Variations in the Retail Price of Chemists' Goods: Testing Spatial and Structural Hypotheses and the ‘Sample of One’

1982 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 1509-1522 ◽  
Author(s):  
T O'Connor ◽  
A J Parker
Keyword(s):  
Direct Relationship ◽  
Residential Area ◽  
Spatial Variations ◽  
Retail Price ◽  
Temporal Consistency ◽  
Multiple Correlation ◽  
Single Time ◽  
Subsequent Time ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Time Periods

Spatial variations in the price of chemists' goods in Dublin are examined for a number of different baskets of products and for two time periods, so as to tackle the problem of the ‘sample of one’. A number of hypotheses including measures of store size, proximity of competition, and the type of residential area in which the shop is located are examined by means of bivariate and multiple correlation in relation to price variations, and in general the results are consistent for different baskets at a single time period: shops which are expensive for one combination of products tend to be expensive for most product combinations. However, there is little consistency of results between the two time periods, and this must create problems for price-motivated consumers: an inexpensive shop at one time period may not necessarily be inexpensive at a subsequent time period even for the same products. Even so, there is some temporal consistency in that the size of shop generally has a direct relationship with variations in prices, smaller shops being the more expensive.

scholarly journals Longitudinal birth cohort study finds that life-course frailty associates with later-life heart size and function

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Constantin-Cristian Topriceanu ◽  
James C. Moon ◽  
Rebecca Hardy ◽  
Nishi Chaturvedi ◽  
Alun D. Hughes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Step Change ◽  
Deficit Accumulation ◽  
Cardiac Phenotype ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
Health Deficit

AbstractA frailty index (FI) counts health deficit accumulation. Besides traditional risk factors, it is unknown whether the health deficit burden is related to the appearance of cardiovascular disease. In order to answer this question, the same multidimensional FI looking at 45-health deficits was serially calculated per participant at 4 time periods (0–16, 19–44, 45–54 and 60–64 years) using data from the 1946 Medical Research Council (MRC) British National Survey of Health and Development (NSHD)—the world’s longest running longitudinal birth cohort with continuous follow-up. From these the mean and total FI for the life-course, and the step change in deficit accumulation from one time period to another was derived. Echocardiographic data at 60–64 years provided: ejection fraction (EF), left ventricular mass indexed to body surface area (LVmassi, BSA), myocardial contraction fraction indexed to BSA (MCFi) and E/e′. Generalized linear models assessed the association between FIs and echocardiographic parameters after adjustment for relevant covariates. 1375 participants were included. For each single new deficit accumulated at any one of the 4 time periods, LVmassi increased by 0.91–1.44% (p < 0.013), while MCFi decreased by 0.6–1.02% (p < 0.05). A unit increase in FI at age 45–54 and 60–64, decreased EF by 11–12% (p < 0.013). A single health deficit step change occurring between 60 and 64 years and one of the earlier time periods, translated into higher odds (2.1–78.5, p < 0.020) of elevated LV filling pressure. Thus, the accumulation of health deficits at any time period of the life-course associates with a maladaptive cardiac phenotype in older age, dominated by myocardial hypertrophy and poorer function.

scholarly journals Comorbid disease burden among MS patients 1968–2012: A Swedish register–based cohort study

2020 ◽  
pp. 135245852091049 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelsi A Smith ◽  
Sarah Burkill ◽  
Ayako Hiyoshi ◽  
Tomas Olsson ◽  
Shahram Bahmanyar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Comorbid Disease ◽  
Hazard Ratios ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Cardiovascular Depression ◽  
Prevalence Prevalence ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Prevalence Ratios

Background: People with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) have increased comorbid disease (CMD) risk. Most previous studies have not considered overall CMD burden. Objective: To describe lifetime CMD burden among pwMS. Methods: PwMS identified using Swedish registers between 1968 and 2012 ( n = 25,476) were matched by sex, age, and county of residence with general-population comparators ( n = 251,170). Prevalence, prevalence ratios (PRs), survival functions, and hazard ratios by MS status, age, and time period compared seven CMD: autoimmune, cardiovascular, depression, diabetes, respiratory, renal, and seizures. Results: The magnitude of the PRs for each CMD and age group decreased across time, with higher PRs in earlier time periods. Before 1990, younger age groups had higher PRs, and after 1990, older age groups had higher PRs. Male pwMS had higher burden compared with females. Overall, renal, respiratory, and seizures had the highest PRs. Before 2001, 50% of pwMS received a first/additional CMD diagnosis 20 years prior to people without MS, which reduced to 4 years after 2001. PwMS had four times higher rates of first/additional diagnoses in earlier time periods, which reduced to less than two times higher in recent time periods compared to people without MS. Conclusion: Swedish pwMS have increased CMD burden compared with the general population, but this has reduced over time.

scholarly journals Visualizing Belief in Meritocracy, 1930–2010

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 237802311881180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan J. B. Mijs
Keyword(s):  
Survey Data ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Western World ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Popular Belief ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Over Time

In this figure I describe the long trend in popular belief in meritocracy across the Western world between 1930 and 2010. Studying trends in attitudes is limited by the paucity of survey data that can be compared across countries and over time. Here, I show how to complement survey waves with cohort-level data. Repeated surveys draw on a representative sample of the population to describe the typical beliefs held by citizens in a given country and period. Leveraging the fact that citizens surveyed in a given year were born in different time-periods allows for a comparison of beliefs across birth cohorts. The latter overlaps with the former, but considerably extends the time period covered by the data. Taken together, the two measures give a “triangulated” longitudinal record of popular belief in meritocracy. I find that in most countries, popular belief in meritocracy is (much) stronger for more recent periods and cohorts.

scholarly journals The Effects of Power Levels/Time Periods for Sputtering Cobalt onto Carbon Nanotubes/Graphene Composites and Cobalt Annealed on the Characteristics of Anode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuen-Chang Lin ◽  
You-Lun Shen ◽  
An-Na Wu
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Cobalt Oxide ◽  
Anode Materials ◽  
Specific Capacity ◽  
Rf Sputtering ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Electrochemical Stability ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Time Periods

Carbon nanotubes/graphene composites are directly grown on nickel foil without additional catalysts by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Next, the cobalt is deposited on carbon nanotubes/graphene composites by radio frequency (RF) sputtering with different power levels and time periods. Then, the cobalt is transformed into cobalt oxide by annealing. A longer time period of sputtering leads to higher specific capacity. Furthermore, the electrochemical stability of cobalt oxide/carbon nanotubes/graphene composites is higher than that of cobalt oxide.

scholarly journals The effect of resorcinol on bovine spermatozoa parameters in vitro

2020 ◽  
pp. 675-686
Author(s):  
M Massányi ◽  
M Halo ◽  
L Strapáková ◽  
T Slanina ◽  
P Ivanič ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cultivation Temperature ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Mtt Test ◽  
Progressive Motility ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Entire Duration ◽  
Bovine Spermatozoa ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Motility Parameters

The goal of this study was to observe the effect of resorcinol on motility, viability and morphology of bovine spermatozoa. The semen was used from six randomly chosen breeding bulls. Ejaculate was diluted by different solutions of resorcinol in 1:40 ratio. Samples were divided into 7 groups with different concentrations of resorcinol (Control, RES1 – 4 mg/ml, RES2 – 2 mg/ml, RES3 – 1 mg/ml, RES4 – 0.5 mg/ml, RES5 – 0.25 mg/ml and RES6 – 0.125 mg/ml). Motility of spermatozoa was detected using CASA method at temperature of 37 °C in time periods 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 hours from the start of the experiment. Significant motility differences between all groups except control and RES6 with difference of 5.58 %, as well as between RES1 and RES2 groups with difference of 2.17 % were found. Progressive motility had the same significant differences. Spermatozoa viability (MTT test) decreased compared to control in all experimental groups during the entire duration of experiment. Observing morphologically changed spermatozoa, no significant changes were observed and a higher percentage of spermatozoa with separated flagellum in all experimental resorcinol groups compared to control were detected. Also, increased number of spermatozoa with broken flagellum, acrosomal changes and other morphological forms in the group with the highest concentration of resorcinol (RES1) were found. Results of our study clearly show negative effects on motility parameters of spermatozoa which depend on concentration, cultivation temperature and time period.

scholarly journals The Effect of Tillage Treatments on Soil Temperature at Planting and on Corn (Zea mays L.) Yield

2001 ◽  
pp. 40-44
Author(s):  
Miklós Pakurár ◽  
László Lakatos ◽  
János Nagy
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Corn Hybrid

The effect of soil temperature was evaluated on the yield of the Occitan corn hybrid at a depth of 5 cm. We examined this effect on the time required from planting to emergence for three average durations: five, ten and fifteen days, all calculated from the day of planting. Winter plowing (27 cm), spring plowing (23 cm), disc-till (12 cm) treatments and 120 kg N per hectare fertilizer were applied. As a result of our analysis, we determined the post planting optimum soil temperatures for various time periods. The average soil temperature for a time period of 15 days post planting is the most usable for determining actual yields, followed by ten days, with five days proved to be the least usable (winter plow R2 = 0.86, spring plow R2 = 0.87, disc-till R2 = 0.64).

scholarly journals Collective Work and Recreation in the Mirror of Russian Folk Chrononymy

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-194
Author(s):  
Olga V. Morgunova ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Cohesion ◽  
Social Values ◽  
Mutual Assistance ◽  
Labor Conditions ◽  
Agricultural Work ◽  
Labor Practices ◽  
Collective Work ◽  
Folk Traditions ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Time Periods

The article examines peasant traditions of collective labor and celebration through the prism of Russian folk chrononymy. To define the idea of collectivity in the Russian folk calendar, the author turns to the semantic and motivational analysis of names denoting time periods or calendar events. The choice of material is explained by the fact that chrononyms tend to retain the features of events most important for the peasant in their internal form. Generally, these references to folk traditions are represented indirectly. Collective labor practices can associate with the beginning or completion of agricultural work such as harvesting and sowing (Finogeevy zazhinki, Zasevki) or reference to labor conditions (Zarevnitsa). The tradition of joint celebration is revoked through collective preparation of a dish and a joint meal (Ilya-Baraniy Rog), holding fairs (Rybnyi bazar, Svistoplyaska), village fun and games involving each member of the community (Maslenitsa-Gulyanitsa, Igrovoye voskresen’ye, Shulikinskiye vechera). An indirect way of representing the traditions under consideration is the gender marking of the event (Babiy senokos, Babiy prazdnik). Unlike the idea of collective labor, the tradition of joint celebration can be expressed directly with a focus on the event’s scale (Vsemirnyy prazdnik, Vseobshchiy Spas). The author emphasizes that the traditions of collective work and rest marked by chrononymy are interconnected in the national calendar and form a cycle of labor and holiday periods. The study attempts to identify social values behind the considered traditions. Thus, both traditions aim at social cohesion, imply mutual assistance and respect, as well as serve as a means of self-expression. The paper highlights the relevance of chrononym vocabulary and context studies as these reveal the motivation of time period names and explain the referenced event.

scholarly journals Distribution trends of some species of the Brassicaceae family in Latvia

Botanica ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-131
Author(s):  
Ieva Rūrāne ◽  
Pēteris Evarts-Bunders ◽  
Māris Nitcis
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
Bunias Orientalis ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Brassicaceae Species ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Agricultural Land Management ◽  
Brassicaceae Family ◽  
Distribution Trends

Abstract Rūrāne I., Evarts-Bunders P., Nitcis M., 2018: Distribution trends of some species of the Brassicaceae family in Latvia. - Botanica, 24(2): 124-131. The aim of this paper was to clarify and analyse the distribution trends of some Brassicaceae species (Bunias orientalis, Sisymbrium volgense, Barbarea arcuata, Draba nemorosa and Camelina alyssum) in Latvia. Field studies and the herbarium material analyses were carried out. The distribution trends were analysed by comparing all selected species in three time periods: by 1940, from 1941 to 1990, and from 1991 to the present. The study shows that the distribution of Brassicaceae species such as Bunias orientalis, Sisymbrium volgense, Barbarea arcuata and Draba nemorosa has increased significantly in Latvia during the time period from 1991 to the present, and these species are mostly found on railway, ruderal areas and roadsides, which are important habitats for species distribution. The occurrence of Camelina alyssum has considerably declined or perhaps the species has even disappeared from the flora of Latvia, which has been affected greatly by changes in the cultivation of agricultural crops as well as in agricultural land management.

scholarly journals Are stock returns an inflation hedge for the UK? Evidence from a wavelet analysis using over three centuries of data

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aviral Kumar Tiwari ◽  
Juncal Cunado ◽  
Rangan Gupta ◽  
Mark E. Wohar
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Wavelet Analysis ◽  
Stock Returns ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Inflation Rates ◽  
The Us ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract This paper analyzes the relationship between stock returns and the inflation rates for the UK over a long time period (February 1790–February 2017) and at different frequencies, by employing a wavelet analysis. We also compare the results for the UK economy with those for the US and two developing countries (India and South Africa). Overall, our results tend to suggest that, while the relationship between stock returns and inflation rates varies across frequencies and time periods, there is no evidence of stock returns acting as an inflation hedge, irrespective of whether we look at the two developed or the two developing markets in our sample.

Exploring the Role of Project Management in the Development of the Academic Agile Software Discourse: A Bibliometric Analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas G. Lechler ◽  
Siwen Yang
Keyword(s):  
Project Management ◽  
Software Development ◽  
Bibliometric Analysis ◽  
Agile Methods ◽  
Management Research ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Agile Software

The practical applications of agile methods and their impact on the productivity and efficiency of software development dominate the agile literature. We analyzed 827 academic articles with bibliometric techniques to explore the role project management research played in the development of the academic agile discourse. Bibliometric analyses over two time periods reveal that project management–related topics form a distinct stream of research in the second time period but not in the first. Furthermore, our results reveal that the academic agile discussion has been mainly unidirectional. This situation offers many opportunities for project management researchers to contribute to the agile discourse.

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