Cryptocurrency fraud schemes analysis

The article focuses on the relevance of establishing legal norms for virtual currency, which is currently working in the gray zone. The article substantiates why cryptocurrency was referred to other property in the framework of civil law. The issues of referring cryptocurrency to such objects of civil rights as monetary funds, currency values, securities, intellectual property, intangible assets, etc. are considered in detail. Based on a comprehensive analysis, the classification of cryptocurrency as a different property within the framework of civil law is substantiated. The author's definition of cryptocurrency is given as a cryptographically protected property with signs of cryptographic authentication, decentralization, management through consensus, and the use of distributed ledgers. The economic essence and legal status of the cryptocurrency proposed by the authors emphasize the exclusively digital version of the existence and use of this object, indicates the possibility of the turnover of this asset, delimits the concept of cryptocurrency, non-cash and electronic money. The definition of a crypto asset as property makes it possible to develop tax legislation, since the implementation of cryptocurrency is close to investment instruments, which makes it possible to clarify the issue of paying such a tax as VAT. Cryptocurrency as property describes not the thing itself, but the legal relations associated with it, that is, those rights that, according to the rules of law, can be exercised. The article also raises one of the main issues that must be resolved - this is the recognition of ownership of this specific type of property. According to the authors, the starting point for determining the ownership of the cryptocurrency should be that the subject of the right will be the owner of this asset if he legally gained access to the private key by analogy as the subject acquired the ownership of a tangible asset on a legal basis.

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DEFINICJA PAPIERÓW WARTOŚCIOWYCH DŁUŻNYCH

Zeszyty Prawnicze ◽

10.21697/zp.2003.3.2.05 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 93

Author(s):

Andrzej Chłopecki

Keyword(s):

Civil Law ◽

Main Subject ◽

Short Overview ◽

Legal Nature ◽

Different Types ◽

Hybrid Securities ◽

Definition Of ◽

The Right ◽

Mixed Nature

Definition of Debt SecuritiesSummaryThe main subject of this article is the definition of debt securities in Polish civil law. This expression („debt securities”) used in many parliaments bills, was not defined on the level of the parliaments bill. Especially in cases of so called „hybrid securities” (securities with the mixed legal nature) there is a necessity to analyze and define their legal nature. This article gives a very short overview on the different types of securities and proposes their systematical classification. The main conclusion of this article is: either in the case of the mixed nature of securities, the right to demand from the issuer to withdraw securities (to pay for them or exchange them into a different type of securities) determines the legal nature of securities as debt securities.

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Civil legal aspects of the recodification of intellectual property rights

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202016800023 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 168 ◽

pp. 00023

Author(s):

Ievgeniia Bulat ◽

Roman Pichko

Keyword(s):

Intellectual Property ◽

Property Rights ◽

Intellectual Property Rights ◽

Civil Law ◽

Legal Aspects ◽

Present Stage ◽

Legal Norms ◽

Industrial Chemical ◽

Definition Of

At the present stage those questions are especially relevant that are connected with civil legislation and intellectual property institution recodification. Intellectual property covers all fields of activity, in particular, agro-industrial, chemical, mining and other industries. The article defines that in Ukraine the necessity of civil legislation recodification includes the ridding of all explicit collisions. Also, it includes the implementation of the world’s best experience in civil relations regulation and its stability and in definition of the direction of the further normative and legislative development. The main directions of recodification of the Institute of Intellectual Property as one of the key civil law institutions of Ukraine are identified in the context of the article. The directions of improvement of legal norms, guaranteeing the inviolability of intellectual property rights, providing them with greater juridical security and their further rationalization are also determined in the context of the article.

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The Legal Status of Cryptocurrencies in the Russian Federation

Economics taxes & law ◽

10.26794/1999-849x-2018-11-2-129-137 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 129-137 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

E. L. Sidorenko

Keyword(s):

Civil Rights ◽

Russian Federation ◽

Legal Status ◽

Virtual Currency ◽

Content Analysis Method ◽

Crypto Currency ◽

The Subject ◽

The Russian Federation ◽

Historical Comparative ◽

Definition Of

The paper focuses on the definition of the legal status of the cryptocurrency in the framework of the current Russian legislation. The subject of the research is the principal scientific and practical approaches to determining the object of civil rights and the object of acquisitive crimes in terms of their adaptability to cryptocurrencies. The purposes of the work were the search for a universal algorithm for resolving civil disputes related to the turnover of the crypto currency, and the qualification of the virtual currency theft (fraud). By using historical, comparative legal and dialectical methods as well as the content analysis method parallels between cryptocurrencies and individual objects of civil rights (a thing, property rights, other property) were drawn, and a number of options for qualifying the actions related to the non-repayable withdrawal of the cryptocurrency were proposed. Finally, the paper analyzes the draft laws prepared by the RF Ministry of Finance and the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and presents the author’s vision of the prospects for legalizing the cryptocurrency as an object of civil rights.

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A Strategy for Design of Marine Pollution Monitoring Studies

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1986.0176 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 18 (4-5) ◽

pp. 15-26 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

D. A. Segar ◽

E. Stamman

Keyword(s):

Information Needs ◽

Marine Pollution ◽

Monitoring Program ◽

Pollution Monitoring ◽

Systematic Evaluation ◽

Management Information ◽

Different Types ◽

Management Context ◽

Definition Of ◽

Scientific Testing

Most historical marine pollution monitoring has proven useless in a management context. A strategy for development of effective marine pollution monitoring programs is outlined. This strategy is based on the following steps: 1) systematic evaluation of the management information needs, 2) identification of the hypothetical impacts associated with those management concerns, and 3) investigation of the feasibility of monitoring those effects such that the existence, or absence, of a specified level of effects can be established in a statistically-valid manner. There are two fundamentally different types of monitoring program: site-specific and regional. These two types of program differ markedly in scope and approach when designed through application of this strategy. The strategy requires development of null hypotheses which address management concerns and which are amenable to scientific testing. In order for the program to be successful, the null hypotheses selected for inclusion in a marine pollution monitoring program must address levels of effect which are predefined to be environmentally significant. The definition of environmentally significant effect levels is a difficult process which must be primarily the responsibility of the managerial community.

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Legislation and the Constitutional Framework

10.1093/oso/9780198790884.003.0001 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Eva Steiner

Keyword(s):

Civil Law ◽

Primary Source ◽

Legislative Process ◽

French Law ◽

Major Overhaul ◽

Different Types ◽

The Way

This chapter introduces the main constitutional institutions and mechanism governing France, taking into account the major overhaul of the 1958 Constitution in 2008. It also shows that legislation is the primary source of law in France, that there are different types of legislation, and that legislative sources are organised hierarchically. Moreover, the chapter also considers, within the constitutional framework, the legislative process and examines the way in which bills are drafted. It also seeks to familiarise readers with the layout of a French statute. In addition, this chapter shows that much of French law though not all of it is codified. Codification is a particular legislative technique common to most civil law systems.

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Virtual Loom: a tool for the interactive 3D representation of historical fabrics

Multimedia Tools and Applications ◽

10.1007/s11042-020-10294-w ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Cristina Portalés ◽

Manolo Pérez ◽

Pablo Casanova-Salas ◽

Jesús Gimeno

Keyword(s):

Art History ◽

3D Modelling ◽

Current Version ◽

Close Collaboration ◽

Design And Implementation ◽

Different Types ◽

Interactive 3D ◽

Silk Fabrics ◽

Definition Of ◽

3D Representations

Abstract3D modelling of man-made objects is widely used in the cultural heritage sector, among others. It is relevant for its documentation, dissemination and preservation. Related to historical fabrics, weaves and weaving techniques are still mostly represented in forms of 2D graphics and textual descriptions. However, complex geometries are difficult to represent in such forms, hindering the way this legacy is transmitted to new generations. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of SILKNOW’s Virtual Loom, an interactive tool aimed to document, preserve and represent in interactive 3D forms historical weaves and weaving techniques of silk fabrics, dating from the 15th to the 19th centuries. To that end, our tool only requires an image of a historical fabric. Departing from this image, the tool automatically subtracts the design, and allows the user to apply different weaves and weaving techniques. In its current version, the tool embeds five traditional weaving techniques, 39 weaves and six types of yarns, which have been defined thanks to close collaboration of experts in computer graphics, art history and historical fabrics. Additionally, users can change the color of yarns and produce different 3D representations for a given fabric, which are interactive in real time. In this paper, we bring the details of the design and implementation of this tool, focusing on the input data, the strategy to process images, the 3D modelling of yarns, the definition of weaves and weaving techniques and the graphical user interface. In the results section, we show some examples of image analysis in order to subtract the design of historical fabrics, and then we provide 3D representations for all the considered weaving techniques, combining different types of yarns.

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Models Applied to Grapevine Pests: A Review

Insects ◽

10.3390/insects12020169 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 169

Author(s):

Federico Lessio ◽

Alberto Alma

Keyword(s):

Lobesia Botrana ◽

Grape Berry ◽

Homalodisca Vitripennis ◽

Flavescence Dorée ◽

Or Groups ◽

Scaphoideus Titanus ◽

Different Types ◽

Computer Based ◽

Biological Aspects ◽

Definition Of

This paper reviews the existing predictive models concerning insects and mites harmful to grapevine. A brief conceptual description is given on the definition of a model and about different types of models: deterministic vs. stochastics, continuous vs. discrete, analytical vs. computer-based, and descriptive vs. data-driven. The main biological aspects of grapevine pests covered by different types of models are phenology, population growth and dynamics, species distribution, and invasion risk. A particular emphasis is put on forecasting epidemics of plant disease agents transmitted by insects with sucking-piercing mouthparts. The most investigated species or groups are the glassy-winged sharpshooter Homalodisca vitripennis (Germar) and other vectors of Xylella fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa, a bacterium agent of Pierce’s disease; the European grape berry moth, Lobesia botrana (Denis and Schiffermuller); and the leafhopper Scaphoideus titanus Ball, the main vector of phytoplasmas agents of Flavescence dorée. Finally, the present and future of decision-support systems (DSS) in viticulture is discussed.

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Plato's Noble Art Of Sophistry

The Classical Quarterly ◽

10.1017/s000983880000793x ◽

1954 ◽

Vol 4 (1-2) ◽

pp. 84-90 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

G. B. Kerferd

Keyword(s):

Different Types ◽

Negative Statements ◽

Definition Of

Plato's Sophist begins with an attempt to arrive by division at a definition of a Sophist. In the course of the attempt six different descriptions are discussed and the results summarized at 231 c-e. A seventh and final account may be said to occupy the whole of the rest of the dialogue, including the long digression on negative statements. The first five divisions characterize with a considerable amount of satire different types of sophist, or more probably different aspects of the sophistic art. The sixth division (226 a–231 b) is very different. To quote Cornford's words, ‘satire is dropped. The tone is serious and sympathetic, towards the close it becomes eloquent’.

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Features of the legal status of subjects of Civil Law

Journal of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine ◽

10.37635/jnalsu.28(2).2021.181-188 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 28 (2) ◽

pp. 181-188

Author(s):

Iryna I. Banasevych ◽

Ruslana M. Heints ◽

Mariia V. Lohvinova ◽

Oksana S. Oliinyk

Keyword(s):

Legal Status ◽

Civil Law ◽

Historical Analysis ◽

Legal Regulation ◽

The State ◽

Roman Law ◽

Historical Method ◽

Legal Method ◽

Definition Of ◽

Legal Entities

Theoretical and applied research of the features of the legal status of the subjects of civil law remains debatable today. Doctrinal and legislative analysis of this subject points to unresolved issues in this area. In particular, the provision on defining the state as a party to civil law remains controversial. There is no consensus on the definition of individuals and legal entities as subjects of civil law among scholars. Furthermore, the legal regulation of certain types of entities is somewhat unsystematic and chaotic. This is largely due to the insufficient development of theoretical issues related to the subjects of civil law. The above issues determine the relevance of the study of the features of the legal status of subjects of civil law. The purpose of the study is to investigate the features of the legal status of subjects of civil law based on doctrinal and legislative analysis. The study is based on a systematic approach, which lies in studying a complex system of relationships between subjects of civil law. Furthermore, the study is based on the laws and principles of dialectics, which contribute to the study of the legal status of the subjects of civil law. Systemic and structural-functional analysis was used to comprehensively describe the legal status of subjects of civil law. The historical method contributed to the study of the evolution of research on the subjects of civil law. The formal legal method helped identify the special features of the provisions of regulations concerning the subjects of civil law. With the help of the comparative legal method, the study analysed the provisions of the Civil Code of Ukraine in terms of regulation of subjects of civil law and such regulation was compared with other countries. The study defined the concepts and types of subjects of civil law and considered the features of the legal status of individuals, legal entities, as well as the state as a special participant of civil law. Special attention was paid to the historical analysis of the development of approaches to the definition of subjects of law, starting with Roman law

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