scholarly journals Design and optimization of the concept of a passenger train storage system

2019 ◽  
Vol 261 ◽  
pp. 02002
Author(s):  
Lucian Cucu ◽  
Marilena Stoica ◽  
Ionel Simion ◽  
Gina Florica Stoica
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Transportation System ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Passenger Train ◽  
Design And Optimization ◽  
Safe Storage ◽  
Railroad Transportation ◽  
New Type

The aim of this paper is to design a passenger train storage system. It concerns with the idea of safe storage in public transportation. The design consists of developing a new type of storage system complying with the standards of the European Union (EU) that can improve the railroad transportation system.

Unregulated Algorithmic Trading: Testing the Boundaries of the European Union Algorithmic Trading Regime

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 270-305
Author(s):  
Clara Martins Pereira
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Equity Markets ◽  
Algorithmic Trading ◽  
Market Quality ◽  
Financial Instruments ◽  
The European Union ◽  
New Type ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Trading Regime

Abstract Trading in modern equity markets has come to be dominated by machines and algorithms. However, there is significant concern over the impact of algorithmic trading on market quality and a number of jurisdictions have moved to address the risks associated with this new type of trading. The European Union has been no exception to this trend. This article argues that while the European Union algorithmic trading regime is often perceived as a tough response to the challenges inherent in machine trading, it has one crucial shortcoming: it does not regulate the simpler, basic execution algorithms used in automated order routers. Yet the same risk generally associated with algorithmic trading activity also arises, in particular, from the use of these basic execution algorithms—as was made evident by the trading glitch that led to the fall of United States securities trader Knight Capital in 2012. Indeed, such risk could even be amplified by the lack of sophistication of these simpler execution algorithms. It is thus proposed that the European Union should amend the objective scope of its algorithmic trading regime by expanding the definition of algorithmic trading under the Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID II) to include all execution algorithms, regardless of their complexity.

scholarly journals Personalized agreement – a new contractual model

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1009-1021
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Południak-Gierz ◽  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Online Environment ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Contractual Relationship ◽  
Science Centre ◽  
National Science ◽  
Consumer Contracts ◽  
New Type

In consumer e-commerce, personalization of the content of an agreement in accordance with expectations, traits and circumstances of a particular person has become a common practice. In order to adequately address this new phenomenon, it is crucial to determine how the legal system should perceive consumer contracts concluded via the Internet with the use of personalization tools. For this purpose, the European Union perspective is adopted. Peculiarities of personalized agreements are varied. The entrepreneur has access to a vast amount of data on consumers and he is able to use it to his benefit by personalizing means, time and content of communication sent while forming a contractual bond with the consumer. In contrast, the consumer is not familiar with the scope and the utility of the data that the trader is processing. Also, personalization practices are aimed at inspiring trust in the trader, which, in sum, make the consumer especially exposed to manipulation. As a result, the asymmetry between the parties deepens. Personalization can be, therefore, perceived as a marketing technique. However, due to its impact on the contractual relationship, it is justified to explore also whether it could be treated as a new type of contract or an emerging contractual model. The analysis suggests that the phenomenon should be considered as another step in the evolution of consumer contracts — personalization, to a certain extent, supersedes standardization of mass turnover in the online environment. The following article is a part of the research conducted within the framework of project no. 2016/21/N/HS5/00167, ‘Personalized agreements in the light of civil law’, grant financed by the Polish National Science Centre.

scholarly journals Efficiency and Sustainability of Regional Aviation on Insular Territories of the European Union: A Case Study of Public Service Obligations on Scheduled Air Routes among the Balearic Islands

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 3949
Author(s):  
Antonio Martínez Raya ◽  
Víctor M. González-Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Public Service ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Balearic Islands ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Mediterranean Islands ◽  
Public Intervention ◽  
Passenger Traffic ◽  
Transport Services ◽  
Palma De Mallorca

Mediterranean islands of the European Union (EU) have traditionally suffered from a lack of regularity in supplying public transportation due to the high seasonality of the demand for scheduled transport services. The insular fact forces people and goods to be carried either by sea or air, and therefore needs to actively stimulate interest in operating specific routes by proper carriers. As regional economies on insular territories also have a tight dependence on tourism, it is vital to achieve an appropriate balance between the need for effective public transportation and sustainable means of transport. This paper aims to provide an approach to the Public Service Obligation (PSO) system imposed on air routes serving the regional transport needs of the Balearic Islands. This study has analyzed data relating to freight and passenger traffic in the period between 2004 and 2019 from scheduled air services linking Palma de Mallorca with Ibiza and Menorca, as well as those between Menorca and Ibiza, and to their respective short-sea links. Results obtained in the research suggest that PSO impositions, together with significant improvement in the resident subsidy schema (from 50% to 75%), have recently led to a sharp increase in the demand for passenger air services on these routes; thus, avoiding the tender for the award of a public contract. However, it has led to a dramatic fall of freight transport on air routes concerned, as such, public intervention on the air market has only sought to ensure the mobility of passengers.

scholarly journals Multidimensional assessment of the European Union transport development in the light of implemented normalization methods

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 75-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Artur Czech ◽  
Jerzy Lewczuk ◽  
Artur Bołtromiuk
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Transportation System ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
Linear Ordering ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Normalization Methods ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Taxonomic Approach

Abstract Transport is considered a basis for socio-economic development. It is closely connected with the process of movement of products and humans. The main aim of the paper is to investigate the influence of different order normalization methods in the synthetic measure construction implemented in the assessment of the development of European Union member states in the area of logistic, especially transportation system. Moreover, the article attempts to investigate the influence of such methods on linear ordering in multi-criteria taxonomic approach. The source of information in the research is the data drawn from Eurostat, the statistical office of the European Union. The main method in this study is the order synthetic measure constructed with Weber median in different forms due to implemented normalization methods. The main result of the carried out analysis indicated that the development level of three main branches of a transportation system correlates with the socio-economic development of particular member states. Furthermore, the assessment process based on the synthetic measure construction can lead to differences in linear ordering due to the implemented normalization methods. The research on the transport development can bring a better understanding of the socio-economic development of particular areas of the European Union. Hence, the results can be helpful to European policy makers for the allocation of support funds.

scholarly journals Theories and Strategies of Economic Development in the Region

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 984-994
Author(s):  
Gheorghe Cosmin Manea
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Regional Development ◽  
Local Level ◽  
National Level ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
The European Union ◽  
New Development ◽  
The World ◽  
New Type ◽  
National Economies

AbstractThe concern for increasing macroeconomic stability is specific to both, small and large countries within the European Community. In that paper are presented ways in which are made links between the states of the world policies and economies development characteristics. That study has imposed a new type of characterization sustained by the national economies manifestation whose is correlated with the interaction between governmental policies and also with national and regional factors. This interaction is conditioned by specify effect of the economic, scientific, demographic, social and cultural development of each country, part of European Union. Taking into account all the imminent obstacles over the years of nations existence, is demonstrated that the European Union is supposed over and over of a new development process, being considered one of the most economically prosperous areas in the world and also one of the most competitive. However, major weaknesses arise due to the existence of significant disparities in prosperity and productivity between Member States and component regions. The complexity of the regional development policy arises at the level of the European Union, from its objective of reducing the economic and social disparities existing between the different region of Europe’s that was and will be an objective that it has implications on important areas for development, such as economic growth, labor force, transport, agriculture, urban development, environmental protection, education. Registered at different levels (local, regional, national and European) - regional policy, deals with the coordination of the different sectors and with the cooperation between the decision levels and the balancing of the financial resources. The conclusion is related with the idea of a must follow regional development economies starting from national level respecting a certain dynamic. That aspect must also take into account the continuous changes determined by the restructuring of the production and the increase of the competitiveness at national and local level.

scholarly journals Autonomy or Sovereignty: the Case of the European Union

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-92
Author(s):  
Danuta Kabat-Rudnicka
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
International Relations ◽  
International Law ◽  
International Society ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
International Organization ◽  
Modern World ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Jean Bodin ◽  
New Type

Summary Sovereignty is a key concept in international law and international relations. First defined and discussed by Jean Bodin, sovereignty is considered to be an inherent attribute of any state. However, the changes that international society has undergone since the Treaty of Westphalia, including the emergence of different state and non-state actors vying for power and authority, have called into question the position of the state as the main actor in the modern world. This in turn has given rise to the following questions: how should the very concept of sovereignty be understood today? Given the growing importance of international organizations and regional integrational arrangements can the concept of sovereignty be extended to cover entities other than states; and in case of the European Union, what makes us think in terms of sovereignty rather than autonomy? This analysis is an attempt to apply the concept of sovereignty to contemporary international organizations. The main thesis is as follows: in the case of international organizations, especially a new type of organization, it is also legitimate to consider a narrative in terms of sovereignty, not just autonomy. The example studied here is the European Union as an international organization-cum-regional integrational arrangement.

ESG-Real estate evaluation and taxation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.P. Korostelev
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Real Estate ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Evaluation Methodology ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Federal Level ◽  
Greenhouse Emissions ◽  
New Type ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Made In

The article analyzes the current conditions of professional real estate evaluation in the Russian Federation and draws a conclusion — this sphere is in crisis. The authors noted an appearance of a new type of real estate evaluation related to their "environmentalness" ("green evaluators"). Particular attention is paid to the recent events at the federal level related to the climate agenda and caused by the introduction by the European Union of a border carbon tax. Since real estate objects are one of the main sources of greenhouse emissions, it becomes necessary to take into account the factors of climatic and environmental assessment of real estate, including those for taxation. So, a new direction of economic measurements is being formed — ESG (environmental, social, and governance) evaluation. Taking into account the mistakes made in the evaluation methodology, the authors give the recommendations for the creation of an ESG-evaluation methodology based on the post-neoclassical paradigm and qualimetric methods.

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