scholarly journals Are microtargeted campaign messages more negative and diverse? An analysis of Facebook Ads in European election campaigns

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto López Ortega
Keyword(s):  
Future Research ◽  
Election Campaigns ◽  
Political Arena ◽  
National Elections ◽  
Negative Campaigning ◽  
Original Dataset ◽  
Conceptual Clarity ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Campaign Messages ◽  
European Election

AbstractConcerns about the use of online political microtargeting (OPM) by campaigners have arisen since the Cambridge Analytica scandal hit the international political arena. In addition to providing conceptual clarity on OPM and explore the use of such techniques in Europe, this paper seeks to empirically disentangle the differing behaviours of campaigners when they message citizens through microtargeted rather than non-targeted campaigning. More precisely, I hypothesise that campaigners use negative campaigning and are more diverse in terms of topics when they use OPM. To investigate whether these expectations hold true, I use text-as-data techniques to analyse an original dataset of 4,091 political Facebook Ads during the last national elections in Austria, Italy, Germany and Sweden. Results show that while microtargeted ads might indeed be more thematically diverse, there does not seem to be a significant difference to non-microtargeted ads in terms of negativity. In conclusion, I discuss the implications of these findings for microtargeted campaigns and how future research could be conducted.

scholarly journals Are microtargeted campaign messages more negative and diverse? An analysis of Facebook ads in European election campaigns

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto López Ortega
Keyword(s):  
Future Research ◽  
Election Campaigns ◽  
Political Arena ◽  
National Elections ◽  
Negative Campaigning ◽  
Original Dataset ◽  
Conceptual Clarity ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Campaign Messages ◽  
European Election

Concerns about the use of online political microtargeting (OPM) by campaigners have arisen since Cambridge Analytica scandal hit the international political arena. In addition to providing conceptual clarity on OPM and explore the use of such technique in Europe, this paper seeks to empirically disentangle the differing behavior of campaigners when they message citizens through microtargeted rather than non-targeted campaigning. More precisely, I hypothesize that campaigners use negative campaigning and are more diverse in terms of topics when they use OPM. To investigate whether these expectations hold true, I use text-as-data techniques to analyze an original dataset of 4,091 political Facebook Ads during the last national elections in Austria, Italy, Germany and Sweden. Results show that while microtargeted ads might indeed be more thematically diverse, there does not seem to be a significant difference to non-microtargeted ads in terms of negativity. In conclusion, I discuss the implications of these findings for microtargeted campaigns and how future research could be conducted.

The Functional Theory of Political Campaign Communication

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
William L. Benoit
Keyword(s):  
News Coverage ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Election Campaign ◽  
Election Campaigns ◽  
Political Campaign ◽  
Functional Theory ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Campaign Messages ◽  
Campaign Communication ◽  
Attacks And Defenses

This chapter begins by arguing for the importance of election campaigns. Next, it describes the Functional Theory of Political Campaign Discourse. Assumptions, key concepts, and predictions are discussed. The chapter then summarizes the research that has applied this theory to a wide variety of election campaign messages: US president (primary and general), non-presidential (Senate, House, gubernatorial, mayoral), non-US TV spots and debates, and news coverage of election campaigns. The three functions – acclaims, attacks, and defenses – and the two topics – policy and character – are discussed. The chapter discusses effects of campaign phase and incumbency on candidate messages. Finally, this chapter addresses limitations of this theory and directions for future research.

Taking Aim at Attack Advertising

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim Fridkin ◽  
Patrick Kenney
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Focus Groups ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Empirical Validation ◽  
Negative Campaigning ◽  
Senate Elections ◽  
Campaign Messages ◽  
Negative Messages ◽  
The Impact

This book develops and tests the “tolerance and tactics theory of negativity.” The theory argues that citizens differ in their tolerance of negative campaigning. Also, candidates vary in the tactics used to attack their opponents, with negative messages varying in their relevance to voters and in the civility of their tone. The interplay between citizens’ tolerance of negativity and candidates’ negative messages helps clarify when negative campaigning will influence citizens’ evaluations of candidates and their likelihood of voting. A diverse set of data sources was collected from U.S. Senate elections (e.g., survey data, experiments, content analysis, focus groups) across several years to test the theory. The tolerance and tactics theory of negativity receives strong empirical validation. First, people differ systematically in their tolerance for negativity, and their tolerance changes over the course of the campaign. Second, people’s levels of tolerance consistently and powerfully influence how they assess negative messages. Third, the relevance and civility of negative messages consistently influence citizens’ assessments of candidates competing for office. That is, negative messages focusing on relevant topics and utilizing an uncivil tone produce significant changes in people’s impressions of the candidates. Furthermore, people’s tolerance of negativity influences their susceptibility to negative campaigning. Specifically, relevant and uncivil messages are most influential for people who are least tolerant of negative campaigning. The relevance and civility of campaign messages also alter people’s likelihood of voting, and the impact of negative messages on turnout is more consequential for people with less tolerance of negativity.

Disengaging elections? Political interest, number of elections, and turnout in elections to the European Parliament

2021 ◽  
pp. 146511652199845
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Nonnemacher
Keyword(s):  
Political Behavior ◽  
Voting Behavior ◽  
European Parliament ◽  
National Study ◽  
National Elections ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
European Election ◽  
Using Data ◽  
European Parliament Elections ◽  
Cross National Study

Since direct elections to the European Parliament began in 1979, variations in voting behavior in European Parliament elections from national elections have raised interesting questions about political behavior. I add to a growing literature that explores turnout in European Parliament elections by focusing on the count of national elections between European Parliament elections. Through a cross-national study of elections, I find that turnout decreases in the European Parliament contest following cycles with numerous national contests. Then, using data from the European Election Study, I argue that this is the result of frequent elections decreasing turnout particularly among already low interest voters who stay home. My findings have implications for how formal rules of multi-level elections shape political behavior more generally and voter fatigue in particular.

scholarly journals Stock Market Reaction to COVID-19: Evidence in Customer Goods Sector with the Implication for Open Innovation

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 99
Author(s):  
Zaky Machmuddah ◽  
St. Dwiarso Utomo ◽  
Entot Suhartono ◽  
Shujahat Ali ◽  
Wajahat Ali Ghulam
Keyword(s):  
Stock Prices ◽  
Stock Price ◽  
Practical Implication ◽  
Efficient Market Hypothesis ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Long Term Impact

The coronavirus pandemic has spread all over the world, affecting both the health and economic sectors. The aim of this research was to observe stock prices of customer goods before and after the COVID-19 pandemic using event study and the comparison test. The sample included data of daily closing stock prices and volume of stock trade during the three months before (−90 days) and after (+90 days) the occurrence of the COVID-19 pandemic ongoing, totaling 2670 observation data both before and after the COVID-19 pandemic, for a total of 5340. The research findings indicate a significant difference between the daily closing stock price and volume of stock trade before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. The current research has both theoretical and practical implications: the findings strengthen the efficient market hypothesis, which states that the more complete the provided information, the more efficient the market. The practical implication is that investors should be careful when choosing to invest. Investors should choose customer goods sector companies that provide products that are much needed by customers, for example, pharmacy, food, beverages, etc. Future research is needed to investigate the long-term impact of the pandemic on the economy.

scholarly journals Clinical benefits, referral practice and cost implications of an in-hospital pain service: results of a service evaluation in a London teaching hospital

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maya Sussman ◽  
Elizabeth Goodier ◽  
Izabella Fabri ◽  
Jessica Borrowman ◽  
Sarah Thomas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Pain Management ◽  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Service Evaluation ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Referral Practice

Background: In-hospital pain services (IPS) are commonplace, but evidence of efficacy is inadequate, and patients’ pain management in any hospital ward remains problematic. This service evaluation aimed to measure the effect of a contemporary IPS, its appropriate use and cost-efficacy. Methods: Records of 249 adults reviewed by the IPS in an inner London Teaching Hospital over an 8-month period were analysed for demographic data, interventions, workload and change in pain intensity measured by numerical rating scale (NRS). Non-parametric tests were used to evaluate differences between initial and final NRS. Spearman’s rank correlation analysis was used to create a correlation matrix to evaluate associations between all identified independent variables with the change in NRS. All strongly correlated variables (ρ > 0.5) were subsequently included in a binary logistic regression analysis to identify predictors of pain resolution greater than 50% NRS and improvement rather than deterioration or no change in NRS. Finally, referral practice and cost of inappropriate referrals were estimated. Referrals were thought to be inappropriate when pain was not optimised by the referring team; they were identified using a set algorithm. Results: Initial median NRS and final median NRS were significantly different when a Wilcoxon signed-rank test was applied to the whole cohort; Z = –5.5 (p = 0.000). Subgroup analysis demonstrated no significant difference in the ‘mild’ pain group; z = –1.1 (p = 0.253). Regression analysis showed that for every unit increase in initial NRS, there was a 62% chance of general and a 33% chance of >50% improvement in final NRS. An estimated annual cost-saving potential of £1546 to £4558 was found in inappropriate referrals and patients experiencing no benefit from the service. Discussion: Results suggest that patients with moderate to severe pain benefit most from IPS input. Also pain management resources are often distributed inefficiently. Future research is required to develop algorithms for easy identification of potential treatment responders.

Anti-Blackness is the American Way: Assessing the Relationship Between Chattel Slavery, Lynchings, & Police Violence During the Civil Rights Movement

2022 ◽  
pp. 215336872110732
Author(s):  
Courtney M. Echols
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Civil Rights Movement ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Secondary Source ◽  
Police Violence ◽  
Chattel Slavery ◽  
Original Dataset

Research finds that historical anti-Black violence helps to explain the spatial distribution of contemporary conflict, inequality, and violence in the U.S. Building on this research, the current study examined the spatial relationship between chattel slavery in 1860, lynchings of Black individuals between 1882 and 1930, and anti-Black violence during the Civil Rights Movement era in which police or other legal authorities were implicated. I draw on an original dataset of over 300 events of police violence that occurred between 1954 and 1974 in the sample state of Louisiana, and that was compiled from a number of primary and secondary source documents that were themselves culled from archival research conducted in the state. Path analysis was then employed using negative binomial generalized structural equation modeling in order to assess the direct and indirect effects of these racially violent histories. The implications for social justice, public policy, and future research are also discussed. Keywords Slavery, lynchings, anti-Black violence, civil rights movement, police

Exploration of the Development of Children's Empathy

2021 ◽  
pp. 103-112
Author(s):  
Shih-Tseng Tina Huang ◽  
Vinh-Long Tran-Chi
Keyword(s):  
Fourth Graders ◽  
Sixth Graders ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Affective Empathy ◽  
Separate Analysis ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Fourth Grade Students ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Grade Difference ◽  
Acceptable Reliability

Empathy is an important social skill. It is believed to play an essential role in socioemotional and moral development. The current study aimed to explore empathy development during childhood especially among students in the primary and middle schools located in Southern Vietnam. Bryant's Empathy Index for children and adolescents was administrated on 403 children, including 210 boys and 193 girls. The results showed that there was no significant difference between boys and girls in affective empathy. The results further indicated that there is a significant grade difference on affective empathy with the fourth-grade students being placed higher than those of the second and the sixth grades. A separate analysis was conducted for each of the dependent variables. It was found that the fourth graders were significantly higher than the second and the sixth graders on Understanding Feelings, Feelings of Sadness and Bryant's Empathy Index respectively. The result also showed that the Vietnamese version of Bryant's Empathy Index has acceptable reliability and can be used for future research.

Abstract P724: Perimenopausal Women With Migraine Present With Stroke at a Younger Age and With Less Comorbid Diabetes

Stroke ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Morgan Figurelle ◽  
Dawn M Meyer ◽  
Emily Perrinez ◽  
Karen Rapp ◽  
Rebecca Wells ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Menopausal Status ◽  
Hot Flashes ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Perimenopausal Women ◽  
Chi Squared ◽  
Night Sweats ◽  
Comprehensive Stroke Center

Introduction: Migraine is an independent risk factor for ischemic stroke. Frequency and severity increases in the perimenopausal period accompanied by marked vasomotor symptoms (VMS) such as hot flashes, flushing and night sweats. There is emerging evidence that VMS increases the risk of vascular disease including stroke. The purpose of this study was describe the demographics and co-morbidities of perimenopausal females with and without migraine that experience acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Methods: In this IRB approved study, electronic health record (EHR) data was obtained from a large, academic, comprehensive stroke center from 1/1/2015 to 1/1/2020. Inclusion criteria included female sex, age 42-65 years, and hospital diagnosis code of AIS. Hemorrhagic stroke, TIA, vasculopathy, and endocarditis associated strokes were excluded. Perimenopause was defined as age ≥42 and ≤65 years. Hormonal and menopausal status was not available in the EHR. We compared the baseline demographics and co-morbidities by ICD10 codes of subjects with and without migraine. Chi squared was used to compare categorical data and t test for continuous. Spearman rho was used to assess correlations. Results: We identified 660 subjects who met study criteria (n=83 with migraine; n=577 without migraine). Migraine positive subjects were significantly younger (mean age 58 vs 66 years, p=0.03) at time of AIS. Migraine positive subjects identified significantly more often as White (47%) compared to Black (10%), Asian (7%), Pacific Islander (1%), Native American/Alaskan (1%), Other/Mixed Race (31%), and unknown (3%), p=0.001. There was no significant difference in Hispanic ethnicity (p=0.87), hypertension (p=0.66), hyperlipidemia (p=0.12), or atrial fibrillation (p=0.84). Comorbid diabetes was significantly higher in the non-migraine group (94% vs 6%, p<0.001). Conclusion: Perimenopausal women with concomitant history of migraine present with AIS at younger ages and with lower rates of diabetes than those without a migraine history. Future research must be done to assess the correlation of menopausal symptom severity, hormone levels at time of AIS, and stroke characteristics to further understand the role of menopause in stroke risk.

DISSOCIATION IN ANOREXIA NERVOSA AND BULIMIA NERVOSA

1994 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 385-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
John F. Schumaker ◽  
William G. Warren ◽  
Gwenda S. Schreiber ◽  
Craig C. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Bulimia Nervosa ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Degree Of Dissociation ◽  
Eating Disordered ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Significant Difference

The present study employed the Riley Questionnaire of Experiences of Dissociation in order to assess degree of dissociation in females diagnosed with anorexia nervosa and bulimia. The subjects consisted of 26 anorexic and 18 bulimic females, and a non eating-disordered control group of 22 females. Results indicated that eating disordered subjects, considered together, had significantly higher dissociation scores than the non eating-disordered control group. Additionally, when considered separately, both the anorexic and bulimic groups had significantly higher dissociation scores than the control subjects. No significant difference was found in the level of dissociation between anorexic and bulimic groups. These findings are discussed in relation to previous investigations and implications for possible future research and treatment.

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