Structure and mechanical properties of ferritic-pearlite steel printed by electron beam additive manufacturing

An investigation of mechanical properties of Ti6Al4V produced by additive manufacturing (AM) in the as-printed condition have been conducted and compared with wrought alloys. The AM samples were built by Selective Laser Melting (SLM) and Electron Beam Melting (EBM) in 0°, 45° and 90°—relative to horizontal direction. Similarly, the wrought samples were also cut and tested in the same directions relative to the plate rolling direction. The microstructures of the samples were significantly different on all samples. α′ martensite was observed on the SLM, acicular α on EBM and combination of both on the wrought alloy. EBM samples had higher surface roughness (Ra) compared with both SLM and wrought alloy. SLM samples were comparatively harder than wrought alloy and EBM. Tensile strength of the wrought alloy was higher in all directions except for 45°, where SLM samples showed higher strength than both EBM and wrought alloy on that direction. The ductility of the wrought alloy was consistently higher than both SLM and EBM indicated by clear necking feature on the wrought alloy samples. Dimples were observed on all fracture surfaces.

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Effect of electron beam continuity on microstructures and mechanical properties of titanium lattice structures produced with electron beam additive manufacturing

Materials & Design ◽

10.1016/j.matdes.2021.109822 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 109822

Author(s):

Seok-Joon Jeong ◽

Hae-Jin Lee ◽

Byoung-Soo Lee

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Electron Beam ◽

Additive Manufacturing ◽

Lattice Structures ◽

Microstructures And Mechanical Properties

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The Effect of Hydrogen-Charging on Mechanical Properties of Austenitic CrNi Steel Fabricated by Wire-Feed Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202122501011 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 225 ◽

pp. 01011

Author(s):

Marina Panchenko ◽

Eugeny Melnikov ◽

Valentina Moskvina ◽

Sergey Astafurov ◽

Galina Maier ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Electron Beam ◽

Additive Manufacturing ◽

Hydrogen Embrittlement ◽

Yield Strength ◽

Cast Steel ◽

Solution Treatment ◽

Fracture Mechanisms ◽

Hydrogen Charging ◽

Wire Feed

A comparative study of the mechanical properties, fracture mechanisms and hydrogen embrittlement peculiarities was carried out using the specimens of austenitic CrNi steel produced by two different methods: wire-feed electron beam additive manufacturing and conventional casting followed by solid-solution treatment. Hydrogen-induced reduction of ductility and the increase in the yield strength are observed in steel specimens produced by both methods. Despite hydrogen embrittlement index is comparable in them, the increase in the yield strength after hydrogen-charging is different: 25 MPa for cast steel and 175 MPa for additively manufactured steel. This difference is associated with the peculiarities of phase composition and phase distribution in steels produced by different methods.

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On the Impact of Build Envelope Sizes on E-PBF Processed Pure Iron

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B ◽

10.1007/s11663-021-02368-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

C. J. J. Torrent ◽

P. Krooß ◽

T. Niendorf

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Electron Beam ◽

Additive Manufacturing ◽

Thermal History ◽

Powder Bed Fusion ◽

Parameter Setting ◽

Powder Bed ◽

History Of ◽

Specific Temperature ◽

The Impact

AbstractIn additive manufacturing, the thermal history of a part determines its final microstructural and mechanical properties. The factors leading to a specific temperature profile are diverse. For the integrity of a parameter setting established, periphery variations must also be considered. In the present study, iron was processed by electron beam powder bed fusion. Parts realized by two process runs featuring different build plate sizes were analyzed. It is shown that the process temperature differs significantly, eventually affecting the properties of the processed parts.

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Electron and Laser Beam Additive Manufacturing with Wire - Comparison of Processes

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.799.294 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 799 ◽

pp. 294-299 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Marek Stanisław Węglowski ◽

Sylwester Błacha ◽

Robert Jachym ◽

Jan Dutkiewicz ◽

Łukasz Rogal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Tensile Strength ◽

Stainless Steel ◽

Electron Beam ◽

Additive Manufacturing ◽

Laser Beam ◽

Cross Section ◽

Mechanical Tests ◽

Manufacturing Processes ◽

Metallographic Examination

Electron beam (EBAM) and laser beam (LBAM) additive manufacturing processes with a deposited material in the form of a wire are an efficient methods enabling the making of component parts. The scope of the presented work was to investigate the influence of technological process on microstructure and mechanical properties such as tensile strength, microhardness and elongation of the fabricated components. The achieved results and gained knowledge will enable the production of a whole structure from stainless steel in the future. The metallographic examination revealed that the microstructure is not fully homogenies, the cell-dendritic areas occurred. Moreover, the microhardness profiles indicated that some fluctuation in the microstructure as well as mechanical properties can be observed on the cross section of deposited components. However, the mechanical tests showed that the tensile strength as well as elongation fulfil the requirement of producer of deposited wire.

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Microstructure and mechanical properties of low-carbon steel fabricated by electron-beam additive manufacturing

Letters on Materials ◽

10.22226/2410-3535-2021-4-427-432 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 427-432

Author(s):

Elena Astafurova ◽

Evgeny Melnikov ◽

Sergey Astafurov ◽

Marina Panchenko ◽

Kseniya Reunova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Electron Beam ◽

Additive Manufacturing ◽

Carbon Steel ◽

Low Carbon Steel ◽

Low Carbon ◽

Microstructure And Mechanical Properties

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Next Generation Orthopaedic Implants by Additive Manufacturing Using Electron Beam Melting

International Journal of Biomaterials ◽

10.1155/2012/245727 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-14 ◽

Cited By ~ 134

Author(s):

Lawrence E. Murr ◽

Sara M. Gaytan ◽

Edwin Martinez ◽

Frank Medina ◽

Ryan B. Wicker

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Electron Beam ◽

Additive Manufacturing ◽

Electron Beam Melting ◽

Stress Shielding ◽

Bone Cell ◽

Cellular Structures ◽

Patient Specific ◽

Porous Structures ◽

Orthopaedic Implants

This paper presents some examples of knee and hip implant components containing porous structures and fabricated in monolithic forms utilizing electron beam melting (EBM). In addition, utilizing stiffness or relative stiffness versus relative density design plots for open-cellular structures (mesh and foam components) of Ti-6Al-4V and Co-29Cr-6Mo alloy fabricated by EBM, it is demonstrated that stiffness-compatible implants can be fabricated for optimal stress shielding for bone regimes as well as bone cell ingrowth. Implications for the fabrication of patient-specific, monolithic, multifunctional orthopaedic implants using EBM are described along with microstructures and mechanical properties characteristic of both Ti-6Al-4V and Co-29Cr-6Mo alloy prototypes, including both solid and open-cellular prototypes manufactured by additive manufacturing (AM) using EBM.

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Thermal Simulations for Cooling Rate Mapping in Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing

Volume 2A: Advanced Manufacturing ◽

10.1115/imece2015-52343 ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

Bo Cheng ◽

Y. Kevin Chou

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Electron Beam ◽

Additive Manufacturing ◽

Heat Source ◽

Cooling Rate ◽

Heat Transport ◽

Process Parameters ◽

Transport Process ◽

Thermal Model ◽

Heat Transport Process

The powder-bed electron beam additive manufacturing (EBAM) process is a relatively new AM technology that utilizes a high-energy heat source to fabricate metallic parts in a layer by layer fashion by melting metal powder in selected regions. EBAM can be able to produce full density part and complicated components such as near-net-shape parts for medical implants and internal channels. However, the large variation in mechanical properties of AM build parts is an important issue that impedes the mass production ability of AM technology. It is known that the cooling rate in the melt pool directly related to the build part microstructure, which greatly influences the mechanical properties such as strength and hardness. And the cooling rate is correlated to the basic heat transport process physics in EBAM, which includes a moving heat source and rapid self-cooling process. Therefore, a better understanding of the thermal process of the EBAM process is necessary. In this study, a 3D thermal model, using a finite element method (FEM), was utilized for EBAM heat transport process simulations. The process temperature prediction offers information of the cooling rate during the heating-cooling cycle. The thermal model is applied to evaluate, for the case of Ti-6Al-4V in EBAM, the process parameter effects, such as the beam speed and power, on the temperature profile along the melt scan and the corresponding cooling rate characteristics. The relationship between cooling rates and process parameters is systematically investigated, through multiple simulations, by incorporating different combinations of process parameters into the thermal model. The beam scanning speed vs. beam power curves of constant cooling rates can be obtained from 3D surface plots (cooling rate vs. different process parameters), which may facilitate the process parameters selections and achieve consistent build part quality through controlling the cooling rate.

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