COAL SEAM DEGASIFICATION IN QUEENSLAND UTILISING HYDRAULIC FRACTURING WITH FOAM—A CASE HISTORY

1981 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 137
Author(s):  
B. Wilkinson ◽  
L. Barro
Keyword(s):  
Gas Flow ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Low Permeability ◽  
Gas Flow Rate ◽  
Coal Seams ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Coal Deposits ◽  
Early Production ◽  
Design Calculations ◽  
Gas Bearing

Vast reserves of gas-bearing coal deposits are located in Queensland. Owing to the extremely low permeability and porosity of the coal, very low gas flow rates are normally encountered. In an effort to enhance the gas production to economic quantities and to degasify the coal to provide a safer mining environment, four experimental wells were drilled into coal seams near Blackwater, Queensland.Based on extensive laboratory testing of coal samples, computerised fracture design calculations were performed to determine a suitable stimulation programme. The wells were hydraulically fractured with up to 15 000 US gal of foamed stimulation fluid containing 75 per cent nitrogen. To prop open the induced fracture system, 15 000 lb of sand was pumped with the foam. The maximum concentration was eight pounds of 20-40 mesh sand per gallon of fluid. Gas production from the unstimulated wells was too low to measure. Early production data soon after the fracturing suggested a gas flow rate of approximately 50 Mcf/D.

scholarly journals Influence of Pressure on Gas/Liquid Interfacial Area in a Tray Column

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (13) ◽  
pp. 4617
Author(s):  
Adel Almoslh ◽  
Falah Alobaid ◽  
Christian Heinze ◽  
Bernd Epple
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Volumetric Flow Rate ◽  
Interfacial Area ◽  
Gas Flow Rate ◽  
Test Rig ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Waste Gas ◽  
Simulated Waste ◽  
Series Of Experiments

The influence of pressure on the gas/liquid interfacial area is investigated in the pressure range of 0.2–0.3 MPa by using a tray column test rig. A simulated waste gas, which consisted of 30% CO2 and 70% air, was used in this study. Distilled water was employed as an absorbent. The temperature of the inlet water was 19 °C. The inlet volumetric flow rate of water was 0.17 m3/h. Two series of experiments were performed; the first series was performed at inlet gas flow rate 15 Nm3/h, whereas the second series was at 20 Nm3/h of inlet gas flow rate. The results showed that the gas/liquid interfacial area decreases when the total pressure is increased. The effect of pressure on the gas/liquid interfacial area at high inlet volumetric gas flow rates is more significant than at low inlet volumetric gas flow rates. The authors studied the effect of decreasing the interfacial area on the performance of a tray column for CO2 capture.

Effect of Inner Cavity’s Gas Flow Rate on the Extrusion Forming of Plastic Micro-Pipe

2020 ◽  
Vol 842 ◽  
pp. 279-284
Author(s):  
Zhong Ren ◽  
Xing Yuan Huang
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Normal Stress ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Normal Stress Difference ◽  
Stress Difference ◽  
Gas Flow Rate ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
First Normal Stress Difference ◽  
Extrusion Forming

During the manufacture of plastic micro-pipe, a certain volume of gas should be properly injected into the inner cavity to overcome the collapse and adhesion problems. In this work, the extrusion forming of plastic micro-tube under the role of inner cavity’s gas were numerically studied. At the same time, the effect of inner cavity’s gas flow rate on the extrusion deformation of plastic micro-pipe was also numerically investigated by using the finite element method. A kind of 2D two-phase fluid geometric model and finite element mesh were established and some reasonable boundary conditions and material parameters were imposed. Under a fixed volume flow rate of melt, different flow rates of inner cavity gas were imposed on the inlet of inner cavity’s gas. The extrusion deformation profile and deformation ratio of plastic micro-pipe under different flow rates of gas were all obtained. To ascertain the mechanisms of effect of inner cavity’s gas flow rate on the extrusion deformation of plastic micro-tube, the flow velocities, pressure, shear rate, normal stress, and the first normal stress difference of melt all obtained and analyzed. Numerical results show that with the increase of inner cavity’s gas flow rate, the radial velocity, axial velocity, pressure, shear rate, normal stress, and the first normal stress difference of melt all increase, which makes the extrusion deformation become more and more serious. In practice, reasonable controlling of the inner cavity’s gas flow rate is very important. In the other hand, it can adjust the size of extruded plastic micro-pipe.

Effects of Gas Flow Rate and Catalyst Loading on Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell Performance and Degradation

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Chukwujekwu Okafor ◽  
Hector-Martins Mogbo
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Open Circuit Voltage ◽  
Polymer Electrolyte Membrane ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Gas Flow Rate ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Electrolyte Membrane

In this paper, the effects of gas flow rates, and catalyst loading on polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) performance was investigated using a 50cm2 active area fuel cell fixture with serpentine flow field channels machined into poco graphite blocks. Membrane Electrode Assemblies (MEAs) with catalyst and gas flow rates at two levels each (0.5mg/cm2, 1mg/cm2; 0.3L/min, 0.5L/min respectively) were tested at 60°C without humidification. The cell performance was analyzed by taking AC Impedance, TAFEL plot, open circuit voltage, and area specific resistance measurements. It was observed that MEAs with lower gas flow rate had lesser cell resistance compared to MEAs with a higher gas flow rate. TAFEL plot shows the highest exchange current density value of −2.05 mAcm2 for MEA with 0.5mg/cm2 catalyst loading operated at reactant gas flow rate of 0.3L/min signifying it had the least activation loss and fastest reaction rate. Open circuit voltage curve shows a higher output voltage and lesser voltage decay rate for MEAs tested at higher gas flow rates.

High-Accuracy Wet-Gas Multiphase Well Testing and Production Metering

SPE Journal ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (02) ◽  
pp. 199-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
David I. Atkinson ◽  
Oyvind Reksten ◽  
Gerald Smith ◽  
Helge Moe
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Liquid Flow ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Well Testing ◽  
Gas Flow Rate ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Wet Gas ◽  
New Interpretation ◽  
Interpretation Model

Summary Dedicated wet-gas flowmeters are now commercially available for the measurement of gas and liquid flow rates and offer a more compact measurement solution than does the traditional separator approach. The interpretation models of traditional multiphase flowmeters emphasize the liquid rate measurements and have been used to well test and meter mostly liquid-rich flow streams. These models were not developed for the measurement of gas flow rates, particularly those of wet gas. A new interpretation is described that allows a traditional multiphase flowmeter to operate in a dual mode either as a multiphase meter or as a wet-gas meter in 90 to 100% gas. The new interpretation model was developed for a commercially available multiphase flowmeter consisting of a venturi and a dual-energy composition meter. This combination results in excellent predictions of the gas flow rate; the liquid rate prediction is made with acceptable accuracy and no additional measurements. The wet gas and low-liquid-volume-fraction interpretation model is described together with the multiphase flowmeter. Examples of applying this model to data collected on flow loops are presented, with comparison to reference flow rates. The data from the Sintef and NEL flow loops show an error (including the reference meter error) in the gas flow rate, better than ± 2% reading (95% confidence interval), at line conditions; the absolute error (including the reference meter error) in the measured total liquid flow rate at line conditions was better than ± 2 m3/h (< ± 300 B/D: 95% confidence interval). This new interpretation model offers a significant advance in the metering of wet-gas multiphase flows and yields the possibility of high accuracies to meet the needs of gas-well testing and production allocation applications without the use of separators. Introduction There has been considerable focus in recent years on the development of new flow-measurement techniques for application to surface well testing and flow-measurement allocation in multiphase conditions without separating the phases. This has resulted in new technology from the industry for both gas and oil production. Today, there are wet-gas flowmeters, dedicated to the metering of wet-gas flows, and multiphase meters, for the metering of multiphase liquid flows. The common approach to wet-gas measurement relates gas and liquid flows to a "pseudo-gas flow rate" calculated from the standard single-phase equations. This addresses the need for gas measurement in the presence of liquids and can be applied to a limit of liquid flow [or gas volume fraction, (GVF)], though the accuracy of this approach decreases with decreasing GVF. The accurate determination of liquid rates by wet-gas meters is restricted in range. The application and performance of multiphase meters has been well documented through technical papers and industry forums, and after several years of development is maturing (Scheers 2004). Some multiphase measurement techniques can perform better, and the meters provide a more compact solution, than the traditional separation approach. It is not surprising that the use of multiphase flowmeters has grown significantly, the worldwide number doubling in little over a 2-year period (Mehdizadeh et al. 2002). Multiphase-flowmeter interpretation emphasizes the liquid rate measurement, and the application of multiphase flowmeters has been predominantly for liquid-rich flow stream allocation and well testing.

Effect of Powder Flow Rate and Gas Flow Rate on the Evolving Properties of Deposited Ti6Al4V/Cu Composites

2014 ◽  
Vol 1016 ◽  
pp. 177-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mutiu F. Erinosho ◽  
Esther Titilayo Akinlabi ◽  
Sisa Pityana
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Pure Copper ◽  
Metal Deposition ◽  
Powder Flow ◽  
Laser Metal Deposition ◽  
Gas Flow Rate ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Powder Flow Rate ◽  
Hardness Values

—Pure copper was deposited with Ti6Al4V alloy via laser metal deposition (LMD) process to produce Ti6Al4V/Cu composites. This paper reports the effect of powder flow rate (PFR) and gas flow rate (GFR) of laser metal deposited Ti6Al4V/Cu composites. The deposited samples were characterised through the evolving microstructure and microhardness. It was observed that the PFR and GFR have an influence on the percentage of porosity present in the samples. The higher the flow rates of the powder and the gas, the higher the degree of porosity and vice versa. The widmanstettan structures were observed to be finer as the flow rate reduces which in turn causes a decrease in the hardness values of the deposited composites. The hardness values varied between HV381.3 ± 60 and HV447.3 ± 49.

Gas Recovery From Tight Sands: Impact of Capillarity

SPE Journal ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (04) ◽  
pp. 981-991 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duc H. Le ◽  
Hai N. Hoang ◽  
Jagannathan Mahadevan
Keyword(s):  
Relative Permeability ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Tight Gas ◽  
Fracture Face ◽  
Capillary Suction ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Invaded Zone ◽  
Water Block ◽  
Zone Water

Summary Hydraulic-fracturing operations carried out by injecting large volumes of water cause invasion of the injected water into the formation and create a water block. The flow of gas toward the wellbore/fracture during production will result in the removal of the water block through viscous displacement, as well as evaporation, that occurs because of gas expansion over a long period of time. However, some observations from the field show that the productivity of hydraulically fractured tight gas wells improves after a period of shut-in, leading to a speculation as to whether capillary suction is responsible for the cleanup of water block that eventually leads to productivity improvement. In this work, we use laboratory-scale experiments and modeling to find that capillary-driven transport is an important mechanism that helps redistribute water within the tight gas rock sample. Without capillarity, the model underpredicts the effective gas relative permeability recovery in the laboratory sample. We also find, using simulations, that capillary transport has the effect of enhancing the overall evaporation rate of water from the rock core. The model for calculating saturation changes and the effective gas relative permeability is complete with regard to all the mechanisms, such as displacement and evaporation. This is unlike previous studies, which did not include one or the other. Field-scale-simulation study of gas flowback using the new integrated model shows that the effective gas relative permeability of the invaded zone is significantly affected by capillary suction. In the absence of capillary suction, displacement and evaporation proceed as usual, but the invaded-zone water saturation does not dissipate quickly enough. The fracture-face skin, which is a function of the effective gas relative permeability, decreases faster as the invaded zone water is redistributed because of capillary suction. The simulations show that the evaporation of water from the invaded zone is very slow because of the low gas-flow rates in the tight rock matrix. In comparison to evaporative removal of water from the invaded zone, capillary-suction removal is significantly higher and faster. A sensitivity study on fracture-face skin shows that capillary suction has a significant effect on the cleanup at low drawdowns and smaller invasion depths. At complete shut-in conditions, the invaded-zone saturation continues to dissipate because of capillary suction. This confirms the general observation and anecdotal evidence that tight-sandstone wells produce at greater gas-flow rates after a period of shut-in. The methods described in this study can be adapted to perhaps determine the duration of such shut-in periods. Additionally, the models can be used to rigorously predict gas-production rates from a fractured well, including capillary effects, without resorting to averaging concepts such as fracture-face skin.

Effect of Gas Flow Rate on Degradation of 2,4-D with O3 and O3/H2O2

2012 ◽  
Vol 433-440 ◽  
pp. 221-226
Author(s):  
Lan Chen ◽  
Yu Heng Quan
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Mass Transfer ◽  
Production Rate ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Gas Flow Rate ◽  
Transfer Condition ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

The effect of gas flow rate on degradation of chlorinated phenoxy acetic acids herbicide 2,4-D(2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) in aqueous solution with O3 or O 3/H 2O2 process was investigated in a bubbling semi-batch reactor. The experiments were conducted to study the degradation rate constant, mass transfer condition, ozone consumption and formation of byproduct hydrogen peroxide at different gas flow rates. The results show that gas flow rate is a complicated parameter in the process. The contact time of gas and liquid phase varies with different gas flow rate, consequently ozone mass transfer condition changes with different gas flow rates. The production rate of ozone, amount of ozone in the end gas and ozone consumption during the degradation with ozonation and O 3/H2O2 process vary with different of gas flow rates. Hydrogen peroxide is a byproduct during the ozonation or O3/H2O2 process of 2,4-D. The production rate of hydrogen peroxide is also affected by the gas flow rate. In general gas flow rate has both positive and negative effect on the 2,4-D degradation.

Investigation of the Effects of Catalyst Loading and Gas Flow Rate on Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell Performance and Degradation

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony C. Okafor ◽  
Hector-Martins C. Mogbo
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Open Circuit Voltage ◽  
Polymer Electrolyte Membrane ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Gas Flow Rate ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Electrolyte Membrane

In this paper, the effects of gas flow rates and catalyst loading on polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) performance was investigated using a 50 cm2active area fuel cell fixture with serpentine flow field channels machined into poco graphite blocks. Membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) with catalyst and gas flow rates at two levels each (0.5 mg/cm2, 1 mg/cm2; 0.3 l/min, 0.5 l/min, respectively) were tested at 60 °C without humidification. The cell performance was analyzed by taking ac impedance, Tafel plot, open circuit voltage, and area specific resistance measurements. It was observed that MEAs with lower gas flow rate had lesser cell resistance compared to MEAs with a higher gas flow rate. Tafel plot shows the highest exchange current density value of 10−2.05 mA cm2 for MEA with 0.5 mg/cm2 catalyst loading tested at reactant gas flow rate of 0.3 l/min signifying it had the least activation loss and fastest reaction rate. Open circuit voltage-time curve shows a higher output voltage and lesser voltage decay rate for MEAs tested at higher gas flow rates.

Deposition on SS 316 at Different Gas Flow Rates Using Thermal CVD

2012 ◽  
Vol 576 ◽  
pp. 594-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Asaduzzaman Chowdhury ◽  
Dewan Muhammad Nuruzzaman
Keyword(s):  
Friction Coefficient ◽  
Wear Rate ◽  
Deposition Rate ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Thin Film Deposition ◽  
Film Deposition ◽  
Gas Flow Rate ◽  
Flow Rates

A hot filament thermal chemical vapor deposition (CVD) reactor was used to deposit solid thin films on stainless steel 316 (SS 316) substrates at different flow rates of natural gas. The variation of thin film deposition rate with the variation of gas flow rate has been investigated experimentally. During experiment, the effect of gap between activation heater and substrate on the deposition rate has also been observed. Results show that deposition rate on SS 316 increases with the increase in gas flow rate. It is also observed that deposition rate increases with the decrease in gap between activation heater and substrate within the observed range. In addition, friction coefficient and wear rate of SS 316 sliding against SS 304 under different normal loads are also investigated before and after deposition. The experimental results reveal that improved friction coefficient and wear rate are obtained after deposition as compared to that of before deposition.

Influence of Bubble Sizes on Ozone Solubility Utilization and Disinfection

1985 ◽  
Vol 17 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 1081-1090 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mansoor Ahmad ◽  
Shaukat Farooq
Keyword(s):  
Gas Flow ◽  
Bacterial Population ◽  
Flow System ◽  
Gas Flow Rate ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Standard Plate ◽  
Plate Counts ◽  
Bubble Sizes ◽  
Ozone Contactor

A disinfection study was carried out in a continuous flow system employing different sizes of ozone bubbles to determine their effects on solubility of ozone, its utilization and inactivation of microorganisms. The bubble sizes were varied by changing the porosity of the diffusers and ozone flow rates through the ozone contactor. Natural bacterial population (standard plate counts) present in the secondary wastewater effluent, was enumerated before and after ozonation. It was found that for a given concentration of ozone at a constant gas flow rate, decrease in bubble sizes resulted in an increase in ozone residual and degree of inactivation of organisms inspite of a decrease in ozone utilization by the wastewater.

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