A goat is not a sheep: physiological similarities and differences observed in two ruminant species facing a challenge of calcium homeostatic mechanisms

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (9) ◽  
pp. 1507 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Wilkens ◽  
G. Breves ◽  
B. Schröder
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Species Differences ◽  
Small Ruminant ◽  
Bone Resorption Marker ◽  
Ruminant Species ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Intestinal Ca Absorption ◽  
Ca Homeostasis ◽  
Homeostatic Mechanisms ◽  
Stimulation Of

As research to investigate calcium (Ca) homeostasis in ruminants is often done using sheep or goats as models for the dairy cow, it was the aim of the present work to give an overview of similarities and differences between small ruminant species observed in recent studies. In both species, ruminal Ca absorption and renal Ca excretion were not affected by dietary Ca supply. But while sheep kept on dietary Ca restriction showed decreased plasma Ca and increased phosphate (P) concentrations, goats were able to compensate for the low Ca availability. This might have been caused by the greater stimulation of vitamin D-dependent intestinal Ca absorption observed in goats. As a response to dietary Ca restriction, sheep had a smaller increase in plasma calcitriol but a greater increase in the circulating concentration of a bone resorption marker. Species differences were also found in respect to Ca and P concentrations in ruminal and abomasal fluids as well as in saliva. We could demonstrate a 2-fold greater salivary P secretion for goats compared with sheep. However, the physiological relation of this finding to Ca homeostasis has not yet been clarified. Fundamental differences in the contribution of gastrointestinal Ca absorption and bone mobilisation to the maintenance of Ca homeostasis were also observed in the peripartal period and when lactating and non-lactating animals of both species were compared.

scholarly journals A proteomics study of colostrum and milk from the two major small ruminant dairy breeds from the Canary Islands: a bovine milk comparison perspective

2016 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 366-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorenzo E. Hernández-Castellano ◽  
André M. Almeida ◽  
Jenny Renaut ◽  
Anastasio Argüello ◽  
Noemí Castro
Keyword(s):  
Species Differences ◽  
Small Ruminant ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Ruminant Species ◽  
Future Performance ◽  
Proteomics Approach ◽  
First Time ◽  
Dimensional Electrophoresis ◽  
Milk Feeding

Colostrum and milk feeding are key factors for the newborn ruminant survival, affecting the future performance of the animal. Nowadays, there is an increasing interest in the potential of feeding newborn ruminants (mainly goat kids and lambs) with colostrum and milk from other more productive ruminant species (mainly cows). Although some studies regarding differences between colostrum and milk from these three species have been performed, herein we conduct for the first time a comparison using a proteomics 2-Dimensional Electrophoresis gel-based approach between these three ruminant species. In this study colostrum and milk samples from six Holstein cows, six Canarian sheep and six Majorera goats were used to determine the chemical composition, immunoglobulin G (IgG) and M (IgM) concentrations and proteomics profiles. Results showed that in general sheep colostrum and milk contained higher fat, protein and lactose percentages compared to bovine and goat samples. Additionally, no differences in the IgG or IgM concentrations were found among any of the three studied species, with the exception of sheep colostrum that showed the highest IgM concentration. With reference to the proteomics-based approach, some high abundant proteins such as serum albumin precursor, beta-caseins or different immunoglobulins components were found in colostrum, milk or even both. Nevertheless, differences in other proteins with immune function such as serotransferrin or lactoperoxidase were detected. This study shows that despite the similar immunoglobulin concentrations in colostrum and milk from the three studied species, differences in several immune components can be detected when these samples are studied using a proteomics approach. Finally, this study also provides a base for future investigation in colostrum and milk proteomics and metabolomics.

Effects of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 on localisation and extent of gastrointestinal calcium absorption in dairy cattle

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (9) ◽  
pp. 1394 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Oehlschlaeger ◽  
M. Wilkens ◽  
B. Schroeder ◽  
S. Daenicke ◽  
G. Breves
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Absorption ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Phosphorus Absorption ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Bone Minerals ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Intestinal Ca Absorption ◽  
Ca Homeostasis

The combination of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-OHD3) and a diet negative in dietary cation anion difference (DCAD) has recently been shown to have beneficial effects on peripartal calcium (Ca) homeostasis in dairy cows. To further elucidate the underlying mechanisms, it was the aim of the experiments to investigate the effects of 25-OHD3 in combination with DCAD values about –70 meq/kg DM on pre-duodenal and overall gastrointestinal Ca absorption. A group of six ruminally fistulated lactating cows equipped with a cannula in the proximal duodenum were assigned to three dietary treatments (Control diet, anionic salts, anionic salts +25-OHD3) of 5 weeks each. Urine and faeces were collected quantitatively and flow of duodenal contents was calculated by applying chromium oxide. Blood samples were taken at regular intervals. Treatment with anionic salts and 25-OHD3 resulted in an increased Ca net absorption from the total gastrointestinal tract, which was mainly due to respective increases in intestinal Ca absorption. Furthermore, anionic salts and 25-OHD3-treated animals had significantly higher plasma phosphate concentrations and lower plasma levels of CrossLaps and the overall net absorption of phosphorus was significantly higher in these animals. From these data, it can be concluded that anionic salts in combination with 25-OHD3 positively influence the overall net Ca and phosphorus absorption, which is obviously associated with a reduced mobilisation of bone minerals as indicated by decreases in plasma CrossLaps concentrations.

scholarly journals Different Patterns of Attention Modulation in Early N140 and Late P300 sERPs Following Ipsilateral vs. Contralateral Stimulation at the Fingers and Cheeks

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Lindenbaum ◽  
Sebastian Zehe ◽  
Jan Anlauff ◽  
Thomas Hermann ◽  
Johanna Maria Kissler
Keyword(s):  
Body Part ◽  
Oddball Paradigm ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Somatosensory Processing ◽  
Hemispheric Processing ◽  
Contralateral Stimulation ◽  
Early Processing ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Ipsilateral Stimulation ◽  
Stimulation Of

Intra-hemispheric interference has been often observed when body parts with neighboring representations within the same hemisphere are stimulated. However, patterns of interference in early and late somatosensory processing stages due to the stimulation of different body parts have not been explored. Here, we explore functional similarities and differences between attention modulation of the somatosensory N140 and P300 elicited at the fingers vs. cheeks. In an active oddball paradigm, 22 participants received vibrotactile intensity deviant stimulation either ipsilateral (within-hemisphere) or contralateral (between-hemisphere) at the fingers or cheeks. The ipsilateral deviant always covered a larger area of skin than the contralateral deviant. Overall, both N140 and P300 amplitudes were higher following stimulation at the cheek and N140 topographies differed between fingers and cheek stimulation. For the N140, results showed higher deviant ERP amplitudes following contralateral than ipsilateral stimulation, regardless of the stimulated body part. N140 peak latency differed between stimulated body parts with shorter latencies for the stimulation at the fingers. Regarding P300 amplitudes, contralateral deviant stimulation at the fingers replicated the N140 pattern, showing higher responses and shorter latencies than ipsilateral stimulation at the fingers. For the stimulation at the cheeks, ipsilateral deviants elicited higher P300 amplitudes and longer latencies than contralateral ones. These findings indicate that at the fingers ipsilateral deviant stimulation leads to intra-hemispheric interference, with significantly smaller ERP amplitudes than in contralateral stimulation, both at early and late processing stages. By contrast, at the cheeks, intra-hemispheric interference is selective for early processing stages. Therefore, the mechanisms of intra-hemispheric processing differ from inter-hemispheric ones and the pattern of intra-hemispheric interference in early and late processing stages is body-part specific.

Some species differences in the intrinsic factor stimulation of B12 uptake by small intestine in vitro

1959 ◽  
Vol 197 (4) ◽  
pp. 926-928 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Hastings Wilson ◽  
Elliott W. Strauss
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Species Differences ◽  
Intrinsic Factor ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Guinea Pig Ileum ◽  
Rat Intestine ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Stimulation Of

Sacs of everted small intestine from a variety of animals were incubated in bicarbonate-saline containing vitamin B12 with and without intrinsic factor (IF). B12 uptake by rat intestine was stimulated only by its own intrinsic factor. Guinea pig ileum responded to all intrinsic factors tested (guinea pig, rat, hog, hamster, human being and rabbit). The intestines of hamster and rabbit were intermediate in specificity, responding to some, but not all, of the IF preparations. Species differences occur in both the intestine and intrinsic factor preparations. The guinea pig ileum was suggested as a possible assay for both hog and human IF.

scholarly journals Kisspeptin Neurons from Mice to Men: Similarities and Differences

Endocrinology ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 153 (11) ◽  
pp. 5105-5118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert L. Goodman ◽  
Michael N. Lehman
Keyword(s):  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Species Differences ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Limited Area ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Functional Consequences ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Reproductive Neuroendocrinology ◽  
Two Populations

Abstract The discovery that kisspeptin was critical for normal fertility in humans ushered in a new chapter in our understanding of the control of GnRH secretion. In this paper, we will review recent data on the similarities and differences across several mammalian species in the role of kisspeptin in reproductive neuroendocrinology. In all mammals examined to date, there is strong evidence that kisspeptin plays a key role in the onset of puberty and is necessary for both tonic and surge secretion of GnRH in adults, although kisspeptin-independent systems are also apparent in these studies. Similarly, two groups of kisspeptin neurons, one in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) and the other more rostrally, have been identified in all mammals, although the latter is concentrated in a limited area in rodents and more scattered in other species. Estrogen has divergent actions on kisspeptin expression in these two regions across these species, stimulating it the latter and inhibiting expression in the former. There is also strong evidence that the rostral population participates in the GnRH surge, whereas the ARC population contributes to steroid-negative feedback. There may be species differences in the role of these two populations in puberty, with the ARC cells important in rats, sheep, and monkeys, whereas both have been implicated in mice. ARC kisspeptin neurons also appear to participate in the GnRH surge in sheep and guinea pigs, whereas the data on this possibility in rodents are contradictory. Similarly, both populations are sexually dimorphic in sheep and humans, whereas most data in rodents indicate that this occurs only in the rostral population. The functional consequences of these species differences remain to be fully elucidated but are likely to have significance for understanding normal neuroendocrine control of reproduction as well as for use of kisspeptin agonists/antagonists as a therapeutic tool.

scholarly journals Laparoscopic Ovariectomy in a Domestic Yak

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Drew W. Koch ◽  
Katharine M. Simpson ◽  
Jeremiah T. Easley ◽  
Eileen S. Hackett
Keyword(s):  
Postoperative Complications ◽  
Small Ruminant ◽  
Laparoscopic Approach ◽  
Surgical Time ◽  
Ruminant Species ◽  
Vessel Sealing ◽  
Ovarian Size ◽  
Future Reproduction ◽  
Ovarian Pedicle ◽  
Sealing Device

Owners of a juvenile domestic yak elected bilateral ovariectomy to prevent future reproduction. The yak was noted to be healthy at presentation. Both ovaries were removed using a laparoscopic approach as follows: after induction and maintenance of general inhalant anesthesia, 15 degrees Trendelenburg positioning was required to view the ovaries. Ovariectomy was conducted within a surgical time of 50 minutes. Due to the small ovarian size, portal enlargement was not necessary for removal. Mild hemorrhage from the left ovarian pedicle was controlled with application of a vessel-sealing device. Postoperative complications were not encountered during hospitalization. At 12 months following surgery, the yak was healthy, and the owner was highly satisfied with the procedure. The described approach was successful for performing laparoscopic ovariectomy in a juvenile yak. Positioning for surgery was similar to other small ruminant species. Further case enrollment is needed to optimize the surgical approach and better describe clinical outcomes.

Sheep enteric diseases in 2017

2018 ◽  
Vol 182 (14) ◽  
pp. 400-401
Keyword(s):  
Small Ruminant ◽  
Expert Group ◽  
Ruminant Species ◽  
Enteric Diseases

This article has been prepared by Amanda Carson of the APHA Small Ruminant Species Expert Group and Richard Irvine of the APHA’s Surveillance Intelligence Unit

191 The effect of high and low doses of follicle-stimulating hormone on embryo collection in Romanov sheep

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 220
Author(s):  
B. Carwell ◽  
D. Carwell ◽  
J. Hubbard ◽  
D. Stuerman
Keyword(s):  
Small Ruminant ◽  
Follicle Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Total Dosage ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ruminant Species ◽  
One Way Anova ◽  
Average Body ◽  
Average Body Weight

The use of embryo transfer in small ruminants has served as a way of increasing superior female genetics. This technique, although not new, has been adopted by an increasing number of breeders over the past few years. The Romanov sheep breed is considered a natural litter-bearing breed compared with other small ruminant species, which generally have only 1 or 2 offspring during a natural parturition. This experiment was designed to evaluate the effect of FSH dosage on embryo production and collection in Romanov sheep. Sheep donors (n=12), with an average age of 2±1.4 years and an average body weight of 43±6.7kg, were randomly assigned to either a high (175mg) or low (140mg) dosage treatment of FSH during the breeding season. Hormone injections were given in a decreasing dosage twice daily over a period of 5 days. Donors were naturally cycling before being subjected to a CIDR-G protocol for a period of 15 days, with hormone injections beginning on Day 11. Donors were mated with rams (n=2) of known fertility for a total of 3 hand matings. After the third hand mating, the ram was turned into the breeding pen with the ewes. Embryos were collected 7 days after breeding and evaluated for transfer. A one-way ANOVA was utilised to analyse statistical differences between groups with significance set at (0.05). Results are given as mean±s.e.m. Only embryos of quality grades 1 and 2 were transferred during this study. No differences were detected between the 2 groups for total embryos collected between both high (7.6±6) and low (6.6±5) FSH groups. Furthermore, no differences were detected between both high and low FSH groups for the number of embryos transferred (5.6±5 and 6.3±4, respectively). The results of this study suggest that a lower total dosage (140mg) of FSH can be used in superovulation programs of Romanov ewes without affecting the total number of embryos collected and transferred. However, further investigation should be performed with various levels of FSH to determine the most accurate dosage for Romanov sheep.

Coccidiosis in sheep

2019 ◽  
Vol 184 (18) ◽  
pp. 549-550 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Small Ruminant ◽  
Expert Group ◽  
Ruminant Species

This focus article has been prepared by Michele Macrelli, Lizzy Dunnett, Sian Mitchell and Amanda Carson of the APHA Small Ruminant Species Expert Group.

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