Environmental Impacts of Conventional Open-Cut Pipeline Installation and Trenchless Technology Methods: State-of-the-Art Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 03120001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinayak Kaushal ◽  
Mohammad Najafi ◽  
Ramtin Serajiantehrani
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Trenchless Technology

State of the art and perspectives in heterogeneous catalysis of CO2 hydrogenation to methanol

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 1385-1413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiawei Zhong ◽  
Xiaofeng Yang ◽  
Zhilian Wu ◽  
Binglian Liang ◽  
Yanqiang Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysis ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Co2 Hydrogenation ◽  
Anthropogenic Carbon ◽  
Anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide

The ever-increasing amount of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions has resulted in great environmental impacts, the heterogeneous catalysis of CO2 hydrogenation to methanol is of great significance.

scholarly journals Management and Valorization of Urban Solid Waste: Landfills of the Batna City Case

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 659-665
Author(s):  
Haddad Louiza ◽  
Aouachria Zeroual
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The Other ◽  
Urban Solid Waste ◽  
The One ◽  
Solid Waste Landfills ◽  
A Current

The treatment of urban solid waste represents, on the one hand, a current problematic drawing the intention of the authorities on their management and recovery through their recovery and recycling, and on the other hand, their gravity that they present on health and the environment. The purpose of this study is to provide solutions to the main questions regarding quantity, management principles, on which depend reliable management, landfilling techniques and their social, economic and environmental impacts. The methodology followed in this study is summarized by the following steps: review of the state of the art, field study and triage. The Batna landfill can, in its most unfavorable state, recycle 760,000 tons per year (between ores, paper, glass and plastic). Actually, recovery of recycled products accounted for only 23.89% for 2015.

scholarly journals Low-Carbon Sustainable Composites from Waste Phosphogypsum and Their Environmental Impacts

Crystals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 719
Author(s):  
Kai Ren ◽  
Na Cui ◽  
Shuyuan Zhao ◽  
Kai Zheng ◽  
Xia Ji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Industrial Waste ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Phosphate Fertilizer ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Purification Process ◽  
Recent Attention

Phosphogypsum (PG) is an industrial waste from the production of phosphoric acid and phosphate fertilizer. Disposal and landfill of PG pose significant environmental problems due to its hazardous components. Although many researchers have explored the possibility of PG recycling, challenges still exist before it can be high-effectively reused. In particular, a great deal of recent attention has been attracted to explore using PG as raw material to manufacture sustainable composites. The impurities movement, recycling efficiency, and environmental impacts have to be further investigated. This review article summarized the state of the art of the purification process, application areas, and the environmental impacts of PG waste. The main challenges and potential application approaches were discussed. This article is focused on reviewing the details of the PG reusing which benefits the readers on learning the knowledge from previous efforts. The main challenges of reusing PG were discussed from the chemical, physical, and materials perspectives.

scholarly journals Monomers and Macromolecular Materials from Renewable Resources: State of the Art and Perspectives

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 159
Author(s):  
Alessandro Gandini ◽  
Talita M. Lacerda
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Renewable Resources ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The World ◽  
Polymer Industry ◽  
Near Future

A progressively increasing concern about the environmental impacts of the whole polymer industry has boosted the design of less aggressive technologies that allow for the maximum use of carbon atoms, and reduced dependence on the fossil platform. Progresses related to the former approach are mostly based on the concept of the circular economy, which aims at a thorough use of raw materials, from production to disposal. The latter, however, has been considered a priority nowadays, as short-term biological processes can efficiently provide a myriad of chemicals for the polymer industry. Polymers from renewable resources are widely established in research and technology facilities from all over the world, and a broader consolidation of such materials is expected in a near future. Herein, an up-to-date overview of the most recent and relevant contributions dedicated to the production of monomers and polymers from biomass is presented. We provide some basic issues related to the preparation of polymers from renewable resources to discuss ongoing strategies that can be used to achieve original polymers and systems thereof.

scholarly journals State of the art of the development of sustainable concrete for applications in conventional structures

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. e71391110272
Author(s):  
João Victor da Cunha Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Industrial Production ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
The State ◽  
Renewable Raw Materials ◽  
Sustainable Concrete ◽  
Packing Factor ◽  
Significant Damage

It is noticeable the increase in the demand for non-renewable raw materials for applications in the most varied segments of civil construction, which in fact causes more significant damage to the environment, whether through the waste generated during extraction, during use, or after use. In this sense, this work aims to present the state-of-the-art corresponding to the concretes currently developed, emphasizing those of a sustainable scope that corroborate the ecological proposal in the use of residues and/or tailings from different sectors of industrial production, in order to partially settle the slag produced by converting them into raw materials for reuse. The increase in proposals to mitigate environmental impacts with a focus on using these wastes becomes evident. The corresponding study area requires greater expansion of the employment possibilities for improving the technique of incorporating waste into concrete with due observance of the dosage, consumption, packing factor when necessary, density of materials involved, and application aspect of the composite.

scholarly journals Feedstock Recycling of Rubber – A Review on Devulcanization Technologies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Wintersteller ◽  
Erich Markl ◽  
Maximilian Lackner
Keyword(s):  
End Of Life ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Fine Powder ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Public Discussion ◽  
The Public ◽  
Vulcanized Rubber ◽  
Market Solutions ◽  
Industry Needs

Vulcanized Rubber, as elastomer, is difficult to recycle. Today, the main end of life routes of tyres and other rubber products are landfilling, incineration in e.g. cement plants, and grinding to a fine powder, with huge quantities lacking sustainable recycling of this valuable material. Devulcanization, i.e. the breaking up of sulfur bonds by chemical, thermo-physical or biological means, is a promising route that has been investigated for more than 50 years. This review article presents and update on the state-of-the art in rubber devulcanization. This review article addresses established devulcanization technologies and novel processes described in the scientific and patent literatures. It is expected that the public discussion of environmental impacts of thermoplastics will soon spill over to thermosets and elastomers. Therefore, the industry needs to develop and market solutions proactively. Tyre recycling through devulcanization has a huge lever, since approx. 30 million tons of tyres are discarded annually.

Practical Picture Processing

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 338-339
Author(s):  
T. A. Welton
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Damage ◽  
Coherence Length ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Coherent Radiation ◽  
The State ◽  
Energy Spread ◽  
Electron Micrograph ◽  
Picture Processing ◽  
Molecular Skeleton

Various authors have emphasized the spatial information resident in an electron micrograph taken with adequately coherent radiation. In view of the completion of at least one such instrument, this opportunity is taken to summarize the state of the art of processing such micrographs. We use the usual symbols for the aberration coefficients, and supplement these with £ and 6 for the transverse coherence length and the fractional energy spread respectively. He also assume a weak, biologically interesting sample, with principal interest lying in the molecular skeleton remaining after obvious hydrogen loss and other radiation damage has occurred.

A Macintosh Interface for the Cameca Camebax-Micro Electron Microprobe

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 438-439
Author(s):  
Carl E. Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microprobe ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Word Processing ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Computer Control ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Disk Storage ◽  
The Past ◽  
User Facility ◽  
Instrument Control

Over the past few years it has become apparent in our multi-user facility that the computer system and software supplied in 1985 with our CAMECA CAMEBAX-MICRO electron microprobe analyzer has the greatest potential for improvement and updating of any component of the instrument. While the standard CAMECA software running on a DEC PDP-11/23+ computer under the RSX-11M operating system can perform almost any task required of the instrument, the commands are not always intuitive and can be difficult to remember for the casual user (of which our laboratory has many). Given the widespread and growing use of other microcomputers (such as PC’s and Macintoshes) by users of the microprobe, the PDP has become the “oddball” and has also fallen behind the state-of-the-art in terms of processing speed and disk storage capabilities. Upgrade paths within products available from DEC are considered to be too expensive for the benefits received. After using a Macintosh for other tasks in the laboratory, such as instrument use and billing records, word processing, and graphics display, its unique and “friendly” user interface suggested an easier-to-use system for computer control of the electron microprobe automation. Specifically a Macintosh IIx was chosen for its capacity for third-party add-on cards used in instrument control.

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