Ist eine Aktivierung von Mikrogliazellen von pathophysiologischer Bedeutung?

2014 ◽  
Vol 33 (11) ◽  
pp. 790-796 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Gos ◽  
I. Handerer ◽  
H.-G. Bernstein ◽  
B. Bogerts ◽  
J. Steiner
Keyword(s):  
Liquor Cerebrospinalis ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Pathophysiologische Mechanismen ◽  
Schweregrad Der Erkrankung

ZusammenfassungStörungen des Immunsystems wurden bei Patienten mit Schizophrenie und depressiven Störungen beschrieben. Dazu gehört eine gesteigerte numerische Dichte von Mikrogliazellen in bestimmten Hirnarealen – neben leichtgradig vermehrten Monozytenzahlen und einer erhöhten Konzentration proinflammatorischer Zytokine im peripheren Blut. Interessanterweise wurden ähnliche Veränderungen des Immunsystems bei Suizid-Patienten beobachtet – unabhängig von ihrer zugrunde liegenden psychiatrischen Diagnose. Diese Übersichtsarbeit fasst wichtige Daten aus Studien zusammen, die peripheres Blut, Liquor cerebrospinalis und humanes Hirngewebe (Post-mortem-Histologie und In-vivo-Positronenemissionstomografie) untersucht haben, um das mononukleäre Phagozytensystem (MPS) bei diesen psychisch kranken Patienten zu bewerten. Wir diskutieren, ob die Ergebnisse eher dafür sprechen, dass Mikrogliose und eine Aktivierung des MPS mit der Akuität bzw. einem besonderen Schweregrad der Erkrankung verknüpft sind, oder ob sie auf eine eigenständige Neurobiologie der Suizidalität hinweisen. Dabei ist zu bedenken, dass sich pathophysiologische Mechanismen im langfristigen Verlauf von psychiatrischen Erkrankungen ändern könnten. Möglicherweise spielen also bei neu erkrankten andere Immunmechanismen als bei chronisch kranken Patienten eine Rolle.

scholarly journals Post-mortem correlates of in vivo PiB-PET amyloid imaging in a typical case of Alzheimer's disease

Brain ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 131 (6) ◽  
pp. 1630-1645 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milos D. Ikonomovic ◽  
William E. Klunk ◽  
Eric E. Abrahamson ◽  
Chester A. Mathis ◽  
Julie C. Price ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Typical Case ◽  
Amyloid Imaging ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Pet Amyloid

scholarly journals Can post-mortem MRI be used as a proxy for in vivo? A case study

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Baayla D C Boon ◽  
Petra J W Pouwels ◽  
Laura E Jonkman ◽  
Matthijs J Keijzer ◽  
Paolo Preziosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Rating Scales ◽  
Brain Volume ◽  
Brain Mri ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Early Onset Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
And Diffusion

Abstract Post-mortem in situ MRI has been used as an intermediate between brain histo(patho)logy and in vivo imaging. However, it is not known how comparable post-mortem in situ is to ante-mortem imaging. We report the unique situation of a patient with familial early-onset Alzheimer’s disease due to a PSEN1 mutation, who underwent ante-mortem brain MRI and post-mortem in situ imaging only 4 days apart. T1-weighted and diffusion MRI was performed at 3-Tesla at both time points. Visual atrophy rating scales, brain volume, cortical thickness and diffusion measures were derived from both scans and compared. Post-mortem visual atrophy scores decreased 0.5–1 point compared with ante-mortem, indicating an increase in brain volume. This was confirmed by quantitative analysis; showing a 27% decrease of ventricular and 7% increase of whole-brain volume. This increase was more pronounced in the cerebellum and supratentorial white matter than in grey matter. Furthermore, axial and radial diffusivity decreased up to 60% post-mortem whereas average fractional anisotropy of white matter increased approximately 10%. This unique case study shows that the process of dying affects several imaging markers. These changes need to be taken into account when interpreting post-mortem MRI to make inferences on the in vivo situation.

scholarly journals Metodologia para avaliação ultrassonográfica da biometria uterina na fêmea bovina

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 122
Author(s):  
Víctor Gómez-L ◽  
Jhonata Pereira ◽  
Denise Okano ◽  
Giancarlo Dos Santos ◽  
Marco Marcondes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Post Mortem

Objetivou-se avaliar uma metodologia para mensurar a espessura endometrial e diâmetro dos cornos uterinos. Para o qual, os cornos uterinos foram divididos em três regiões. A partir do septo intercornual até o início a curvatura maior, foi considerada a primeira região. A partir da curvatura maior até o início do ápice do corno segunda região, e extremidade livre do corna a terceira região. Mensurou-se a espessura endometrial e o diâmetro dos cornos em animais in vivo e nos órgãos genitais dos mesmos post mortem. Foram utilizadas cinco vacas sexualmente maturas da raça Holandesa, criadas em manejo Losing-House. Os dados quantitativos foram analisados pela ANOVA e as médias comparadas pelos testes de Tukey ou pela análise não paramétrica comparando as médias pelo teste de Kruskall Wallis. Os valores médios não apresentaram diferenças para as características avaliadas no animal in vivo comparadas aos obtidos post mortem (P>0,05). Nas mensurações obtidas, a terceira região mostrou valores médios semelhantes para diâmetro (21,0±2,6 mm - 22,9±2,8 mm) e espessura endometrial de ambos cornos (10,4±4,9 mm - 10,8±5,2 mm). De igual forma os valores obtidos para espessura e diâmetro de ambos cornos uterinos da terceira região mostrou-se semelhante aos valores obtidos na segunda e primeira região. Já os valores da segunda região diferiram dos obtidos na primeira região (P<0,05). Dessa forma, a obtenção de imagens ultrassonográficas em cortes transversais e a mensuração das biometrias uterinas a partir da bifurcação até a curvatura maior, mostra-se eficiente e representativa da espessura endometrial e diâmetro dos cornos uterinos como um tudo.

scholarly journals Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography of equine cheek teeth and adjacent structures: comparative study of image quality in horses in vivo, post-mortem and frozen-thawed

2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christin Röttiger ◽  
Maren Hellige ◽  
Bernhard Ohnesorge ◽  
Astrid Bienert-Zeit
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Image Quality ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Mr Images ◽  
Adjacent Structures ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Ct And Mri

Abstract Background The use of cadavers for radiology research methodologies involving subjective image quality evaluation of anatomical criteria is well-documented. The purpose of this method comparison study was to evaluate the image quality of dental and adjacent structures in computed tomography (CT) and high-field (3 T) magnetic resonance (MR) images in cadaveric heads, based on an objective four-point rating scale. Whilst CT is a well-established technique, MR imaging (MRI) is rarely used for equine dental diagnostics. The use of a grading system in this study allowed an objective assessment of CT and MRI advantages in portraying equine cheek teeth. As imaging is commonly performed with cadaveric or frozen and thawed heads for dental research investigations, the second objective was to quantify the impact of the specimens’ conditions (in vivo, post-mortem, frozen-thawed) on the image quality in CT and MRI. Results The CT and MR images of nine horses, focused on the maxillary premolar 08s and molar 09s, were acquired post-mortem (Group A). Three observers scored the dental and adjacent tissues. Results showed that MR sequences gave an excellent depiction of endo- and periodontal structures, whereas CT produced high-quality images of the hard tooth and bony tissues. Additional CT and MRI was performed in vivo (Group B) and frozen-thawed (Group C) in three of these nine horses to specify the condition of the best specimens for further research. Assessing the impact of the specimens’ conditions on image quality, specific soft tissues of the maxillary 08s and 09s including adjacent structures (pulps, mucosa of the maxillary sinuses, periodontal ligament, soft tissue inside the infraorbital canal) were graded in group B and C and analysed for significant differences within CT and MR modalities in comparison to group A. Results showed that MRI scores in vivo were superior to the post-mortem and frozen-thawed condition. Conclusions On comparing the imaging performance of CT and MRI, both techniques show a huge potential for application in equine dentistry. Further studies are needed to assess the clinical suitability of MRI. For further research investigations it must be considered, that the best MR image quality is provided in live horses.

scholarly journals Elevated Type 1 Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Availability in a Mouse Model of Huntington’s Disease: a Longitudinal PET Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 2038-2047 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniele Bertoglio ◽  
Jeroen Verhaeghe ◽  
Špela Korat ◽  
Alan Miranda ◽  
Klaudia Cybulska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mouse Model ◽  
Huntington's Disease ◽  
Huntington’S Disease ◽  
Pet Imaging ◽  
Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors ◽  
Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Metabotropic Glutamate ◽  
Group I

AbstractImpairment of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) results in altered glutamate signalling, which is associated with several neurological disorders including Huntington’s Disease (HD), an autosomal neurodegenerative disease. In this study, we assessed in vivo pathological changes in mGluR1 availability in the Q175DN mouse model of HD using longitudinal positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with the radioligand [11C]ITDM. Ninety-minute dynamic PET imaging scans were performed in 22 heterozygous (HET) Q175DN mice and 22 wild-type (WT) littermates longitudinally at 6, 12, and 16 months of age. Analyses of regional volume of distribution with an image-derived input function (VT (IDIF)) and voxel-wise parametric VT (IDIF) maps were performed to assess differences between genotypes. Post-mortem evaluation at 16 months was done to support in vivo findings. [11C]ITDM VT (IDIF) quantification revealed higher mGluR1 availability in the brain of HET mice compared to WT littermates (e.g. cerebellum: + 15.0%, + 17.9%, and + 17.6% at 6, 12, and 16 months, respectively; p < 0.001). In addition, an age-related decline in [11C]ITDM binding independent of genotype was observed between 6 and 12 months. Voxel-wise analysis of parametric maps and post-mortem quantifications confirmed the elevated mGluR1 availability in HET mice compared to WT littermates. In conclusion, in vivo measurement of mGluR1 availability using longitudinal [11C]ITDM PET imaging demonstrated higher [11C]ITDM binding in extra-striatal brain regions during the course of disease in the Q175DN mouse model.

scholarly journals In vivo and post-mortem memory circuit integrity in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer’s disease

Brain ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 135 (10) ◽  
pp. 3015-3025 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Hornberger ◽  
Stephanie Wong ◽  
Rachel Tan ◽  
Muireann Irish ◽  
Olivier Piguet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Frontotemporal Dementia ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Memory Circuit

Iron and inflammation: in vivo and post-mortem studies in Parkinson’s disease

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Martin-Bastida ◽  
Bension Shlomo Tilley ◽  
Sukhi Bansal ◽  
Steve M. Gentleman ◽  
David T. Dexter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Post Mortem

scholarly journals Prediction of the meat content of the carcass and valuable carcass parts in French lop rabbits using some traits measured in vivo and post mortem

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 406-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Michalik ◽  
A. Lewczuk ◽  
E. Wilkiewicz-Wawro ◽  
W. Brzozowski
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Head Width ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Hip Circumference ◽  
Thigh Circumference ◽  
Meat Weight ◽  
Chest Girth

The experiment was performed on 60 French lop rabbits raised under extensive conditions and sacrificed at body weight of about 3 kg. It was found that the best indicators of meat weight (g) in rabbit carcasses were body weight, head width and lower thigh length among the traits measured in vivo, and carcass weight, chest girth and thigh circumference among the traits measured post mortem. In vivo prediction of saddle meatiness may be based on body weight, trunk length and thigh length, whereas post-slaughter estimation &ndash; on carcass weight, hip circumference and thigh circumference. Total meat weight in the hind half of the carcass may be predicted in vivo on the basis of body weight, head width and lower thigh length, and post mortem &ndash; on the basis of carcass weight, chest girth, hip circumference, thigh circumference and pelvic width. Multiple regression equations for meat weight estimation in the whole carcass and its middle and hind part were derived in the study. These equations may be applied in selection work directed towards an improvement in carcass meatiness. They may also be used to evaluate the results of experiments conducted on French lops. &nbsp;

Potential Mechanism of Venous System for Leukoaraiosis: From post-mortem to in vivo Research

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 101-108
Author(s):  
Di Nan ◽  
Yingying Cheng ◽  
Liangshu Feng ◽  
Mingming Zhao ◽  
Di Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Small Vessel Disease ◽  
Venous System ◽  
Cerebral Hypoperfusion ◽  
Periventricular White Matter ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
In Vivo Evaluation ◽  
In Vivo Models

Background: Leukoaraiosis (LA), widely accepted as a feature of cerebral small vessel disease, significantly increases the incidence of stroke, dementia, and death. Cerebral small artery disease has been considered as one of the main causes of LA. However, since the term “venous collagenosis” (VC) was proposed in an atrophy research in 1995, there have been pathological and neuroimaging studies proving the association between the venous system and LA in aging, Alz­heimer’s disease (AD), and Parkinson’s disease. Summary: Autopsy studies confirmed that thickening of the lumen wall in venules, which results from the deposition of collagen I and III, leading to vessel stenosis or occlusion, is closely associated with LA. Susceptibility-weighted imaging research revealed a controversial association of deep medullary veins and LA in vivo, regarding which there are no standard criteria currently. Nevertheless, retinal venous changes had been reported to increase the risk of LA development, providing a novel way for in vivo evaluation. As for the internal jugular vein, jugular venous reflux could double the LA score in aging and modulate circulation of cerebral spinal fluids. Key Messages: Disruption of the venous system was notably associated with LA in aging, AD, and Parkinson’s disease post-mortem and in in vivo models. The venous pathological changes may induce cerebral hypoperfusion, drainage system disruption, and vasogenic oedema in the veins around the periventricular white matter. The clarification of VC in LA may provide an early prevention and early treatment strategy for LA patients.

Effects of artificial photoperiods on sexual behaviour and sperm output in the rabbit

1995 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Theau-Clément ◽  
N. Michel ◽  
J. Esparbié ◽  
G. Bolet
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Behaviour ◽  
The Other ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Group 16 ◽  
Sperm Output

Male rabbits aged from 4 to 4·5 months were subjected to a 8L: 16D photoperiod for 4 weeks and were then split into two groups. One group of13 males was maintained at 8L: 16D (group 8). The other included 16 males and was submitted to 16L: 8D (group 16). Two successive ejaculates zvere collected and analysed once a week for 6 months. Animals from group 8 were sexually more active and ejaculated significantly larger volumes of semen than those from group 16. Performance of males from group 16 was better for all other measurements, whether these were qualitative (motility, percentage of live spermatozoa) or quantitative. Averages for the total number of spermatozoa and number of live spermatozoa per ejaculate were significantly greater in males submitted to 16L: 8D (509 and 408 v. 452 and 344 × 106 spermatozoa, respectively). However the testes of rabbits in group 8 had a significantly greater volume than those in group 16 (22·3 v. 17·4 cm3, P < 0·001). After the animals were slaughtered when 11 months of age, the volume and weight of the testes and the testis and epidydimis reserves did not differ significantly between groups. Under our experimental conditions, the sperm output of bucks exposed to 16 h of daylength was greater than that of bucks exposed to 8 h of daylength but in vivo and post-mortem measurements did not reflect this difference.

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