Spray-topping annual grass pasture with glyphosate to delay loss of feeding value during summer. I. Effects on pasture yield and nutritive value

1999 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 453 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Leury ◽  
C. Siever-Kelly ◽  
R. J. Simpson ◽  
K. L. Gatford ◽  
T. A. Ciavarella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Annual Grass ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Seed Head ◽  
Grass Sward ◽  
Pasture Yield ◽  
Days After Anthesis

Annual grass pasture (mainly annual ryegrass) was treated at seed head emergence (12 October 1990) with the herbicide glyphosate to delay loss of digestibility during late spring and summer. The lowest rate of glyphosate application needed to retain a high digestibility in the dry matter (DM) of the senescent grass sward was 180 g a.i./ha. The in vitro DM digestibility of control (unsprayed) pasture declined rapidly from relatively high levels near anthesis (28 October) (77–86%, leaves and seed head; 66%, stems) until about 38 days after anthesis (51–71%, leaves and seed head; 24%, stem). Thereafter, the digestibility of the plant parts did not change appreciably over at least 4 months. Treatment with glyphosate significantly slowed the loss in digestibility of stem, leaf sheaths, and seed head but did not affect the decline in digestibility of leaf blades. For example, the digestibility of stem in the sprayed pasture was 26 percentage units higher than that in the control pasture 38 days after anthesis. If the time at which digestibility of stems reached 50% is taken as an indication, the effective delay in loss of digestibility was of the order of 5 weeks. However, improved digestibility in the treated pasture was achieved at the expense of pasture yield, with the peak yield of control pasture being 4 t DM/ha (45%) higher than that of the treated pasture. Improved digestibility in treated grass pasture was mainly associated with delayed loss of water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC), except in the seed head. Improved cell wall (neutral detergent fibre) digestibility also contributed to varying degrees and was the main factor contributing to improved digestibility in the seed head. The major WSC present in the treated pasture was fructan. The crude protein concentrations of all plant parts of the senescent pasture, except the leaf blades, were also increased by treatment with glyphosate.

Spray-topping annual grass pasture with glyphosate to delay loss of feeding value during summer. IV. Diet composition, herbage intake, and performance in grazing sheep

1999 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 487 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Leury ◽  
C. Siever-Kelly ◽  
R. J. Simpson ◽  
K. L. Gatford ◽  
H. Dove
Keyword(s):  
Diet Composition ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
Annual Grass ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Seed Head ◽  
Herbage Intake ◽  
Grazing Sheep ◽  
Days After Anthesis

We report the effects of spray-topping annual grass pasture with glyphosate (180 g a.i./ha as Roundup CT, at the seed head emergence stage) on the nutritive value of herbage and on subsequent performance of grazing sheep. Eight 1-ha plots, consisting of 4 sprayed and 4 unsprayed (control) plots, were set-stocked with Merino wethers (18 months old, 12 sheep/ha) from 8 days after anthesis in the control plots (late spring) until 165 days after anthesis (mid-autumn). In 4 periods (15–20, 36–41, 71–76, and 99–104 days after anthesis; Periods 1–4, respectively) sheep were dosed with synthetic alkanes and herbage and faecal samples were taken, in order to estimate diet composition (in terms of plant parts), faecal output, herbage intake, and the digestibility of the whole diet. As described in our earlier papers, spray-topping reduced the yield of pasture dry matter, but also slowed the loss of water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and digestibility during pasture senescence. The present paper shows that as a result, sheep grazing sprayed herbage in Periods 1 and 2 consumed significantly more organic matter (OM) and digestible OM (DOM) than sheep grazing the control pasture. Their diet contained a higher proportion of stem with a higher WSC concentration than that of the sheep grazing the control plots. The proportions of different plant parts (leaf blade+sheath, stem, seed head) in the diet of both the plot sheep and oesophageally fistulated (OF) sheep, which grazed treatments for short periods, differed significantly between treatments in all periods. However, the compositions of the diets selected by plot and OF sheep were similar. These results confirmed diet preferences measured using housed sheep and demonstrate the usefulness of alkane-based procedures for quantifying diet composition and intake in grazing animals. As a result of their higher intake of DOM, sheep grazing sprayed herbage had a significantly higher liveweight gain over the first 2 periods (40 g/day). In Period 3, sheep grazing sprayed herbage consumed more OM than sheep grazing control herbage. However, DOM intakes from sprayed or control plots were not significantly different in either Period 3 or Period 4, and were lower than in Periods 1 and 2. Sheep grazing both treatments lost liveweight at a similar rate over this time. Wool growth in sheep grazing sprayed herbage was improved by 10% during the experimental period; wool strength was also improved significantly. The implications for the management of sheep grazing spray-topped pastures over summer are discussed.

Rapid evaluation of pasture quality for a critically endangered mammal, the northern hairy-nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus krefftii)

2002 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew P. Woolnough ◽  
William J. Foley
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Critically Endangered ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was used to predict the nutritive value of forage species available to the critically endangered northern hairy-nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus krefftii). Nutritive attributes of the forage successfully estimated included total nitrogen concentration, fibre (including neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre and acid lignin), organic matter, water soluble carbohydrates and in vitro dry matter digestibility. The reported results demonstrate the seasonal variability of the forage resource available to L. krefftii in its tropical savanna habitat. Multivariate modelling of the spectra enabled the nutritive value of forage samples to be estimated with coefficients of determination (r2) of 0.770–0.995 and standard errors of the cross-validation of 0.070–2.850 using a modified partial least-squares analysis technique. The standard error of the laboratory was 0.02–1.42. This study demonstrates that broad-based NIRS predictive equations can be used to predict the nutritive value of a number of plant types available to a herbivore over time. By using NIRS the analyst can rapidly analyse large numbers of samples with limited reduction of precision, thereby enabling large-scale ecological applications that may have previously been impeded by time and costs.

Ensilability and Nutritive Value of Sweet Sorghum and Sweet Pearl Millet Bagasse as Affected by Different Methods of Carbohydrate Extraction for Eventual Ethanol Production

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 401-411
Author(s):  
Noura Saïed ◽  
Mohamed Khelifi ◽  
Annick Bertrand ◽  
Gaëtan F. Tremblay ◽  
Mohammed Aider
Keyword(s):  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Sweet Sorghum ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
List Type ◽  
Sweet Pearl Millet ◽  
Juice Extraction

HighlightsJuice extraction resulted in a decrease in the nutritive value of the bagasse as compared with the initial biomass.Silages made from the second pressing bagasse were well conserved.Sweet sorghum silage has a better nutritive value than sweet pearl millet.Abstract. Pressing the biomass of sweet sorghum and sweet pearl millet in-field is one of the suggested options for bioethanol production. The extracted juice can be delivered to an ethanol plant, and the bagasse (pressing residue) can be used for ruminant feeding. Efficient carbohydrate extraction is highly important for good ethanol yield. However, enough carbohydrates must remain in the bagasse for its adequate conservation as silage. In this study, the ensilability and the chemical composition of the second pressing bagasse of sweet sorghum and sweet pearl millet were investigated. The bagasse was obtained following a second pressing of the first pressing bagasse after its impregnation with water based on three water:bagasse ratios (0.5, 1, and 1.5). Results indicated that water:bagasse ratio did not affect water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) extraction for both crops. The second pressing bagasse of sweet sorghum and sweet pearl millet contained 80.5 ±4.6 and 60 ±4.6 g of WSC kg-1 dry matter (DM), respectively. The second pressing bagasse of both crops had reduced nutritive value compared to the initial biomass, i.e., higher neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) concentrations along with lower non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) concentration, in vitro true digestibility of DM (IVTD), and in vitro NDF digestibility (NDFd). The second pressing bagasses of both crops also showed good ensilability, but sweet sorghum bagasse silages were of better nutritive value than sweet pearl millet bagasse silages (ADF = 446.2 ±3.7 vs. 463.2 ±3.7 g kg-1 DM, IVTD = 813.8 ±3.4 vs. 708.8 ±6.8 g kg-1 DM, and NDFd = 741.8 ±4.8 vs. 596.2 ±8.5 g kg-1 NDF, respectively). The water:bagasse ratio used for bagasse impregnation before the second pressing only affected the NDF concentration of silages, as a higher NDF concentration was obtained with a water:bagasse ratio of 1.5. Sweet sorghum and sweet pearl millet can be considered dual-purpose crops; the extracted juice can be fermented into ethanol, and the second pressing bagasse can be used to make good-quality silage. Keywords: Bagasse impregnation, Nutritive value, Silage, Sweet pearl millet, Sweet sorghum, Water-soluble carbohydrates.

Combined conservation of jack bean and velvet bean with sorghum: evaluation of lab-scale silages and in vitro assessment of their nutritive value

2014 ◽  
Vol 152 (6) ◽  
pp. 967-980 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. LIMA-OROZCO ◽  
I. VAN DAELE ◽  
U. ÁLVAREZ-HERNÁNDEZ ◽  
V. FIEVEZ
Keyword(s):  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Mucuna Pruriens ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Velvet Bean ◽  
Jack Bean ◽  
Tropical Conditions ◽  
Silage Quality

SUMMARYThe potential of ensiled sorghum–soybean as a ruminant feed has already been demonstrated; however, alternatives for soybean should be considered because other legumes such as jack bean (JB; Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC.) and velvet bean (VB; Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC) might produce better yields under tropical conditions. First, the possibility for a qualitative conservation of these legumes in combination with sorghum was studied using lab-scale silages. Furthermore, the potential of additional molasses as a source of water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) and a microbial inoculant (BIOPRANAL) to improve silage quality were assessed. As sorghum or legume tannins may influence the silage nutritive value, their importance was assessed through the addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG), which reduces tannin activity. Therefore, 25 treatments per legume–sorghum combination were created according to a central composite design. An acceptable silage quality was reached when at least half of the fresh biomass consisted of sorghum in combination with at least 15 g of additional WSC/kg fresh material. The nutritive value of mixed silages as well as pure sorghum silage in combination with dry jack beans was determined through in vitro digestibility in the rumen and small intestine. Polyethylene glycol increased the in vitro production of short-chain fatty acids, ammonia (NH3) concentrations and effective rumen dry matter and crude protein degradability for both mixed silages, indicating that tannins reduced rumen degradability. The latter action could be positive as the amount of digestible bypass protein increased when no PEG was added in the silo. Propionate and valerate proportions were increased through PEG addition to sorghum–JB and sorghum–VB silages, respectively, suggesting that the nature of the tannins differ between these legumes.

scholarly journals Some factors associated with the difference in nutritive value of artificially dried red clover and perennial ryegrass for sheep

1979 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Moseley ◽  
J. R. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
The Difference

1. Three sheep fitted with duodenal re-entrant cannulas and three with large rumen fistulas were given red clover, perennial ryegrass and a 2:1 (w/w) mixture of grass and clover in two Latin square arrangements. Measurements were made of voluntary intake, digestibility, flow of nutrients into the duodenum and the flow of Cr-EDTA marker through the reticulo-rumen.2. Organic matter (OM) digestibility was similar for the three feeds but the voluntary intake decreased in the order mixture > red clover > perennial ryegrass. There was an increase in the rate of marker flow from the rumen and a decrease in retention time of the same order. Rumen volume did not change significantly.3. There was a reduction in the mean particle size of rumen contents in the order perennial ryegrass > clover > mixture. The in vitro digestibility of particles decreased with size; the reduction being more rapid for clover than perennial ryegrass.4. The proportion of ingested digestible OM appearing at the duodenum increased from 18.4% to 26.7% to 30.0% for perennial ryegrass, clover and the mixture respectively.5. A higher proportion of digestible cellulose and hemicellulose disappeared over the stomach for the perennial ryegrass feed compared to the clover and the mixture but over 96% of water soluble carbohydrates and starch disappeared over the stomach for all three feeds.6. The apparent digestibility of nitrogen was similar for all three feeds but the proportion of undigested feed N appearing at the duodenum was calculated to be greater by a factor of 1.71 and 2.52 for clover and mixture feeds compared to grass.7. It was concluded that the higher nutritive value of red clover compared to perennial ryegrass was due to an increased rate of flow of nutrients througth the reticulo-rumen and an increase in the proportion of digestible OM digested post ruminally.

scholarly journals Effect of harvesting frequency and maturity stage of Jerusalem artichoke forage on yield, chemical composition and in vitro fermentation of the tubers and forage

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. e0602
Author(s):  
Somayeh Farzinmehr ◽  
Javad Rezaei ◽  
Hassan Fazaeli
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Jerusalem Artichoke ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Maturity Stage

Aim of study: To evaluate the effect of maturity stage and harvesting frequency of Jerusalem artichoke (JA) forage on the nutritional quality of the tubers and forages.Area of study: The plant cultivation and laboratory experiments were carried out in Karaj (Alborz, Iran) and Tehran (Tehran, Iran), respectively.Material and methods: Forages were harvested every 60, 90 and 120 days during the growing season (four, three and two harvests per year, respectively). Tubers were harvested just once, at the end of the growing season, from plots with four, three and two forage cuts per year. Biomass production, chemical composition and in vitro ruminal fermentation of the forages and tubers were assessed.Main results: Compared to 90 and 120 days, the forages harvested every 60 days contained the highest (p<0.05) yearly dry matter (DM) biomass (27.16 t/ha), crude protein (98.6 to 145 g/kg DM), organic matter digestibility (0.607 to 0.691) and microbial biomass production (350 to 369 g/kg DM). Compared to 60 and 90 days, harvesting JA forage every 120 days caused the tubers with the higher (p<0.05) water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC), in vitro digestibility and DM yield (7.63 t/ha). Jerusalem artichoke forages and tubers contained the low phenolics (4.93 to 13.2 g/kg DM) and nitrate (1.12 to 3.19 g/kg DM). Overall, the best harvesting interval of JA forage to achieve tubers with the highest yearly yield, WSC and digestibility was every 120 days, while the highest nutritive value and yield of the forages were observed with harvesting JA every 60 days.Research highlights: The best harvesting interval of JA forage to obtain the highest yearly DM, protein and energy biomass from both tubers and forage was every 60 days.

Spray-topping annual grass pasture with glyphosate to delay loss of feeding value during summer. II . Herbage intake, digestibility, and diet selection in penned sheep

1999 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 465 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Leury ◽  
C. Siever-Kelly ◽  
R. J. Simpson ◽  
K. L. Gatford ◽  
H. Dove
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Preference Testing ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Seed Head ◽  
Herbage Intake

The treatment of annual ryegrass–silver grass pasture with the herbicide glyphosate at seed head emergence delayed the loss of soluble carbohydrates and improved herbage digestibility. The present study investigated whether this improvement in nutritive value had any influence on the diet preference, intake, and performance of housed sheep. Since the effects of glyphosate on digestibility were most marked in stem tissue, preference was examined not only in relation to sprayed v. unsprayed herbage, but also in terms of preference for individual plant parts. In the preference testing, sheep showed a marked preference for sprayed rather than unsprayed herbage. They also consumed more of it, such that their digestible dry matter intake from sprayed herbage was nearly twice that from unsprayed herbage. When sheep were offered different plant fractions from the control herbage, they selected against stem material and preferred leaf or seed head. By contrast, when offered fractions from the sprayed material, they preferred stem to leaf, but showed no strong preference for stem over seed head. Preference was related more to the soluble carbohydrate content of a plant part than its digestibility, and only when soluble carbohydrate contents were similar was there preference for the more digestible material. The consumption of sprayed herbage, compared with control herbage, led to higher concentrations of rumen volatile fatty acids in the period 4 h after feeding. Moreover, the feeding of these herbages over a 6-week period resulted in significant reductions in pre-feeding plasma urea and β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations. When control herbage was fed with supplements of fructose, urea, or fructose+urea, in an attempt to mimic the possible differences in nutritive value between control and sprayed herbage, the responses in rumen and blood metabolites were less marked than when sprayed herbage was fed. As a consequence of the higher nutritive value of the sprayed herbage and the higher intakes by the animals fed this material, sheep fed sprayed herbage were able to maintain weight over the feeding period, whereas those offered the control herbage lost weight at 130–150 g/day

The effects of site and season on the yield and nutritive value of cultivars and half-sib families of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne)

2004 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
pp. 763 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. F. Smith ◽  
R. J. Simpson ◽  
R. N. Oram
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Forage Quality ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Sib Families

The effects of site and season on the nutritive value of 16 perennial ryegrass cultivars and 60 half-sib families were assessed at 2 locations in South West Victoria. Crude protein, water-soluble carbohydrates, neutral detergent fibre and in vitro digestibility were measured on vegetative herbage, harvested in either autumn or spring. While no heritable genetic variation for nutritive value parameters was detected in this set of families, consistent differences in the nutritive value of cultivars were measured across sites and seasons. The cultivars Yatsyn1 and Ellett were consistently high in both water-soluble carbohydrates and in vitro digestibility. The differences in mean nutritive value between high and low ranking cultivars were ~40 g/kg water-soluble carbohydrates and 3–5% in vitro digestibility. These consistent differences in forage quality demonstrate the value of measuring forage quality during cultivar evaluation. The identification of cultivars with improved nutritive value will also facilitate the crossing of the alleles that confer this improvement into other genetic backgrounds.

Water-soluble carbohydrates and in vitro digestibility of annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaudin) sown at varying densities

1995 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 611 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Smouter ◽  
RJ Simpson ◽  
GR Pearce
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
High Density ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Medium Density ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrates

An experiment is described in which the tiller density of microswards of Lolium rigidum was varied by altering planting density. The treatments were expected to alter the interplant competition for light and thus affect the concentration of water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) of the grass swards. Swards were grown at planting densities of 100 (low density), 500 (medium density) and 5000 (high density) plants m-2. Mainly because of compensatory tillering in the low and medium density swards, all swards had equivalent dry matter yields by 13-15 days after anthesis. The concentrations of material soluble in neutral detergent (NDS) and of WSC, in particular, varied in response to the treatments, and the yield of WSC in the low density sward was 30-50% higher than in the other swards. The yield of WSC reached a maximum at anthesis in all treatments with large losses of WSC occurring as the grass senesced. Fructans were the major type of soluble carbohydrate in all plant parts (50-99% of WSC). At anthesis, the in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of the low density sward was higher than that of the high density sward (60.7% and 54.3% respectively). When dead, whole plant IVDMD had declined to 40.8% in the low density and 37.9% in the high density sward. The higher digestibility of the low density grass sward was a result of higher digestibility in almost all component plant parts. Opportunities may exist to improve the feeding value of senescing grass pastures if mobilization of WSC can be delayed or regulated to ensure higher retention of NDS.

The development of plant components and their effects on the composition of fresh and ensiled forage maize: 1. The accumulation of dry matter, chemical composition and nutritive value of fresh maize

1979 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 471-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Phipps ◽  
R. F. Weller
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
White Horse ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Plant Components

SummaryResults from two trials, in which the effects of genotype, plant density and harvest date on the accumulation of dry matter and the chemical composition and nutritive value of plant components, are presented. Inra 200, LG11, Maris Saffron, Caldera 535, Anjou 210 and White Horse Tooth were established at 5·0, 9·8 and 13·5 plants/m2 in factorially designed experiments.In vitro digestible organic matter in the dry matter, water-soluble carbohydrates, starch, total nitrogen, acid-detergent fibre, cellulose, lignin, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, calcium, sodium, zinc, manganese and copper were analysed for the whole crop and plant components.With the exception of White Horse Tooth, stem yields declined after reaching a peak 2–3 weeks after mid-silk. This was attributed to movement of water-soluble carbohydrates from the stem to the ear, with greater movement being associated with a larger ear component. As a result the in vitro digestible organic matter in the dry matter value of the stem component was greater for crops containing a small proportion of ear. The higher stem digestibility value compensated for the small ear component, with the result that the varying proportions of plant components did not markedly affect whole-crop digestibility prior to ensiling.The greater deposition of starch in crops with a large ear component caused a significantly more rapid rise in whole-crop D.M. content than in crops with a small ear component.Acid-detergent fibre and lignin values for the whole crop were much lower than those recorded in the U.S.A. Genotype and plant density had no effect on mineral content but phosphorus and potassium concentrations declined dramatically after frost.

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