scholarly journals Investigations of Exhaust Emissions from Rail Machinery during Track Maintenance Operations

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 3141
Author(s):  
Michalina Kamińska ◽  
Łukasz Rymaniak ◽  
Piotr Lijewski ◽  
Natalia Szymlet ◽  
Paweł Daszkiewicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Assessment ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Track Geometry ◽  
Track Maintenance ◽  
Safety Requirements ◽  
Rail Vehicles ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Actual Operation ◽  
Overhead Electrical Lines

The paper presents the investigations of exhaust emissions under actual operation of two rail vehicles: a track geometry vehicle and a clearance vehicle. The environmental assessment of this type of objects is difficult due to the necessity of adapting the measurement equipment and meeting the safety requirements during the tests (particularly regarding the distance from the overhead electrical lines). The authors have proposed and developed a unique research methodology, based on which a detailed exhaust emissions analysis (CO, HC, NOx, and PM) was carried out. The complex assessment included the unit and on-track exhaust emissions. In the analyses, the authors also included the operating conditions of the powertrains of the tested machinery. The obtained environmental indexes were referred to the homologation standards, according to which the vehicles were approved for operation. Due to the nature of operation of the tested vehicles, the authors carried out a comprehensive environmental assessment in the daily and annual approach as well as in the aspect of their operation as combined vehicles, which is a novel approach to the assessment of the environmental performance of this type of objects.

scholarly journals Investigations of Exhaust Emissions from a Combustion Engine under Simulated Actual Operating Conditions in Real Driving Emissions Test

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 935
Author(s):  
Monika Andrych-Zalewska ◽  
Zdzislaw Chlopek ◽  
Jerzy Merkisz ◽  
Jacek Pielecha
Keyword(s):  
Emission Intensity ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Actual Operation ◽  
Specific Distance

The paper describes the methodology of research of exhaust emissions from a combustion engine under engine states determined by the vehicle actual operation in the RDE test. The processes of quantities determining the vehicle motion and engine states have been recorded, along with the exhaust emission intensity. Based on the developed research methodology, zero-dimensional characteristics of the processes of the emission intensity have been determined under the conditions of urban, rural and motorway traffic, as well as in the entire test. The authors also determined the average specific distance exhaust emissions under the conditions of urban, rural and motorway traffic, as well as in the entire test. Based on the above results, the unique characteristics of the relation of the average specific distance emissions and the average vehicle speed have been obtained. The obtained characteristics may be used in the modeling of exhaust emissions from motor vehicles under actual traffic conditions. The authors also explored the sensitivity of the average specific distance emissions to the vehicle driving style.

scholarly journals Problems of exhaust emissions testing from machines and mobile devices in real operating conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 179 (4) ◽  
pp. 292-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr LIJEWSKI ◽  
Paweł FUĆ ◽  
Filip MARKIEWICZ ◽  
Michał DOBRZYŃSKI
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Devices ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Variable Load ◽  
Test Methodology ◽  
Type Approval ◽  
Actual Operation ◽  
Load Conditions ◽  
Construction Works

The article presents selected problems concerning tests of toxic exhaust emissions from engines of vehicles, mobile devices, engines used in gardening and construction works. For this group of engines, this type of testing is carried out primarily in laboratory conditions, however, variable load conditions during actual operation justify efforts to determine the level of emissions in real operating conditions. Research in real operating conditions for different engine categories becomes increasingly more standard, in this aspect, it is necessary to verify the state of knowledge and methodology in the aspect of testing engines of machines and mobile devices. The research performed by the authors was the first of this type using PEMS equipment, hence some conclusions and observations can be made from the obtained results. At present, the type approval procedures for the engine group in question do not account for emissions tests in real operating conditions, while also missing any description of a standardized research methodology. In addition, the engine group in question is not really suitable for testing in real conditions. An introduction to research aimed at developing an exhaust emission test methodology in real operating conditions of mobile device engines was included in the article.

scholarly journals Issues of emission evaluation of road-rail vehicles in the aspect of current type approval regulations

2019 ◽  
Vol 178 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-273
Author(s):  
Paweł DASZKIEWICZ ◽  
Łukasz RYMANIAK ◽  
Michalina KAMIŃSKA
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Performance ◽  
Test Bench ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Engine Test Bench ◽  
Rail Vehicles ◽  
Type Approval ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Negative Environmental Impact ◽  
The Impact

One of the ways to reduce exhaust emissions from vehicles is to replace worn-out shunting locomotives with road-rail tractors. The main purpose of this solution is to reduce the negative environmental impact of the vehicle and to reduce the fuel consumption compared to a shunting locomotive performing the same work. The tests on exhaust emissions of rail vehicles are carried out on an engine test bench, making it impossible to determine the environmental performance of these vehicles during real operation. Therefore, it is advisable to carry out measurements in real operating conditions in order to obtain reliable reference results. This enables the verification of vehicles ecological indicators in a wide range of operational work parameters. It is possible to obtain reliable results regarding the impact of the tested vehicle on the natural environment in this way and compare them with the applicable emission standards.

scholarly journals Examination of Vehicle Performance at High Speed and High Cant Deficiency

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Marquis ◽  
Jon LeBlanc ◽  
Ali Tajaddini
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Lateral Force ◽  
Ride Quality ◽  
High Speed Rail ◽  
Vehicle Performance ◽  
Track Geometry ◽  
Track Maintenance ◽  
Performance Requirements ◽  
Rail Vehicles ◽  
The Us

In the US, increasing passenger speeds to improve trip time usually involves increasing speeds through curves. Increasing speeds through curves will increase the lateral force exerted on track during curving, thus requiring more intensive track maintenance to maintain safety. These issues and other performance requirements including ride quality and vehicle stability, can be addressed through careful truck design. Existing high-speed rail equipment, and in particular their bogies, are better suited to track conditions in Europe or Japan, in which premium tracks with little curvature are dedicated for high-speed service. The Federal Railroad Administration has been conducting parametric simulation studies that examine the performance of rail vehicles at high speeds (greater than 90 mph) and at high cant deficiency (greater than 5 inches). The purpose of these analyses is to evaluate the performance of representative vehicle designs subject to different combinations of track geometry variations, such as short warp and alinement.

scholarly journals Test guidelines for evaluation real driving emission two-way vehicles

2019 ◽  
Vol 294 ◽  
pp. 02009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michalina Kamińska ◽  
Łukasz Rymaniak ◽  
Paweł Daszkiewicz ◽  
Piotr Lijewski
Keyword(s):  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Operating Time ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
The Road ◽  
Rail Vehicles ◽  
Actual Operation ◽  
Recorded Data ◽  
Paved Road

The article discusses the results of tests carried out under real operating conditions, based on which a custom test for road-rail vehicles was developed. The proposed test reflects the working conditions in which road-rail vehicles are used. The measurements were performed for a vehicle equipped with an internal combustion engine during five stages of operation. Measuring cycles included driving on a paved road, rolling on tracks and running on a track without load, with a load of 90 tons and with a load of 140 tons. The article compares the legislative guidelines with actual operation, thanks to which guidelines for the road-rail test for assessing the exhaust emission of harmful gases were developed. Based on the recorded data, a test proposal was described, taking into account the operating time share during the test, the average speed of travel and the duration of the test cycle. In addition, guidelines on the test procedure in the proposed test are discussed.

scholarly journals Ethanol/Gasoline Blends as Alternative Fuel in Last Generation Spark-Ignition Engines: A Review on CO and HC Engine Out Emissions

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 4034
Author(s):  
Paolo Iodice ◽  
Massimo Cardone
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Alternative Fuel ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Spark Ignition Engines ◽  
The Impact

Among the alternative fuels existing for spark-ignition engines, ethanol is considered worldwide as an important renewable fuel when mixed with pure gasoline because of its favorable physicochemical properties. An in-depth and updated investigation on the issue of CO and HC engine out emissions related to use of ethanol/gasoline fuels in spark-ignition engines is therefore necessary. Starting from our experimental studies on engine out emissions of a last generation spark-ignition engine fueled with ethanol/gasoline fuels, the aim of this new investigation is to offer a complete literature review on the present state of ethanol combustion in last generation spark-ignition engines under real working conditions to clarify the possible change in CO and HC emissions. In the first section of this paper, a comparison between physicochemical properties of ethanol and gasoline is examined to assess the practicability of using ethanol as an alternative fuel for spark-ignition engines and to investigate the effect on engine out emissions and combustion efficiency. In the next section, this article focuses on the impact of ethanol/gasoline fuels on CO and HC formation. Many studies related to combustion characteristics and exhaust emissions in spark-ignition engines fueled with ethanol/gasoline fuels are thus discussed in detail. Most of these experimental investigations conclude that the addition of ethanol with gasoline fuel mixtures can really decrease the CO and HC exhaust emissions of last generation spark-ignition engines in several operating conditions.

scholarly journals Developing an Enhanced Short-Range Railroad Track Condition Prediction Model for Optimal Maintenance Scheduling

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Xu ◽  
Chuanjun Jia ◽  
Ye Li ◽  
Quanxin Sun ◽  
Rengkui Liu
Keyword(s):  
Prediction Model ◽  
Short Range ◽  
Prediction Method ◽  
Maintenance Scheduling ◽  
Railroad Track ◽  
Track Geometry ◽  
Track Maintenance ◽  
Track Condition ◽  
Optimal Maintenance ◽  
Process Work

As railroad infrastructure becomes older and older and rail transportation is developing towards higher speed and heavier axle, the risk to safe rail transport and the expenses for railroad maintenance are increasing. The railroad infrastructure deterioration (prediction) model is vital to reducing the risk and the expenses. A short-range track condition prediction method was developed in our previous research on railroad track deterioration analysis. It is intended to provide track maintenance managers with two or three months of track condition in advance to schedule track maintenance activities more smartly. Recent comparison analyses on track geometrical exceptions calculated from track condition measured with track geometry cars and those predicted by the method showed that the method fails to provide reliable condition for some analysis sections. This paper presented the enhancement to the method. One year of track geometry data for the Jiulong-Beijing railroad from track geometry cars was used to conduct error analyses and comparison analyses. Analysis results imply that the enhanced model is robust to make reliable predictions. Our in-process work on applying those predicted conditions for optimal track maintenance scheduling is discussed in brief as well.

Optimizing Tamper Efficiency Through the Integration of Inertial Based Track Geometry Measurement

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph W. Palese ◽  
Sergio DiVentura ◽  
Ken Hill ◽  
Peter Maurice
Keyword(s):  
Time Perspective ◽  
Cloud Service ◽  
New Method ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
Track Geometry ◽  
Track Maintenance ◽  
Measurement Systems ◽  
Recorded Data ◽  
Available Technology ◽  
Geometry Measurement

Maintaining track geometry is key to the safe and efficient operations of a railroad. Failure to properly maintain geometry can lead to costly track structure failures or even more costly derailments. Currently, there exists a number of different methods for measuring track geometry and then if required, maintaining the track to return track geometry to specified levels of acceptance. Because of this need to have proper track geometry, tampers are one of the most common pieces of maintenance equipment in a railroad operation’s fleet. It is therefore paramount from both a cost and track time perspective to gain maximum efficiency from any one particular tamper. Track geometry is typically measured through a variety of contact and non-contact measurement systems which can mount on a variety of different platforms. With respect to a tamper, a push buggy projector system is typically used to measure track geometry, utilizing the tamper body as the basis for the reference system, Track geometry can be measured utilizing this technology during a prerecording run. Then, the software onboard the tamper analyzes the recorded data to determine the best fit and calculate throws that achieve a better track alignment, particularly in curves. During the tamping operation, the tamper buggy system and frame adjust the track. Due to its design, track geometry measurements can only be made at low speed (roughly 4mph) which can severely affect the efficiency of the tamper. To help decrease pre maintenance inspection times, an inertial based track geometry measurement system has been developed and integrated into the tamper’s operating software. This system can mount directly to the frame of a tamper and operate at hy-rail to very low speeds. Measurements made can be fed directly into the tamper control system to guide where and how track geometry adjustments need to be made. In addition, the capability to collect data during travel mode without the buggies extended allows for the collection of data at any time. Thus, data can be recorded when traveling back and forth to a stabling location, before and/or after grinding. This allows for synchronization of data at a later time to utilize for adjusting the track. Also, data can be collected post-work to allow for the comparison of pre and post geometry to allow for the determination of the effectiveness of a given tamping operation. Tampers equipped with this track geometry system facilitate the foundation for an enterprise solution. Data that is measured and collected can be sent to a cloud service, in real time that will provide exception reports, health status, and rail health trend analyses. Utilizing the available technology further optimizes response time in track maintenance. This paper will introduce this new method of mounting and completely integrating an inertial based track geometry system onto a tamper. In addition, studies will be presented which confirm the ability of this system to replicate the tamper’s projection based track geometry system. Finally, a comprehensive study on efficiency gains will be presented directly comparing a standard method of maintaining a segment via a tamper to this new method of using onboard inertial track geometry measurement.

scholarly journals Analysis of exhaust emission measurements in rural conditions from heavy-duty vehicle

2020 ◽  
Vol 182 (3) ◽  
pp. 54-58
Author(s):  
Andrzej Ziółkowski ◽  
Paweł Fuć ◽  
Piotr Lijewski ◽  
Łukasz Rymaniak ◽  
Paweł Daszkiewicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Heavy Vehicles ◽  
Heavy Duty Vehicle ◽  
Emission Norm ◽  
Test Route

Road transport holds for the largest share in the freight transport sector in Europe. This work is carried out by heavy vehicles of various types. It is assumed that, in principle, transport should take place on the main road connections, such as motorways or national roads. Their share in the polish road infrastructure is not dominant. Rural and communal roads roads are the most prevalent. This fact formed the basis of the exhaust emissions and fuel consumption tests of heavy vehicles in real operating conditions. A set of vehicles (truck tractor with a semi-trailer) meeting the Euro V emission norm, transporting a load of 24,800 kg, was selected for the tests. The research was carried out on an non-urban route, the test route length was 22 km. A mobile Semtech DS instrument was used, which was used to measure the exhaust emissions. Based on the obtained results, the emission characteristics were determined in relation to the operating parameters of the vehicles drive system. Road emission, specific emission and fuel consumption values were also calculated.

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