scholarly journals Test guidelines for evaluation real driving emission two-way vehicles

2019 ◽  
Vol 294 ◽  
pp. 02009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michalina Kamińska ◽  
Łukasz Rymaniak ◽  
Paweł Daszkiewicz ◽  
Piotr Lijewski
Keyword(s):  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Operating Time ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
The Road ◽  
Rail Vehicles ◽  
Actual Operation ◽  
Recorded Data ◽  
Paved Road

The article discusses the results of tests carried out under real operating conditions, based on which a custom test for road-rail vehicles was developed. The proposed test reflects the working conditions in which road-rail vehicles are used. The measurements were performed for a vehicle equipped with an internal combustion engine during five stages of operation. Measuring cycles included driving on a paved road, rolling on tracks and running on a track without load, with a load of 90 tons and with a load of 140 tons. The article compares the legislative guidelines with actual operation, thanks to which guidelines for the road-rail test for assessing the exhaust emission of harmful gases were developed. Based on the recorded data, a test proposal was described, taking into account the operating time share during the test, the average speed of travel and the duration of the test cycle. In addition, guidelines on the test procedure in the proposed test are discussed.

scholarly journals Investigations of Exhaust Emissions from a Combustion Engine under Simulated Actual Operating Conditions in Real Driving Emissions Test

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 935
Author(s):  
Monika Andrych-Zalewska ◽  
Zdzislaw Chlopek ◽  
Jerzy Merkisz ◽  
Jacek Pielecha
Keyword(s):  
Emission Intensity ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Actual Operation ◽  
Specific Distance

The paper describes the methodology of research of exhaust emissions from a combustion engine under engine states determined by the vehicle actual operation in the RDE test. The processes of quantities determining the vehicle motion and engine states have been recorded, along with the exhaust emission intensity. Based on the developed research methodology, zero-dimensional characteristics of the processes of the emission intensity have been determined under the conditions of urban, rural and motorway traffic, as well as in the entire test. The authors also determined the average specific distance exhaust emissions under the conditions of urban, rural and motorway traffic, as well as in the entire test. Based on the above results, the unique characteristics of the relation of the average specific distance emissions and the average vehicle speed have been obtained. The obtained characteristics may be used in the modeling of exhaust emissions from motor vehicles under actual traffic conditions. The authors also explored the sensitivity of the average specific distance emissions to the vehicle driving style.

Steady Modeling of a Turbocharger Turbine for Automotive Engines

2013 ◽  
Vol 136 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Bozza ◽  
Vincenzo De Bellis
Keyword(s):  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Numerical Procedure ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Flow Equations ◽  
Automotive Engine ◽  
1D Modeling ◽  
Variable Geometry Turbine ◽  
Geometrical Data ◽  
Actual Operation

Nowadays the turbocharging technique is playing a fundamental role in improving automotive engine performance and reducing fuel consumption and the exhaust emissions, in spark-ignition and compression ignition engines, as well. To this end, one-dimensional (1D) modeling is usually employed to compute the engine-turbocharger matching, to select the boost level in different operating conditions, and to estimate the low-end torque level and the transient response. However, 1D modeling of a turbocharged engine requires the availability of the turbine and compressor characteristic maps. This leads to some typical drawbacks: (1)Performance maps of the turbocharger device are usually limited to a reduced number of rotational speeds, pressure ratios, and mass flow rates because of turbine/compressor matching limits; (2) as a consequence of previous issue, unphysical extrapolation of maps' data is commonly required; and (3) heat transfer conditions may strongly differ between test bench measurements and actual operation, where turbocharger is coupled to an internal combustion engine. To overcome the above problems, in the present paper a numerical procedure is introduced: It solves 1D steady flow equations inside the turbine components with the aim of accurately reproducing the experimentally derived characteristic maps. The steady procedure describes the main phenomena and losses arising within the stationary and rotating channels constituting the turbine. It is utilized to directly compute the related steady maps, starting from the specification of a reduced set of geometrical data. An optimization process is employed to identify a number of tuning constants included in the various loss correlations. The procedure is applied to the simulation of five different turbines: three waste-gated turbines, a twin-entry turbine, and a variable geometry turbine. The numerical results show good agreement with the experimentally derived maps for all the tested devices. The model is, hence, used to evaluate the turbine performance in the whole operating domain.

scholarly journals Investigations of Exhaust Emissions from Rail Machinery during Track Maintenance Operations

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 3141
Author(s):  
Michalina Kamińska ◽  
Łukasz Rymaniak ◽  
Piotr Lijewski ◽  
Natalia Szymlet ◽  
Paweł Daszkiewicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Assessment ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Track Geometry ◽  
Track Maintenance ◽  
Safety Requirements ◽  
Rail Vehicles ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Actual Operation ◽  
Overhead Electrical Lines

The paper presents the investigations of exhaust emissions under actual operation of two rail vehicles: a track geometry vehicle and a clearance vehicle. The environmental assessment of this type of objects is difficult due to the necessity of adapting the measurement equipment and meeting the safety requirements during the tests (particularly regarding the distance from the overhead electrical lines). The authors have proposed and developed a unique research methodology, based on which a detailed exhaust emissions analysis (CO, HC, NOx, and PM) was carried out. The complex assessment included the unit and on-track exhaust emissions. In the analyses, the authors also included the operating conditions of the powertrains of the tested machinery. The obtained environmental indexes were referred to the homologation standards, according to which the vehicles were approved for operation. Due to the nature of operation of the tested vehicles, the authors carried out a comprehensive environmental assessment in the daily and annual approach as well as in the aspect of their operation as combined vehicles, which is a novel approach to the assessment of the environmental performance of this type of objects.

scholarly journals Research of ecological indicators of two-way vehicle in stationary conditions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michalina Kamińska ◽  
Maciej Andrzejewski ◽  
Paweł Daszkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Stationary Test ◽  
Recorded Data ◽  
Stationary Conditions ◽  
Emission Limits ◽  
Operating Points ◽  
Agricultural Tractor

The article concerns the research on the emission of pollutants of a rail-road tractor in two stationary research tests. The purpose of the tests was to carry out control tests of pollutant emissions and their analysis. The object used during the works was approved in accordance with the Stage V standard, which requires measurements of emissivity both in stationary, dynamic and real conditions. Despite the requirement to test engines installed on a vehicle during their normal duty cycle with PEMS, the emission limits measured in this test have not yet been defined. Therefore, the work below focuses on the stationary test cycle. The measurements were carried out in accordance with the combustion engine operating points described in the approval test, and then compared with the modernized NRSC test. It contains modified measuring points and rotational speeds of the crankshaft, adopted on the basis of the most common operating parameters of agricultural tractor combustion engines in real operating conditions. The measurements were performed with the use of a mobile dynamometer and devices for measuring emissions of harmful exhaust gas compounds and recording on-board data. In the test, the vehicle drive system worked at fixed operating points, with defined values of crankshaft rotational speed and load. Based on the recorded data on the concentrations of pollutants in the exhaust gases, the specific emission of the object was determined. In the final stage of the work, these data were used to perform a comparative analysis with the emission limits contained in the standard.

scholarly journals PEMS-based investigations into exhaust emissions from non-road and rail vehicles

2016 ◽  
Vol 166 (3) ◽  
pp. 46-53
Author(s):  
Jerzy Merkisz ◽  
Piotr Lijewski ◽  
Jacek Pielecha
Keyword(s):  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Rolling Stock ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Engine Emissions ◽  
The Road ◽  
Rail Vehicles ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Mobile Machinery ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Method Of Evaluation

At the beginning of the twenty-first century, one of the major challenges of humanity was to reduce the negative effects of civilization development. Besides the engines used in road vehicles there is a large group of engines for non-road applications. This group includes motor propelled vehicles not used on the road NRMM (Non-Road Mobile Machinery). Engines of these vehicles, among all of the non-road applications, are characterized by very specific working conditions that do not allow for them to be qualified for propulsion engines. The main problem with these vehicles is the particulate matter and nitrogen oxides emission. Rail vehicles operating conditions these requirements take by the similar way, as having a wide range of rolling stock markedly alters the environmental impact of these vehicles. Thus it becomes necessary to consider the issue of the method of evaluation of engine emissions in rail vehicles in terms of their actual operating conditions. Thus, efforts to assess the actual level of emissivity for rail vehicles and attempts to improve it are necessary and justified.

scholarly journals Problems of exhaust emissions testing from machines and mobile devices in real operating conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 179 (4) ◽  
pp. 292-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr LIJEWSKI ◽  
Paweł FUĆ ◽  
Filip MARKIEWICZ ◽  
Michał DOBRZYŃSKI
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Devices ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Variable Load ◽  
Test Methodology ◽  
Type Approval ◽  
Actual Operation ◽  
Load Conditions ◽  
Construction Works

The article presents selected problems concerning tests of toxic exhaust emissions from engines of vehicles, mobile devices, engines used in gardening and construction works. For this group of engines, this type of testing is carried out primarily in laboratory conditions, however, variable load conditions during actual operation justify efforts to determine the level of emissions in real operating conditions. Research in real operating conditions for different engine categories becomes increasingly more standard, in this aspect, it is necessary to verify the state of knowledge and methodology in the aspect of testing engines of machines and mobile devices. The research performed by the authors was the first of this type using PEMS equipment, hence some conclusions and observations can be made from the obtained results. At present, the type approval procedures for the engine group in question do not account for emissions tests in real operating conditions, while also missing any description of a standardized research methodology. In addition, the engine group in question is not really suitable for testing in real conditions. An introduction to research aimed at developing an exhaust emission test methodology in real operating conditions of mobile device engines was included in the article.

scholarly journals Observations from PEMS testing of combustion engines of different applications

2018 ◽  
Vol 174 (3) ◽  
pp. 40-55
Author(s):  
Jerzy MERKISZ ◽  
Jacek PIELECHA
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Operating Time ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
The Road ◽  
Procedure Guidelines

The article compares data obtained in road tests with the latest legislative proposals relating to various applications of internal combustion engines. Passenger car emission tests have been performed several times on the same test route in accordance with the RDE procedure guidelines, for which a dozen or so criteria must be met, including the distance of each of the drive sections, their in the drive time and the dynamic characteristics of the drive. The analysis was also based on a two-dimensional operating density characterization, presented in the vehicle speed-acceleration coordinates. As a result, it was possible to compare dynamic properties, operating time density and, thus, to check the validity of conducted drive tests in terms of their feasibility and emission values. An exhaust emission related comparison of three types of powertrain have been presented: gasoline, diesel and hybrid in the RDE tests. The authors proposed a new form of presenting the road exhaust emissions results in relation to the carbon dioxide emission, referred to as a standardization of the emission results. The exhaust emissions from city buses fitted with different powertrains tested on an actual bus route and in the SORT test were also compared.

scholarly journals Environmental aspects of rail vehicles with combustion engines

Rail Vehicles ◽  
2015 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Jerzy Merkisz ◽  
Włodzimierz Stawecki
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Rolling Stock ◽  
Engine Emissions ◽  
Limit Values ◽  
Rail Vehicles ◽  
Current State ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Method Of Evaluation

This paper covers the environmental issues related to the operation of rail vehicles. The evaluation of the environmental impact is based in most cases on a comparison of the current state of the internal combustion engine (its emissivity) with emission limit values of harmful exhaust components. These values relate to specific emission tests for engines or vehicles. For the national rail vehicles operating conditions these requirements take a slightly different form, as having a wide range of rolling stock markedly alters the environmental impact of these vehicles. Thus it becomes necessary to consider the issue of the method of evaluation of engine emissions in rail vehicles in terms of their actual operating conditions. Thus, efforts to assess the actual level of emissivity for rail vehicles and attempts to improve it are necessary and justified.

Simulation and Optimization of Absorption Column of the Dual-Pressure Nitric Acid Production Process

2013 ◽  
Vol 634-638 ◽  
pp. 3830-3834
Author(s):  
Ji Dong Liu ◽  
Zhong Zhe Dong ◽  
Jian Xin Xu ◽  
Ai Kang Guo ◽  
Zhi Liang Tian
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Mathematic Model ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Gas Composition ◽  
Dilute Acid ◽  
Absorption Effect ◽  
Absorption Column ◽  
Simulation And Optimization ◽  
Actual Operation

Simulation of the absorption column was studied. A new mathematic model was developed and tested against the actual operation data. From this, the accuracy of the model was proved. The pressure, temperature and gas composition on absorption effect was discussed. And from the point of the practical production, more optimized operating conditions of the nitric acid absorption tower were showed. It makes the dilute acid concentration increase by 3 percent and the exhaust emission of NOx decrease by 45ppm.

scholarly journals Effect of Exhaust Gas on Natural Stone Tablets, a Laboratory Experiment

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Orsolya Farkas ◽  
Ákos Török
Keyword(s):  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity ◽  
Ultrasonic Pulse ◽  
Pulse Velocity ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Natural Stone ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Material Loss ◽  
Weight Density

8 different natural stone types were exposed to exhaust gas under laboratory conditions to assess urban stone damage. 3 cm in diameter cylindrical test specimens were made from travertine, non-porous limestone, limestone, rhyolite tuff, sandstone, andesite, granite and marble. The samples were exposed for 1, 2, 4 and 8 hours to exhaust gas that was generated by compression ignition internal combustion engine. The exhaust emission was measured. The operating conditions of the engine were documented and several parameters (weight, density, ultrasonic pulse velocity, capillary water absorption, porosity) were measured before and after exhaust gas exposure. The tests indicate that despite the deposition of soot on the surface a significant material loss was recorded at rhyolite tuff (2m%) and at andesite (1m%). The penetration depth of soot was also different for different lithologies. A correlation was found between the ultrasonic pulse velocity and density of tested stones.

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