THE EFFECTS OF HIGH ADIPOSITY ON CONCENTRIC AND ECCENTRIC MUSCLE PERFORMANCE OF UPPER AND LOWER LIMB MUSCULATURE IN YOUNG AND OLD ADULTS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharn Shelley ◽  
Rob S James ◽  
Steven James Eustace ◽  
Emma Eyre ◽  
Jason Tallis
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Muscle Function ◽  
Handgrip Strength ◽  
Peak Torque ◽  
Muscle Performance ◽  
Muscle Quality ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Impact

The present study uniquely examined the influence of old age and adiposity on maximal concentric and eccentric torque and fatigue of the elbow (EF, EE) and knee (KF, KE) flexors and extensors. 40 males were recruited and categorised into young (n=21, 23.7±3.4) and old (n=19, 68.3±6.1) and then further into normal (young = 16.9±2.5%, old = 20.6±3.1%) and high adiposity (young = 28.9±5.0%, old = 31.3±4.2%) groups. Handgrip strength, sit-to-stand performance, and isokinetic assessments of peak torque at 60°, 120° and 180° s-1 were measured. Older men produced significantly less concentric and eccentric peak torque (P<0.016) but this was not influenced by adiposity (P>0.055). For KE and KF, high adiposity groups demonstrated reduced peak torque normalised to body mass (P<0.021), and muscle and contractile mode specific reduction in torque normalised to segmental lean mass. Eccentric fatigue resistance was unaffected by both age and adiposity (P>0.30) and perceived muscle soreness, measured up to 72 hours post, was only enhanced in the upper body of the young group following eccentric fatigue (P=0.009). Despite the impact of adiposity on skeletal muscle function being comparable between ages, these results suggest high adiposity will have greater impact on functional performance of older adults. Novelty: •Irrespective of age, high adiposity may negatively impact force to body mass ratio and muscle quality in a muscle and contractile mode specific manner. •Whilst the magnitude of adiposity effects is similar across ages, the impact for older adults will be more substantial given the age-related decline in muscle function.

scholarly journals Effects of Reallocating Time Spent in Different Physical Activity Intensities on Sarcopenia Risk in Older Adults: An Isotemporal Substitution Analysis

Biology ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 111
Author(s):  
Jort Veen ◽  
Diego Montiel-Rojas ◽  
Fawzi Kadi ◽  
Andreas Nilsson
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Handgrip Strength ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Muscle Health ◽  
The Impact

The role of daily time spent sedentary and in different intensities of physical activity (PA) for the maintenance of muscle health currently remains unclear. Therefore, we investigated the impact of reallocating time spent in different PA intensities on sarcopenia risk in older adults, while considering PA type (muscle strengthening activities, MSA) and protein intake. In a sample of 235 community-dwelling older adults (65–70 years), a sarcopenia risk score (SRS) was created based on muscle mass assessed by bioimpedance, together with handgrip strength and performance on the five times sit-to-stand (5-STS) test assessed by standardized procedures. Time spent in light-intensity PA (LPA), moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA), and being sedentary was assessed by accelerometry, and PA type (MSA) by self-report. Linear regression models based on isotemporal substitution were employed. Reallocating sedentary time to at least LPA was significantly (p < 0.05) related to a lower SRS, which remained evident after adjustment by PA type (MSA) and protein intake. Similarly, reallocating time in LPA by MVPA was related to a significantly (p < 0.05) lower SRS. Our results emphasize the importance of displacing sedentary behaviours for more active pursuits, where PA of even light intensities may alleviate age-related deteriorations of muscle health in older adults.

Indicators of Sarcopenia: Sex Differences in Competitive Runners Prior to Peak Muscle Mass

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (14) ◽  
pp. 1067-1076
Author(s):  
Todd C. Shoepe ◽  
William P. McCormack ◽  
Joseph W. LaBrie ◽  
Grant T. Mello ◽  
Hawley C. Almstedt
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Handgrip Strength ◽  
Muscle Quality ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Low Body Mass Index ◽  
One Year ◽  
Diagnostic Indicator

AbstractStrength, muscle mass, and muscle quality have been observed to be compromised in low body-mass index individuals such as competitive runners, increasing their risk for sarcopenia. The purpose was to compare indices of sarcopenia in young runners to age, height, body-mass, and body-mass index-matched non-runners. Handgrip strength and arm composition from dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (baseline-T1, T2=5.3±1.4, T3=11.5±0.7 months later) were assessed in 40 non-runners and 40 runners (19.3±0.7 vs. 19.2±1.1 years, 170.7±10.3 vs. 171.1±9.1 cm, 60.2±7.4 vs. 60.2±7.9 kg, 20.6±0.9 vs. 20.5±1.5 kg m-2). The unitless variable of muscle quality, was defined as the sum of right and left maximal handgrip (in kg) divided by the sum of bone-free lean mass of both arms (in kg). Female runners displayed the highest muscle quality (T1=15.3±1.7; T3=15.7±2.0) compared to male runners (T1=13.7±1.4, p < 0.001; T3=14.2±1.6, p < 0.001) and male non-runners (T1=12.4±1.8, p=0.001; T3=13.2±1.6, p < 0.001), while female non-runners (T1=14.6±2.5, p=0.154; T3=15.1 ±2.2, p=0.124) showed higher muscle quality than male non-runners. Higher muscle quality in low-body-mass index females persists over one-year during young-adulthood and while running contributes to whole-body muscle mass accrual, it does not appear to be significantly associated with improvements in the most commonly used upper-body diagnostic indicator of sarcopenia.

Abstract 12918: The Association Between Central Obesity and Myocardial Ageing: Traditional Body Mass Index (bmi) Falls Short of Expectation

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (Suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yen How Tan ◽  
Jun Pei Lim ◽  
Wee Shiong Lim ◽  
Fei Gao ◽  
Loon Yee Teo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Waist Circumference ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Central Obesity ◽  
Peak Velocity ◽  
Volume Index ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Velocity Flow ◽  
The Impact

Background: The Asian phenotype of central obesity is intriguing. Current data suggest links between central obesity and cardiovascular (CV) risks. However, age-related sarcopenia (resulting in loss of skeletal muscle) may falsely reduce body mass index (BMI), leading to inaccurate measures of obesity. We aim to determine how waist circumference (WC), would compare against BMI, in differentiating obesity, among older adults. Further, we explore the differential association between each obesity definition and myocardial ageing. Methods: We performed anthropometric and CV examinations on a cohort of asymptomatic aged adults. Myocardial ageing was defined by ratio of peak velocity flow in early diastole E (m/s) to peak velocity flow in late diastole by atrial contraction A (m/s). For BMI, a cut-off of 27.5kg/m 2 was used, and WC cut-offs of >90cm for males and >80cm for females. Results: Among n=970 adults (mean age 73±4 years, 432 (44%) males), 124 (12.8%) were obese by BMI definition while 347 (35.7%) were obese by WC definition. Inter-definitional agreement was fair between BMI and WC (cohen’s κ=0.345). More women (66% vs 50%, p<0.001) and older participants (63±14 vs 65±11 years, p=0.007) were defined as obese by WC definition, while age and gender did not differentiate obese versus non-obese as defined by BMI. There were more hypertension (p<0.001) and diabetes mellitus (p<0.001) among the obese as defined by both definitions, compared to non-obese. Based on either definition, obese participants had significantly lower E/A ratio [(1.13 ± 0.46 vs 0.98 ± 0.35; P < 0.001 using BMI), (1.17 ± 0.49 vs 1.00 ± 0.37; P < 0.001 using WC)] compared to non-obese. Left atrial volume index was larger in obese in both the BMI group (20.5 ± 7.43 vs 22.3 ± 7.90; P = 0.020) and WC group (20.0 ± 6.9 vs 22.1 ± 8.3; P < 0.001). By multivariate regression, WC, but not BMI, was independently associated with E/A (β=-0.114, SE -0.114±0.024, p<0.001). Conclusion: Obesity prevalence varies depending on the definition used. Among Asians, waist circumference identifies higher prevalence of obesity, possibly related to central adiposity. While impact of age-related sarcopenia and BMI in older adults require deeper study, WC may better characterize the impact of obesity on myocardial ageing.

OBESITY DEFINITIONS IN SARCOPENIC OBESITY: DIFFERENCES IN PREVALENCE, AGREEMENT AND ASSOCIATION WITH MUSCLE FUNCTION

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
E.Q. Khor ◽  
J.P. Lim ◽  
L. Tay ◽  
A. Yeo ◽  
S. Yew ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Gait Speed ◽  
Muscle Function ◽  
Handgrip Strength ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Sarcopenic Obesity ◽  
Consensus Definition ◽  
The Impact

Background: Sarcopenic obesity (SO) is associated with poorer physical performance in the elderly and will increase in relevance with population ageing and the obesity epidemic. The lack of a consensus definition for SO has resulted in variability in its reported prevalence, poor inter-definitional agreement, and disagreement on its impact on physical performance, impeding further development in the field. While sarcopenia definitions have been compared, the impact of obesity definitions in SO has been less well-studied. Objectives: To compare 3 widely-adopted definitions of obesity in terms of SO prevalence, inter-definitional agreement, and association with muscle function. Design: Cross-sectional. Setting: GERILABS study, Singapore Participants: 200 community-dwelling, functionally-independent older adults. Measurements: We utilized three commonly-used definitions of obesity: body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and DXA-derived fat mass percentage (FM%). Sarcopenia was defined using Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia criteria. For muscle function, we assessed handgrip strength, gait speed and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). Subjects were classified into 4 body composition phenotypes (normal, obese, sarcopenic and SO), and outcomes were compared between groups. Results: The prevalence rate for SO was lowest for BMI (0.5%) compared to FM% (10.0%) and WC (10.5%). Inter-definitional agreement was lowest between BMI and WC (κ=0.364), and at best moderate between FM% and WC (κ=0.583). SO performed the worst amongst body composition phenotypes in handgrip strength, gait speed and SPPB (all p<0.01) only when defined using WC. In regression analyses, SO was associated with decreased SPPB scores (β=-0.261, p=0.001) only for the WC definition. Conclusion: There is large variation in the prevalence of SO across different obesity definitions, with low-to-moderate agreement between them. Our results corroborate recent evidence that WC, and thus central obesity, is best associated with poorer muscle function in SO. Thus, WC should be further explored in defining obesity for accurate and early characterization of SO among older adults in Asian populations.

scholarly journals Hyperhomocysteinemia Associated with Low Muscle Mass, Muscle Function in Elderly Hemodialysis Patients: An Analysis of Multiple Dialysis Centers

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Chi-Sin Wang ◽  
Te-Chih Wong ◽  
Tuyen Van Duong ◽  
Chien-Tien Su ◽  
Hsi-Hsien Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Muscle Function ◽  
Stepwise Regression ◽  
Handgrip Strength ◽  
Hemodialysis Patients ◽  
Stepwise Regression Analysis ◽  
Muscle Quality ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Elderly Hemodialysis Patients

Background. The hyperhomocysteinemia was with high prevalence and has been considered as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in hemodialysis patients. These patients also experienced a high risk of muscle wasting caused by the comorbidity, malnutrition, and low physical activity. We investigated the associations of homocysteinemia with muscle mass, muscle function in elderly hemodialysis patients. Methods. A clinical cross-sectional study was conducted on 138 hemodialysis patients aged 65 years and above in seven hospital-based hemodialysis centers in Taiwan. The data on anthropometry, laboratory, and 3-day dietary intake was examined. The skeletal muscle mass (SMM) was measured by the bioelectrical impedance analysis; the SMM was adjusted by height or weight as SMMHt2 (kg/m2) and SMMWt (%). Muscle function was defined as handgrip strength (HGS) (kg) measured by handgrip dynamometer. Statistical analyses were conducted using simple regression and multivariable stepwise regression analysis. Results. In the total sample, 74.6 % of hemodialysis patients were hyperhomocysteinemia (≥ 15 μmol/L). The means of SMMHt2, SMMWt, arm lean mass, hand grip strength, and muscle quality were 8.7 ± 1.2, 37.7 ± 5.6, 1.7 ± 0.5, 21.1 ± 7.4, and 10.0 ± 3.0, respectively. The multivariable stepwise regression analysis showed that homocysteinemia level was significantly inversely associated with SMMWt (B-coeff. = -0.03, p = 0.02) in hemodialysis patients above 65 years old, but not with muscle function. Conclusions. Hyperhomocysteinemia is common and associated with decreased muscle mass in the elderly hemodialysis patients. Future studies are suggested to explore the impact of the homocysteine-lowering therapy on muscle decline.

scholarly journals The Impact of Bone on the Biology of Aging

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 740-740
Author(s):  
Gerard Karsenty
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Function ◽  
Male Fertility ◽  
Leydig Cells ◽  
Memory Loss ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Systematic Exploration ◽  
Biology Of Aging ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Regulate Energy Metabolism

Abstract We hypothesized that bone may secrete hormones that regulate energy metabolism and reproduction. Testing this hypothesis revealed that the osteoblast-specific secreted protein osteocalcin is a hormone regulating glucose homeostasis and male fertility by signaling through a GPCR, Gprc6a, expressed in pancreatic β bells and Leydig cells of the testes. The systematic exploration of osteocalcin biology, revealed that it regulates an unexpectedly large spectrum of physiological functions in the brain and peripheral organs and that it has most features of an antigeromic molecule. As will be presented at the meeting, this body of work suggests that harnessing osteocalcin for therapeutic purposes may be beneficial in the treatment of age-related diseases such as depression, age-related memory loss and the decline in muscle function seen in sarcopenia.

A High Masticatory Muscle Tone Predicts the Risk of Malnutrition and Frailty in Inpatient Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study

Gerontology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Yin-Hwa Shih ◽  
Zhen-Rong Hong ◽  
Shih-Min Hsia ◽  
Shang-Yu Yang ◽  
Tzong-Ming Shieh
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Masseter Muscle ◽  
Muscle Tone ◽  
Handgrip Strength ◽  
Muscle Performance ◽  
Masticatory Muscle ◽  
Masticatory Performance ◽  
Poor Nutritional Status

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> The prevalence of malnutrition among inpatient older adults is as high as 20∼50%. Masticatory performance is known to affect the nutritional status of individuals. However, an objective measurement to reflect the real status of masticatory muscle performance is lacking at the bedside. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> This pilot study analyzed the masticatory performance using surface electromyography (sEMG) of masticatory muscles that measures both muscle strength and muscle tone at the bedside. The nutritional status was measured using the Mini Nutritional Assessment tool. The handgrip strength was measured using a hand dynamometer. The statistical data were analyzed using SPSS 25 software. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The data revealed that female inpatient older adults more frequently had substandard handgrip strength (<i>p</i> = 0.028), an at-risk and poor nutritional status (<i>p</i> = 0.005), and a higher masseter muscle tone (<i>p</i> = 0.024). Inpatient older adults with an at-risk and poor nutritional status had an older age (<i>p</i> = 0.016), lower handgrip strength (<i>p</i> = 0.001), and higher average masseter muscle tone (<i>p</i> = 0.01). A high masseter muscle tone predicted the risk of having an at-risk and poor nutritional status. The at-risk or poor nutritional status predicted having a substandard handgrip strength by 5-fold. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> A high masticatory muscle tone predicts malnutrition and frailty. Medical professionals should combat masticatory dysfunction-induced malnutrition by detecting masticatory muscle performance using sEMG and referring patients to dental professionals. Additionally, encouraging inpatient older adults to perform oral motor exercise is recommended.

scholarly journals Dual Effects of Hearing Loss and Dementia on Functional Limitations in Older Adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 214-214
Author(s):  
Michael McKee ◽  
Yunshu Zhou ◽  
Joshua Ehrlich ◽  
Elham Mahmoudi ◽  
Jennifer Deal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Self Care ◽  
Household Activity ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Lower Mobility ◽  
Independent Effects ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Age-related hearing loss (HL) is both common and associated with elevated risk for cognitive decline and poorer health. To care for an aging population, it is critical to understand the effect of coexisting HL and dementia on functional activities. The effect of co-existing dementia and self-reported HL on daily functioning were assessed. A cross-sectional analysis was performed using nationally-representative data from the 2015 National Health and Aging Trends Study consisting of U.S. adults 65+. The sample included 1,829 adults with HL (22.8%) and 5,338 adults without HL. Multivariable Poisson regression was used to model the independent effects and interaction of self-reported HL and dementia status on three validated functional activity scales (self-care, mobility, and household). All analyses adjusted for sociodemographic and medical factors. HL participants were more likely to be white, older, male, less educated (p &lt;0.01). 8.4% had possible dementia and 6.5% had probable dementia. Respondents with HL or possible or probable dementia had significantly lower mobility, self-care, and household activity scores (p&lt;.001 for all comparisons) compared to their peers. A small yet significant interaction was present in all models, suggesting that HL respondents with co-occurring dementia had lower mobility, self-care, and household activity scores than predicted by the independent effects of dementia and self-reported HL (p&lt;.001 for all comparisons). Older adults with co-occurring dementia and HL are at increased risk for poor functioning and should be screened by healthcare providers. Future work should consider the impact of intervention in this vulnerable/at-risk population.

CNTF genotype is associated with muscular strength and quality in humans across the adult age span

2001 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 1205-1210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen M. Roth ◽  
Matthew A. Schrager ◽  
Robert E. Ferrell ◽  
Steven E. Riechman ◽  
E. Jeffrey Metter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Muscular Strength ◽  
Peak Torque ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Muscle Quality ◽  
Knee Extensors ◽  
Muscular Power ◽  
Adult Age ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) genotype and muscle strength was examined in 494 healthy men and women across the entire adult age span (20–90 yr). Concentric (Con) and eccentric (Ecc) peak torque were assessed using a Kin-Com isokinetic dynamometer for the knee extensors (KE) and knee flexors (KF) at slow (0.52 rad/s) and faster (3.14 rad/s) velocities. The results were covaried for age, gender, and body mass or fat-free mass (FFM). Individuals heterozygous for the CNTF null (A allele) mutation (G/A) exhibited significantly higher Con peak torque of the KE and KF at 3.14 rad/s than G/G homozygotes when age, gender, and body mass were covaried ( P < 0.05). When the dominant leg FFM (estimated muscle mass) was used in place of body mass as a covariate, Con peak torque of the KE at 3.14 rad/s was also significantly greater in the G/A individuals ( P < 0.05). In addition, muscle quality of the KE (peak torque at 3.14 rad · s−1 · leg muscle mass−1) was significantly greater in the G/A heterozygotes ( P < 0.05). Similar results were seen in a subanalysis of subjects 60 yr and older, as well as in Caucasian subjects. In contrast, A/A homozygotes demonstrated significantly lower Ecc peak torque at 0.52 rad/s for both KE and KF compared with G/G and G/A groups ( P < 0.05). No significant relationships were observed at 0.52 rad/s between genotype and Con peak torque. These data indicate that individuals exhibiting the G/A genotype possess significantly greater muscular strength and muscle quality at relatively fast contraction speeds than do G/G individuals. Because of high positive correlations between fast-velocity peak torque and muscular power, these findings suggest that further investigations should address the relationship between CNTF genotype and muscular power.

scholarly journals The Impact of Behavioral Intervention on Obesity Mediated Declines in Mobility Function: Implications for Longevity

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joe Nocera ◽  
Thomas W. Buford ◽  
Todd M. Manini ◽  
Kelly Naugle ◽  
Christiaan Leeuwenburgh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Aging Process ◽  
Strong Predictor ◽  
Functional Limitations ◽  
Mobility Performance ◽  
Mobility Function ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
The Impact

A primary focus of longevity research is to identify prognostic risk factors that can be mediated by early treatment efforts. To date, much of this work has focused on understanding the biological processes that may contribute to aging process and age-related disease conditions. Although such processes are undoubtedly important, no current biological intervention aimed at increasing health and lifespan exists. Interestingly, a close relationship between mobility performance and the aging process has been documented in older adults. For example, recent studies have identified functional status, as assessed by walking speed, as a strong predictor of major health outcomes, including mortality, in older adults. This paper aims to describe the relationship between the comorbidities related to decreased health and lifespan and mobility function in obese, older adults. Concurrently, lifestyle interventions, including diet and exercise, are described as a means to improve mobility function and thereby limit the functional limitations associated with increased mortality.

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