Metabolisable energy requirements for maintenance and gain of liveweight of Bali cattle (Bos javanicus)

A series of liveweight gain (LWG), feed and water intake and digestibility experiments were conducted across eastern Indonesia. Thirty-six datasets of LWG, feed and water intake, and diet characteristics were used to determine the nutritional requirements of growing Bali cattle fed a wide range of diets that varied in crude protein content and apparent dry matter digestibility. Regression of average daily LWG against estimated metabolisable energy (ME) intake was conducted, and the ME requirements for maintenance of liveweight (LW, 0 kg/day) and LWG were determined. It was estimated that the ME required to maintain LW of this class of Bali cattle, across the range of diets evaluated, was 0.47 MJ ME/kg LW0.75.day and that 34 MJ ME was required for each kg LWG, or 29 g LWG/MJ ME. The relationship between estimated ME intake and LWG was not affected by the crude protein content of the diet. The data demonstrate that ME requirements for maintenance of LW of Bali cattle are comparable with values for other cattle species, but that this class of Bali cattle is generally less efficient in the use of ME for LWG across the range of diets evaluated.

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Nitrogen fertiliser effects on nutritive characteristics of perennial ryegrass during late autumn, and mid- and late winter in western Victoria

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea01144 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 42 (5) ◽

pp. 541 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

J. L. Jacobs ◽

F. R. McKenzie ◽

G. A. Kearney

Keyword(s):

Protein Content ◽

Perennial Ryegrass ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Nitrate Content ◽

Crude Protein Content ◽

Nitrogen Fertiliser ◽

Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽

Metabolisable Energy

A study determined the effects of differing rates of nitrogen fertiliser [0 (N0), 25 (N1), 50 (N2) and 75�kg N/ha (N3)] during late autumn (T1) and mid- (T2) and late (T3) winter on the nutritive characteristics of perennial ryegrass over a 28-day period after each application. All nitrogen applications were made to pastures with a post-grazed residual mass (dry matter) of 1400 kg/ha. Changes in metabolisable energy followed similar patterns for all treatments within a given period. Metabolisable energy was highest in T1, ranging from 11.8 to 13.1 MJ/kg dry matter, followed by T2 (11.5-12.3 MJ/kg dry matter) and T3 (10.6-11.5 MJ/kg dry matter). Changes in crude protein for all treatments at each application time were similar, irrespective of rate of nitrogen application. At the commencement of treatment application times, the existing crude protein content (%DM) was highest in N3 (T1�19, T2 23, T3 22), followed by N2 (T1 18, T2 21, T3 21), N1 (T1 17, T2 20, T3 20) and N0 (T1 16, T2 17, T3 18). During both T1 and T2, neutral detergent fibre content decreased by 4 percentage units and increased by a similar amount during T3. Generally, neutral detergent fibre content (%DM) was highest during T3 (53-58%), followed by T2 (45-54%) and T1 (43-49%). Water-soluble carbohydrate content (%DM) increased during all treatment periods with the highest level observed during T1 (18-31%) followed by T2 (3-14%) and T3 (1-6%). Nitrate content (measured as nitrate-nitrogen) decreased throughout T1, primarily due to dry conditions, while during T2, levels for N3 and N2 were significantly (P<0.05) higher than for N1 and N0 following nitrogen fertiliser application. During T3, nitrate content increased for all treatments throughout the 28-day period, with highest nitrate levels being observed during T3. The effect of applied nitrogen on mineral content was variable within and across treatment periods. The study indicates that nitrogen fertiliser did not affect metabolisable (apart from N3 elevating metabolisable energy during T3), neutral detergent fibre or water-soluble carbohydrate contents of perennial ryegrass during the 28 days after nitrogen application, but increased crude protein content. Also, nitrogen fertiliser elevated nitrate content in perennial ryegrass. While the elevated nitrate content observed may result in subclinical effects, these levels are not considered fatal for dairy cows. Crude protein content was generally above 20% of dry matter throughout the study and close to 30% of dry matter for short periods during T2. Minimising the effect of excess nitrogen ingested by the grazing animal may require appropriate supplementation of low crude protein containing feeds such as cereal grains. It is argued that the effects of rain and temperature, which impact on soil nitrogen mineralisation, may have a greater influence on perennial ryegrass nitrate content than nitrogen fertiliser.

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Seasonal production of Andropogon gayanus

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600023455 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 77 (1) ◽

pp. 47-52 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

R. J. Haggar ◽

M. B. Ahmed

Keyword(s):

Protein Content ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Crude Protein Content ◽

Wet Season ◽

Mature Leaves ◽

Dry Matter Digestibility ◽

Andropogon Gayanus ◽

The Mean

SummaryThe crude protein content and in vitro dry-matter digestibility (I.V.D.) of leaves and stems of Andropogon gayanus, grouped into four different age categories, were measured at weekly intervals during the secondhalf of the 1968 wet season. The crude protein content of all categories of leaf and stem rose to a maximumat ear emergence; significant reductions occurred thereafter, especiallyin the younger categories of leaf and stem. At any point in time the younger leaves and stems contained significantly more crude protein than the older leaves and stems.Although the mean crude protein content of each stem category was significantly lower than the corresponding leaf category, the young, elongating stems had a significantly higher crude protein content than the older, mature leaves at the time of ear emergence.The mean I.V.D. of all leaf and stem categories was highest at the start of the recording period. At ear emergence the I.V.D. of the young elongating stems was at least as high as the mature leaves. After ear emergence the I.V.D. of the stems fell more rapidly than the leaves.The results support the principle of cutting at ear emergence to achieve maximum yields of digestible nutrients.

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Assesment of Biochemical Forage Quality of Sweet Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench ssp. saccharatum]

Asian Journal of Chemical Sciences ◽

10.9734/ajocs/2021/v9i319071 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Abdullah Oktem ◽

Celal Yucel ◽

Ayse Gulgun Oktem

Keyword(s):

Protein Content ◽

Sweet Sorghum ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Forage Quality ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Net Energy ◽

Crude Protein Content ◽

Acid Detergent Fiber ◽

Dry Matter Digestibility

In this study, it was aimed to determine some forage quality characteristics of sweet sorghum genotypes in semi-arid climatic conditions. The experiment was set up in randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Research was carried out in 2016 and 2017 under Harran Plain second crop conditions, Sanliurfa, Turkey. In the study 21 genotypes of sweet sorghum were used. Crude protein content, crude ash, acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), dry matter digestibility, dry matter consumption, were determined in the study. Significant differences were found between the genotypes for tested characteristics (P≤0.01). According to average of two years, crude protein content ranged from 4.20% (Tracy) to 5.90% (USDA S.Africa), crude ash from 4.44% (Theis) to 6.90% (Topper 76), acid detergent fiber (ADF) from 27.84% (Nebraska sugar) to 36.30% (USDA-Zaire). The highest NDF value was obtained from USDA-Zaire genotype (56.49%) whereas the lowest values were seen at N98 genotype (43.11%). Dry matter digestibility values were between 60.62% (USDA-Zaire) and 67.21% (Nebraska sugar), dry matter consumption between 2.14% and 2.85%. The highest relative feed value was obtained from N98 genotype (148.95) whereas the lowest values were seen at USDA-Zaire genotype (101.00). Net energy values ranged from 1.38 Mcal kg-1 (USDA-Zaire) to 1.50 Mcal kg-1 (Nebraska sugar). Considering the properties examined in terms of feed quality, it was seen that the crude protein content and net energy value was low. But ADF, NDF, digestible dry matter, dry matter consumption and relative feed values were within acceptable levels. Nebraska sugar, Topper 76, N98, Roma, M81E, Tracy and Corina genotypes were found as the best for forage quality in sweet sorghum. It was determined that sweet sorghum can be used as a forage source.

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Criteria for expressing nutritional values of subtropical grasses

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9600121 ◽

1960 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 121 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

R Milford

Keyword(s):

Protein Content ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Protein Digestibility ◽

Poor Quality ◽

Early Spring ◽

Crude Protein Content ◽

Nutritional Values ◽

Dry Matter Digestibility ◽

Sufficient Energy

The results from digestibility experiments made with 17 different subtropical grasses are discussed. The most suitable criteria for expressing nutritional values are crude protein content, crude protein digestibility, nitrogen balance, dry matter intake, and dry matter digestibility. Feeding standards based on starch equivalents and total digestible nutrients which are used in temperate environments are highly inaccurate when applied to these subtropical species. Large seasonal fluctuations occur in the nutritional value of subtropical grasses. At the height of the summer growing season values are very high and adequate for all forms of animal production. In the winter and early spring the grasses are generally of poor quality and are unable to meet the requirements for producing livestock. At this time the crude protein content and crude protein digestibility are low. Animals are also unable to obtain sufficient energy because the dry matter intakes and dry matter digestibilities of the grasses are low. The very low nutritive values obtained during winter and early spring usually occur after grasses have been killed by frost. Frost resistance is therefore an important criterion in selecting subtropical grasses which will maintain high nutritional values throughout the entire yew.

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INFLUENCE DES CULTIVARS, DES DATES ET DES DOSES DE SEMIS SUR LE RENDEMENT ET LA QUALITÉ DE LA LUZERNE L’ANNÉE DU SEMIS

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps84-045 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 64 (2) ◽

pp. 309-317

Author(s):

L. BELZILE ◽

R. RIOUX

Keyword(s):

Medicago Sativa ◽

Protein Content ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Total Yield ◽

Crude Protein Content ◽

Dry Matter Digestibility ◽

Yield And Quality ◽

Medicago Sativa L ◽

Made In

The effects of cultivars, seeding rates and dates on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) yield and quality in the seeding year were studied from 1971 to 1975 on a Kamouraska clay. Results showed the importance of seeding alfalfa before the end of May. Seedings made in early and in mid-May resulted in equivalent yield. Differences between cultivars were more important on the second than on the first cut. Regrowth was an important factor in the seedling year. The total yield of the Alfa cultivar is higher than Vernal and Narragansett and it is also higher for every combination of rates and seeding dates. Seeding rates were not an important factor except at the first cut where a rate of 6.7 kg/ha gave a lower yield than a rate of 13.4 kg/ha. Dry matter digestibility of Alfa is sometimes higher than for the other cultivars in the study. Late seeding generally increased the digestibility of the second cut dry matter, whereas rates of seeding have no effect on either first or second cut material. The crude protein content is not affected by seeding rates and the effects of cultivars are generally very small. With a delay in seeding dates the crude protein content of the second cut material is sometimes increased.Key words: Medicago sativa L., cultivar, date, rate

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Structure and nutritional value of BRS Zuri grass under shading

Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal ◽

10.1590/s1519-99402122122021 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 ◽

Author(s):

Estella Rosseto JANUSCKIEWICZ ◽

Luísa Melville PAIVA ◽

Henrique Jorge FERNANDES ◽

Alex Coene FLEITAS ◽

Camila Fernandes Domingues DUARTE ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Protein Content ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Season ◽

Panicum Maximum ◽

Crude Protein Content ◽

Experimental Conditions ◽

Foliar Fertilization ◽

Dry Matter Digestibility ◽

Dead Material

ABSTRACT The objective was to determine the structural and nutritive parameters for Panicum maximum cv. BRS Zuri under a Eucalyptus shading system, in rainy and dry seasons. At the beginning of each season, the treatments (foliar fertilization levels of 0, 3, 6 and 9 L ha-1) were applied and evaluated at 28, 56, and 84 growing days. The treatments did not affect significantly (p ≥ 0.05) the evaluated parameters. The systems (shading and full sun) and seasons did not change (p ≥ 0.05) forage and root masses. The leaf crude protein content was higher (p ≤ 0.05) in the dry season. Height, leaf mass, stem and dead material, neutral and acid detergent fiber contents, and in vitro dry matter digestibility were affected (p ≤ 0.05) by the system x season. The growing days did not affect (p ≥ 0.05) forage mass. The mass of dead material decreased (p ≤ 0.05) over the evaluated intervals. The other parameters were affected (p ≤ 0.05) by system × growing days. Based on the results, the forage and root masses show that the cv. BRS Zuri is adapted to the shading in the proposed experimental conditions. These masses added to the crude protein content indicate adaptation to low rainfall, inherent to the dry season, while foliar fertilization applied at the beginning of seasons did not affect the structural and nutritive parameters of BRS Zuri grass.

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Digestibility of the lichen Stereocaulon paschale in reindeer

Rangifer ◽

10.7557/2.1.1.400 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 27

Author(s):

Endre Jacobsen

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Protein Content ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Apparent Digestibility ◽

Crude Protein Content ◽

Northern Norway ◽

Dry Matter Digestibility

The digestibility of the lichen Stereocaulon paschale is studied in a digestibility trial with two reindeer calves. The lichen is collected near Kautokeino in Northern Norway. Chemical composition of the lichen is shown in Table 1. Compared with Cladonia-species the content of crude protein and ash is higher in Stereocanlon paschale The content of Ca, P and Mg in the two species is of the same magnitude, while the content of Na and CI is ten times higher in Cladonia alpestris. The estimated digestibility is shown in Table 2. The dry matter digestibility is calculated to 46, 4%, which is very low compared to Cladonia-species. The higher crude protein content in Stereocaulon paschale has resulted in a positive apparent digestibility of protein.Tinajåkålån (Stereocanlon paschale) sulavuus porolla.Abstract in Finnish / Yhteenveto: Tinajåkålån sulavuutta on tutkittu sulavuuskokeissa kahdella poronvasalla. Kokeessa kåytetty jåkålå on koottu låheltå Kautokemoa. Jåkålån kemiallinen koosturnus on esitetty taulukossa I. Tinajåkålån sisåltåmå raakaproteiini- ja tuhkapitoisuus on korkeampi kuin (Cladonia-lajeilla). Ca-, P- ja Mg-pitoisuudet ovat po. jåkålålajeilla samantasoiset, kun taas Cladonia alpestris sisaltåmåt Na- ja Cl-pitoisuudet ovat kymmenen kertaa korkeampia. Sulavuuslaskelmat esitetåån taulukossa 2. Kuiva-aineen sulavuus on 46,4% mikå on erittåin alhainen verrattuna Cladonia-lajien sulavuuteen. Tinajåkålån korkeampi proteiinisisålto on vaikuttanut myonteisesti valkuaisaineen sulavuuteen.Fordøyelighet av saltlav, (Stereocaulon paschale) til reinAbstract in Norwegian / Sammendrag: Fordøyeligheten av saltlav (Stereocaulon paschale) er undersøkt i fordøyelsesforsøk med 2 reinkalver. Lav til forsøket er sanket nær Kautokeino. Kjemisk sammensetning av lavet er vist i Tabell 1. Sammenlignet med Cladonia-arter er innholdet av råprotein og aske høyere i saltlavet. Innholdet av Ca. P og Mg er på samme nivå i disse arter, mens innholdet av Na og Cl er ti ganger høyere i Cladonia alpestris. Den beregnede fordøyelighet er vist i Tabell 2. For tørrstoff er fordøyeligheten 46,4%, som er svært lavt sammenlignet med fordøyeligheten for Cladonia-arter. Det høyere proteininnholdet i saltlav har ført til positiv fordøyelighet for protein.

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Relationship Between the Percentages of Crude Protein and Apparently Digestible Protein in Some Forages of Puerto Rico

The Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico ◽

10.46429/jaupr.v49i1.13016 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 49 (1) ◽

pp. 145-148

Author(s):

José A. Arroyo-Aguilú ◽

Luis Rivera-Brenes

Keyword(s):

Puerto Rico ◽

Protein Content ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Regression Equation ◽

Crude Protein Content ◽

Digestible Protein ◽

The Relationship ◽

Matter Basis

A study was undertaken to determine the relationship between percentages of crude protein and of apparently digestible protein in some forages of Puerto Rico. A regression equation was developed to predict the percentage digestible-protein content (F) from percentage crude-protein content (X) on a dry-matter basis: F = 0.819X — 2.05. A highly significant correlation of 0.90 was obtained. Using this same equation, the percentage predicted digestible-protein content (table 1) was calculated for all samples.

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The apparent digestibility of the non-nitrogenous fraction of pig feeds

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600008777 ◽

1962 ◽

Vol 58 (1) ◽

pp. 49-51

Author(s):

J. Glover ◽

H. W. Dougall

Keyword(s):

Protein Content ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Apparent Digestibility ◽

Crude Protein Content ◽

Simple Method ◽

The Relationship

A simple method for the estimation of the digestible non-nitrogenous fraction of normal pig feeds is described. It requires only knowledge of the digestibility coefficient of the crude protein contained in the dry matter of the feed.More accurate estimates can be obtained by applying to this method a simple correction involving only the crude protein content of the dried feed. Attention is drawn to the intimacy of the relationship between the digestibilities of the non-nitrogenous and nitrogenous components of the diet.

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Rumen cannulation of young cattle depending on protein diet

145 - Tehnologìâ virobnictva ì pererobki produktìv tvarinnictva ◽

10.33245/2310-9289-2019-150-2-93-104 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 93-104

Author(s):

V. Radchicov ◽

V. Tzai ◽

A. Kot ◽

T. Sapsaleva ◽

G. Besarab ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Protein Content ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Rapeseed Meal ◽

Barley Grain ◽

Corn Silage ◽

Crude Protein Content ◽

Protein Nitrogen ◽

Wide Range ◽

Degradable Protein ◽

Protein Degradability

An experiment has been carried to determine the degradable and non-degradable protein content in grass and concentrated feed and its influence on operated sire rumen cannulation of black-and-white breed (with body weight of 120–160 kg). The grass chemical composition and concentrated feed research shows that there is a wide range of crude protein content and its degradable and non-degradable fractions. The level of crude protein in concentrated feed varies from 96 g (barley grain) to 380–383 g (extruded lupine grain and rapeseed meal). The amount of degradable protein is 81 (barley grain), 303 g (rapeseed meal). Degradability of crude protein ranges from 57 % (extruded rapeseed) to 84–86 % (barley and wheat grain). The crude protein content in the presented samples of grass feed is 27 (corn silage) – 93 g (cereal hay), degradable protein – from 17–19 (cereal hay and corn silage), up to 38 g (mixed grass), non-degradable – 8 (corn silage, 76 g (cereal hay). The degradable and non-degradable protein ration was 2:7. The crude protein increase in summer and winter calve diet up to 70 % contributes a lower accumulation of ammonia in the rumen fluid (by 19.6–20.6 % ) and activation of VFA synthesis (by 16.5–18.2). It also contributes the increase of the ciliate number (by15,7–15,9), total and protein nitrogen (by 7.2–7.4 and 8.0–12.3 %). Feeding on protein degradability (of 65–60 %) lets the rumen metabolism processes slow down, reduce the microbiota enzyme activity, the protein nitrogen proportion and the ammonia level increasing. According to the analysis results of economic diet indices with different protein fractional composition it has been determined that the ration use with protein degradability of 70 %, and metabolizable energy costs – by 4.0–5.0 % are economically reasonable in summer and winter periods. Key words: concentrated feeds, grain, degradable protein, non-degradable protein, calves.

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