Planning for Women and other Disenabled Groups, with Reference to the Provision of Public Toilets in Britain

1996 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 573-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
C H Greed
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
North American ◽  
Organisational Context ◽  
Urban Structures ◽  
Existing Problems ◽  
Governmental Support ◽  
Alternative Approaches ◽  
The City ◽  
Public Toilets

In this paper the reasons why it is proving so difficult to implement enabling policies to make urban space more accessible for women and other disenabled groups, with particular reference to the provision of public toilets in Britain, are investigated. Toilet provision is described, and factors are identified which have contributed to the situation, with reference to the governmental, professional, and organisational context. Alternative approaches to implementation are considered and examples are drawn from North American zoning-based systems. Although land-use zoning has a reputation for being socially divisive it is argued that zoning ordinance systems can be used constructively as a means of achieving social provision such as toilet facilities. It is concluded that, although it is important to solve existing problems by modifying existing urban structures, a more radical reconceptualisation of the city is needed to meet the needs of the majority of its users. To achieve this there is a need for a change in the subcultural values of the decisionmakers and for governmental support.

scholarly journals The time varying network of urban space uses in Milan

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alba Bernini ◽  
Amadou Lamine Toure ◽  
Renato Casagrandi
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
Mobile Phone Data ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Urban Structure ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
Population Mobility ◽  
The City

AbstractIn a metropolis, people movements design intricate patterns that change on very short temporal scales. Population mobility obviously is not random, but driven by the land uses of the city. Such an urban ecosystem can interestingly be explored by integrating the spatial analysis of land uses (through ecological indicators commonly used to characterize natural environments) with the temporal analysis of human mobility (reconstructed from anonymized mobile phone data). Considering the city of Milan (Italy) as a case study, here we aimed to identify the complex relations occurring between the land-use composition of its neighborhoods and the spatio-temporal patterns of occupation made by citizens. We generated two spatially explicit networks, one static and the other temporal, based on the analysis of land uses and mobile phone data, respectively. The comparison between the results of community detection performed on both networks revealed that neighborhoods that are similar in terms of land-use composition are not necessarily characterized by analogous temporal fluctuations of human activities. In particular, the historical concentric urban structure of Milan is still under play. Our big data driven approach to characterize urban diversity provides outcomes that could be important (i) to better understand how and when urban spaces are actually used, and (ii) to allow policy makers improving strategic development plans that account for the needs of metropolis-like permanently changing cities.

scholarly journals Urban Shrinkage and Sustainability: Assessing the Nexus between Population Density, Urban Structures and Urban Sustainability

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (15) ◽  
pp. 4142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ondřej Slach ◽  
Vojtěch Bosák ◽  
Luděk Krtička ◽  
Alexandr Nováček ◽  
Petr Rumpel
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Population Density ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Urban Structure ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
Urban Structures ◽  
Urban Level ◽  
Land Use Development ◽  
Planning Culture ◽  
The City

Urban shrinkage has become a common pathway (not only) in post-socialist cities, which represents new challenges for traditionally growth-oriented spatial planning. Though in the post-socialist area, the situation is even worse due to prevailing weak planning culture and resulting uncoordinated development. The case of the city of Ostrava illustrates how the problem of (in)efficient infrastructure operation, and maintenance, in already fragmented urban structure is exacerbated by the growing size of urban area (through low-intensity land-use) in combination with declining size of population (due to high rate of outmigration). Shrinkage, however, is, on the intra-urban level, spatially differentiated. Population, paradoxically, most intensively declines in the least financially demanding land-uses and grows in the most expensive land-uses for public administration. As population and urban structure development prove to have strong inertia, this land-use development constitutes a great challenge for a city’s future sustainability. The main objective of the paper is to explore the nexus between change in population density patterns in relation to urban shrinkage, and sustainability of public finance.

The Vertical Space Problem

2013 ◽  
pp. 9-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Adam Perdue
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Urban Landscape ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Personal Space ◽  
Residential Patterns ◽  
Space Problem ◽  
The Social ◽  
Alternative Approaches ◽  
The City

Populations in contemporary cities are being measured, analyzed, or represented in less than optimal ways. Conventional methods of measuring density of populations in cities rely on calculating the number of people living within a bounded surface space. This approach fails to account for the multiple floor residential patterns of the contemporary urban landscape and exposes the vertical space problem in population analytics. To create an accurate representation of people in contemporary urban spaces, a move beyond the conventional conception of density is needed. This research aims to find a more appropriate solution to mapping humans in cities by employing a dasymetric method to represent the distribution of people in a city of vertical residential structures. The methodology creates an index to classify the amount of floor space for each person across the extent of the city, a metric called the personal space measure. The personal space measure is juxtaposed with the conventional population density measurements to provide a unique perspective on how population is concentrated across the urban space. The personal space metric demonstrates how improved metrics can be employed to better understand the social and structural landscape of cities. Chicago, with a large population and a high vertical extent, makes an ideal case study to develop a methodology to capture the phenomena of urban living in the 21st century and to explain alternative approaches to accurately and intelligently analyze the contemporary urban space.

SIRIUS, Seismic Risk Indicator in Urban Space

2013 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 573-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Mota de Sá ◽  
Carlos Sousa Oliveira ◽  
Mónica Amaral Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Seismic Risk ◽  
End Users ◽  
Risk Information ◽  
Risk Indicator ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Risk Variability ◽  
The City

Despite numerous research efforts in recent years, seismic risk continues to be difficult to perceive and communicate. Although researchers have access to sophisticated tools that can quantify seismic risk, such groups as public authorities, land use and urban planners, stakeholders, end-users, and citizens should also be able to access simple seismic risk information. Thus, SIRIUS was built and mapped into a scale following the Weber and Fechner perception law, with impacts described in a simple yet meaningful language while capturing the two most fundamental dimensions that explain risk variability along the urban space: the reliability deficit and human concentration. With SIRIUS, at-risk places and the reasons why seismic risk is a concern are easy to identify and communicate. To illustrate the potential of this robust indicator, an application of SIRIUS to the city of Lisbon is presented.

scholarly journals Sustainable urban structures to challenge climate change

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emil CREANGA ◽  
Maria DUDA
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
Private Investment ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Urban Structure ◽  
Urban Structures ◽  
Modern Development ◽  
The City

Public spaces within the city in all their form of different types - streets, boulevards, squares, plazas, market places, green areas - are the backbone of cities. Over the centuries buildings defined the shape and quality of public spaces, valorising them in various ways. The post-modern development of urban form generated a great number of “urban spaces”, where there is no longer correspondence between architectural forms and social and political messages: shopping malls and theme parks, inner public spaces, strip developments etc. Urban sprawl accompanied by loss of agricultural/rural land and its impact on the environment are serious concerns for most cities over Europe. To strike the right balance between inner city regeneration, under-use of urban land in the old abandoned sites and the ecological benefits that accompany the new private business initiatives in suburban areas, is one of the major challenges confronting cities in Europe. The paper will analyze the complex relations between architecture and public space, in an attempt to understand how traditional urban structures, public and green spaces, squares and streets, could provide orientation for quality-oriented regeneration. Case in point is Bucharest - capital city of Romania - where aggressive intervention in the urban structure during the 1980s disrupted the fabric of the city. The investigation is oriented towards fundamental questions such as: how to secure and preserve sites that serve as initial points in upgrading processes, how to balance private investment criteria and the quality interests of the urban communities.The major aim is to provide a support for decision making in restoring the fundamental role of public urban space in shaping urban form and supporting community life.

scholarly journals Space Syntax in communication structure of Lublin

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 201-211
Author(s):  
Wojciech Kocki ◽  
Bartłomiej Kwiatkowski
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Space Syntax ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Urban Structure ◽  
Communication Structure ◽  
Urban Structures ◽  
The City ◽  
Research Tools

Urban structures of the cities are one of the most complicated structures inthe whole world. It depends on many factors, that continuously change and develop them.Among many research tools which can be helpful in understanding urban structure designing,there is a Space Syntax method. This method of analyzing grid structures provides a lot of information about connectivity and integration of urban space as a research area. This method was used to perform an analysis of the urban tissue of the city of Lublin. Conclusions resulting from those analysis help identify weaknesses and problematic areas on urbanlayout of Lublin, especially related to integration and connectivity of streets and may be used as a basis for further research.

scholarly journals Exemplary Amateurism: Thoughts on DIY Urbanism

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Deslandes
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Cultural Production ◽  
North American ◽  
Community Building ◽  
Commercial Buildings ◽  
Key Features ◽  
Do It Yourself ◽  
Australian English ◽  
American Cities ◽  
The City

Do-It-Yourself (DIY) urbanism has become increasingly recognised as a non-professional and non-technocratic practice of urban alteration and community building. Already thus marked as ‘amateur’ in the contemporary sense (where the lines between amateur, professional, producer and consumer are significantly blurred), two of its key features are support for ‘proam’ cultural production and the ‘meanwhile’ use of commercial buildings. Within this, DIY urbanism is an important reference to economic and spatial scarcity in the Australian, English and North American cities where it has manifested as a discourse. The reference is particularly evident in the proximity to marginal urban space that participants in DIY urbanism share with other potential users of that space, which includes people experiencing primary homelessness. It is through this proximity that DIY urbanism works as a kind of ‘exemplary amateurism’. DIY urbanism demonstrates spatial scarcity in the city — a phenomenon in which amateur labour, 'meanwhile' use of buildings and homelessness are implicated.

scholarly journals MIESTO KOMPOZICIJOS SAMPRATOS KLAUSIMU

2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 138-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomas Grunskis
Keyword(s):  
Visual Perception ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Scientific Discipline ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Urban Theory ◽  
Urban Structures ◽  
Cultural Conditions ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Urban Aesthetics ◽  
The City

Summary A city nowadays has become a really complex and multi-layered structure containing the features of a phenomenon. It is a formation that has transformed or forced to rethinking many “standardized” urbanistic theories and approaches. By its shape and content it is a dynamic, constantly changing and multiple system related to other larger urban structures forming larger-scale urbanized networks. Due to such peculiarities, the city and its aesthetic qualities can no longer by judged and defined by the categories of the 19th and 20thcenturies. Its issues and problems have long ago trespassed the boundaries of a single scientific discipline. Nevertheless, the issue of urban aesthetics and composition still remains very relevant, especially bearing in mind recent global socio-cultural conditions and the related urban unification, as, following the intense wave of urbanization, many Lithuanian towns, with the capital Vilnius preeminently, have changed a lot, both on “the outside” (cityscape) and “the inside” (local visual perception) within the last decade. Many examples of such recently transformed towns in Lithuania just testify the fact that the issue of aesthetics and composition has been almost or totally ignored in further developing or newly shaping the centers of such towns. By exploring quite a large number of foreign and Lithuanian sources of urban theory and examples of urban space and composition analysis (these are presented in the attached bibliography), the article author aims at reviewing and analyzing the categories of urban composition, its theoretical approaches and insights. This text is a presentation of interim results of the larger research. Some thesises and concepts have been also presented in different scientific conferences and publications, in the Lithuanian and English languages. Santrauka Analizuojant daug užsienio ir Lietuvos urbanistikos teorijos literatūros šaltinių ir urbanistinės erdvės (Urban Space) bei kompozicijos analizės pavyzdžių, pateikiamų šio straipsnio literatūros sąraše, apžvelgiamos ir analizuojamos urbanistinės (arba miesto) kompozicijos kategorijos, teorinės nuostatos bei sampratos. Šiame tekste pateikiami tarpiniai didesnio tyrimo rezultatai. Kai kurios jo tezės ir nuostatos buvo paskelbtos mokslinėse konferencijose bei mokslinėse publikacijose lietuvių ir anglų kalbomis.

scholarly journals Research of the Morphological Types of Blocks in the Old City of Nanjing

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haiqian Liu
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Morphological Difference ◽  
Top Down ◽  
History Of Development ◽  
Land Use Types ◽  
Old City ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City

The block is one of the basic elements of urban space and its morphology is always changing due to the accumulation and substitution of constructions in different times. This dissertation has focused on the evolution and morphological types of blocks in the old city of Nanjing, in order to reveal the characteristics of blocks in Chinese cities, where top-down plans and practical constructions have been remaining conflicted in the long history of development. Extensive studies of relevant literature, quantitative researches and graphic analyses have been adopted to meet the research aims. This research has produced a number of key findings: at the scale of the whole city, the grid of roads tend to deviate from the boundaries of morphological homogeneous districts, or to say, plan-units; blocks in the old city of Nanjing usually contain all or part of several different plan-units, which can be divided according to construction times, geographical conditions and land-use types; the morphological difference of blocks can be presented by the different plan-units contained and the configuration pattern, so in this way a classification system for blocks has been established; some regularity has also been concluded regarding the transformation of block morphology, although there are various types of blocks in the city.

MUSEUM AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL COMPLEXES IN THE STRUCTURE OF THE CITY AS A NEW TREND OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 40-45
Author(s):  
Olga A. ANTYUFEEVA
Keyword(s):  
Urban Development ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Current Trend ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Town Planning ◽  
Deep Penetration ◽  
Archaeological Heritage ◽  
Urban Structures ◽  
Museum Architecture ◽  
The City

The development of museum and archaeological complexes as public spaces of modern megacities is a new trend of urban development. Beginning the second half of the 20th century, the museum architecture experienced a great transformation. Increasing the level of openness, both to society and to urban space, predetermined the formation of a new scenario for museum activities and a new planning structure. Deep penetration into the environment, a high level of interactivity of modern museums have contributed to the creation of new urban structures - museum neighborhoods and other spatial museum entities. The current trend in the development of modern museums is the increase in the number of so-called environmental museums created on the basis of museum specific monuments, which are the most visited among the total number of museums. These cultural complexes, representing the urban artistic environment, have become part of the public center of the city and set new goals for architectural and town planning development. From the architecture of the museum temple to the new look of the “museum as a city” - such is the transformation of modern museum architecture. The paper analyzes various examples of new forms of exhibiting objects of the archaeological heritage in an urban environment as part of public spaces.

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