the growing season. Plants were grown without usage of NPK mineral nutrients. Chemical crop protection measures were not applied, although powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis) was appeared before plants spike formation in a small extent. The results showed that both populations have a genetic yield potential. In general, both populations manifested a satisfactory tolerance on lodging and there was no seed dispersal. Plants from bright awns population were higher, had longer spikes and larger number of spikelet?s per spike. However, plants from dark awns population had higher absolute weight and grains weight per spike, as well as grain yield per plant. Strong correlation connections were identified among the investigated characteristics. The determination of correlations, as well as direct and indirect affects, enabled easier understanding of the mutual relationships and their balancing in order to improve the yield per unit area.

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Technology of soil treatment in the rows of plantings seedlings and seedlings of forest and horticultural crops

Rossiiskaia selskokhoziaistvennaia nauka ◽

10.31857/s2500-26272019368-71 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 68-71

Author(s):

S. Ya. Semenenko ◽

V. G. Abezin ◽

O. N. Bespalova ◽

O. M. Ageenko

Keyword(s):

Soil Treatment ◽

Row Spacing ◽

Theoretical Studies ◽

Manual Labor ◽

Time Processing ◽

Protection Zone ◽

Horticultural Crops ◽

Optimum Variant ◽

Working Bodies ◽

Special Working

Analysis of the level of mechanization in the cultivation of soil in the planting of seedlings and seedlings of forest and garden crops necessary for the destruction of weeds, soil content in the loose state, making the root layer of the soil of nutrients, etc., revealed that inter-row processing has a 100% level. However, it remains untreated rows of plants that includes the protection zone, which requires to perform operations on rows in significant expenditures of manual labor, constituting 40...50 people/hour in 1 hectare. The optimum variant of technology of planting care of seedlings seedlings of forest and horticultural crops would be the conversion of cultivators KRN working body, allows to conduct processing of soil in the rows of plants. At the same time, operations of soil treatment are carried out both in row and row spacing. All known methods of tillage in a row require the use of special working bodies that provide loosening of the soil in a row and cutting weeds. Such working bodies should provide the necessary protective zone around the plants. The developed design of the working body is installed on the row cultivator KRN over the processed row, which provides one-time processing of row spacing and rows. The article presents the results of theoretical studies of a special working body.

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Heat transfer assessment of multi-tier chilling pipes for root zone cooling system under crop protection structure in the tropics

Journal of Agricultural and Food Engineering - March 2020 ◽

10.37865/jafe.2021.0032 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 1-7

Keyword(s):

Root Zone ◽

Cooling System ◽

Crop Protection ◽

Growth Media ◽

Root Zone Temperature ◽

Environment Temperature ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Crop Root ◽

Single Pipe ◽

The Tropics

Root zone cooling technique has become an alternative cultivation method for temperate crops production in the tropics instead of cooling the aerial environment of the greenhouse. In this experiment, the root zone cooling system was incorporated with a multi-tier crop cultivation structure. This structure consisted of five tiers arranged in an A-shape design and was placed under an open rain shelter, thus, left it to undergo fluctuating environment temperature. There were five pillow polybags inserted with cocopeat and were placed on the structure. Each pillow polybag consisted of a single pipe that was buried inside the growth media located near the root zone area. This pipe that was connected to the chilled system acted as a cooling agent in controlling the growth media temperature. The objective of the study was to evaluate the Root Zone Cooling (RZC) system performance in distributing and controlling water-dissolved nutrient temperatures to meet crop-root requirement needs. From the experiment conducted, it was found that there was no significant difference between root zone temperature at different levels and lengths on multi-tier structure. The chilling pipes was able to distribute the temperatures to meet crop-root requirement needs along the multi-tier structure.

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Weeding performance of a spring-tine harrow as affected by timing and operational parameters

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/wsc.2020.88 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-38

Author(s):

Zhiwei Zeng ◽

Amy Martin ◽

Ying Chen ◽

Xu Ma

Keyword(s):

Performance Indicators ◽

Cutting Forces ◽

Crop Damage ◽

Operational Parameters ◽

Dominant Effect ◽

Control Efficacy ◽

Weed Density ◽

Soil Cutting ◽

Soil Bin ◽

Performance And Mechanism

Abstract Spring-tine harrow is gaining popularity for mechanical weeding. However, its weeding performance and mechanism have not been well understood. A spring-tine harrow was first tested in a controlled indoor soil bin at four different travel speeds (4, 6, 8, and 10 km h-1) with three different spring loading settings (low, medium, and high). Then the harrow was tested in a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) field at the same spring loading settings at three different weeding timings (early, middle, and late) in 2019 and 2020. Soil cutting forces (draft and vertical), soil displacements (forward and lateral), soil working depth, weed control efficacy, weed density, and crop damage were measured. The results showed that the spring loading setting had a more dominant effect on working depth and soil cutting forces than the speed. The soil displacements were more dependent on the speed as compared to the spring loading setting. Treatments effects on weeding performance indicators in the field were similar across years. Adjusting the spring loading setting from low to high improved the weeding efficacy from 44.9% to 73.9% in 2019 and from 51.6% to 78.1% in 2020. Consequently, the final weed density was minimized at the high-loading setting with the reduction in 2020 being significant. The middle weeding timing caused the minimum crop damage while reducing the final weed density by approximately one third as compared to the control (without mechanical weeding), which was most desired among the three timings tested.

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Enhancement of Contrast in the CEM and STEM Using Bumpy Specimens and Employing the “Dappled Field” Mode of Operation

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100052778 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 32 ◽

pp. 552-553 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

L. Gandolfi ◽

J. Reiffel

Keyword(s):

Operating Mode ◽

Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope ◽

Dark Field ◽

Specimen Preparation ◽

Field Mode ◽

Preparation Methods ◽

Scanning Transmission Electron ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Mode Of Operation ◽

Scanning Transmission

Calculations have been performed on the contrast obtainable, using the Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope, in the observation of thick specimens. Recent research indicates a revival of an earlier interest in the observation of thin specimens with the view of comparing the attainable contrast using both types of specimens.Potential for biological applications of scanning transmission electron microscopy has led to a proliferation of the literature concerning specimen preparation methods and the controversy over “to stain or not to stain” in combination with the use of the dark field operating mode and the same choice of technique using bright field mode of operation has not yet been resolved.

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High-Voltage Scanning Electron Microscopy

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100067029 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 28 ◽

pp. 6-7

Author(s):

J. M. Cowley

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽

Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽

Wave Optics ◽

Contrast Effects ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Mode Of Operation ◽

Scanning Transmission ◽

Types Of Information ◽

Voltage Scanning

The comparison of scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) with conventional transmission electron microscopy (CTEM) can best be made by means of the Reciprocity Theorem of wave optics. In Fig. 1 the intensity measured at a point A’ in the CTEM image due to emission from a point B’ in the electron source is equated to the intensity at a point of the detector, B, due to emission from a point A In the source In the STEM. On this basis it can be demonstrated that contrast effects In the two types of instrument will be similar. The reciprocity relationship can be carried further to include the Instrument design and experimental procedures required to obtain particular types of information. For any. mode of operation providing particular information with one type of microscope, the analagous type of operation giving the same information can be postulated for the other type of microscope. Then the choice between the two types of instrument depends on the practical convenience for obtaining the required Information.

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Transmission Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Analysis with the Siemens ELMISKOP 101

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100095509 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 30 ◽

pp. 450-451

Author(s):

H. M. Thieringer

Keyword(s):

Objective Lens ◽

Transmission Microscopy ◽

Image Recording ◽

Mode Of Operation ◽

Scanning Transmission ◽

Electron Microscopes ◽

And Performance ◽

Convergent Beam ◽

Ray Path ◽

Beam Diffraction

It has repeatedly been show that with conventional electron microscopes very fine electron probes can be produced, therefore allowing various micro-techniques such as micro recording, X-ray microanalysis and convergent beam diffraction. In this paper the function and performance of an SIEMENS ELMISKOP 101 used as a scanning transmission microscope (STEM) is described. This mode of operation has some advantages over the conventional transmission microscopy (CTEM) especially for the observation of thick specimen, in spite of somewhat longer image recording times.Fig.1 shows schematically the ray path and the additional electronics of an ELMISKOP 101 working as a STEM. With a point-cathode, and using condensor I and the objective lens as a demagnifying system, an electron probe with a half-width ob about 25 Å and a typical current of 5.10-11 amp at 100 kV can be obtained in the back focal plane of the objective lens.

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