Increases in grain yield of wheat by breeding for an osmoregulation gene: relationship to water supply and evaporative demand

2000 ◽  
Vol 51 (8) ◽  
pp. 971 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Water Evaporation ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Evaporative Demand ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Pollen Selection ◽  
Wide Range

The effect of water stress on yield increases produced by breeding for an osmoregulation gene (or) was examined using both backcross-bred lines (produced using allele identification in pollen grains) and inbred lines (produced using leaf tests). Yields were measured in 39 field experiments spanning 8 seasons. These included experiments where water was supplied through drip irrigators and rain excluded with a mobile shelter. Several approaches to the measurement of stress environment were examined. The commonly used site mean yield, although most accessible and so utilising the most data, was least effective in explaining variation in yield response. Comparatively high efficiency (84%) could be achieved using measurements of rainfall or evaporative demand for specific periods of crop ontogeny, but this suffered the limitation of being season or treatment specific. The results did, however, demonstrate the value of the pollen selection method in increasing yield under conditions of reduced water supply. In keeping with past climatic analyses, and with the theory underlying variations in leaf water potential to which osmoregulation responds, an index incorporating water supply and evaporative demand accounted well for the yield increase (85%) over the wide range of seasons and treatments examined. It requires inputs of available soil water at sowing, rainfall, and free-water evaporation during the growing period, together with sowing and anthesis dates. The index was used to assess potential yield responses in the various climates covered by the Australian wheatbelt. Greatest potential lay at the drier, inland, margins especially where soils are lighter and water-holding capacities lower.

Measurement and simulation of evaporation from a red earth. I. Measurement in a glasshouse using a neutron moisture meter

Soil Research ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 165 ◽  
Author(s):  
GG Johns
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Water Evaporation ◽  
Evaporative Demand ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Moisture Meter ◽  
Neutron Moisture ◽  
Red Earth

The evaporation of water from, and redistribution of water within, intact monoliths (23.6 cm diameter, 60 cm depth) of red earth were studied in a glasshouse under a wide range of evaporative conditions. A neutron moisture meter was appropriately calibrated and used to document changes in the distribution of soil water. This is a novel use for such equipment. Strongly curved and generally different calibrations were required for each depth. Prolonged exposure to highly evaporative environments resulted in the removal from the profile of 90% of water available at matric potentials of between -0.01 and -1.5 MPa within 3 months. Bare soil evaporation was not controlled solely by soil hydraulic parameters as the profile dried, but was influenced by evaporative demand throughout the drying cycle. Only two stages of evaporation were discerned. The first stage, when evaporation from the soil surface was similar to free water evaporation, was virtually non-existent under highly evaporative conditions. The second stage was characterized by a continuous exponential decrease in evaporation. By the end of the drying cycles, evaporation was still decreasing exponentially, with a half-life averaging 34 days. Empirical predictive relationships for the dependence of evaporation on soil water parameters in the surface 10 cm, and evaporativity, were established. These relationships are tested in the following paper.

The effect of fertilizers and season on the yield and composition of wheat in southern New South Wales

1963 ◽  
Vol 3 (8) ◽  
pp. 51 ◽  
Author(s):  
JD Colwell
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Common Application

Twenty two fertilizer experiments with wheat were carried out over a wide range of soil and environmental seasonal conditions in southern N.S. W. The effects of phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizers on the yield and composition of wheat are described. Seasonal environmental effects were examined by comparing the relative response to fertilizers of vegetative growth in the early spring with the final response of the harvested grain. Grain yield response to fertilizers is commonly restricted by seasonal conditions. Overcorrection of the phosphorus or nitrogen deficiencies may cause excessive early vegetative growth which exhausts soil moisture reserves before grain development has been completed. Loss of grain yields through this phenomenon is described locally as haying off. The chief danger in this respect seems to be from excessive nitrogen levels in the soil following a clover pasture. Assessments of economically desirable fertilizer applications on the basis of field experiments can only be based on statistical averages of seasonal conditions in each locality. The trials indicate, however, that the common application rate of superphosphate to wheat is inadequate in this region and should be at least doubled.

THE RELATION OF SOIL TEST VALUES TO FERTILIZER RESPONSE BY THE POTATO: IV. AVAILABLE PHOSPHORUS AND PHOSPHATIC FERTILIZER REQUIREMENTS

1967 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Bishop ◽  
C. R. MacEachern ◽  
D. C. MacKay
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Soil Series ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Fertilizer Response ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Mitscherlich Equation

In field experiments, conducted at 18 locations during a 3-year period, tuber yields on zero-P plots ranged from 49.7–95.5% of those obtained with optimum P fertilization. Each of three chemical methods used to estimate available soil P showed a wide range of values for the different locations.When Bray's modification of the Mitscherlich equation was used to express the relationship between soil test values and yield response to applied P, there were appreciable differences in c1 values which varied with soil series and soil test methods.Polynomial response curves showed that, irrespective of the chemical method used, if soils were grouped on the basis of available P into "high", "medium" and "low" classes, response to applied P was much less in the high than in the medium and low classes. Response curves also showed that both P requirements and maximum yields varied with different soil series.

scholarly journals Plant density and peanut crop yield (Arachis hypogaea) in the peanut growing region of Córdoba (Argentina)

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.D. Morla ◽  
O. Giayetto ◽  
E. M. Fernandez ◽  
G. A. Cerioni ◽  
C. Cerliani
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Peanut Crop ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Growing Region

ABSTRACT Plant density is one of the most important management factors affecting the peanut growth, modifying the capacity to capture radiation, water and nutrients. Peanut yield response to increased plant density changes according to environmental conditions, the genotype used, and planting date. Therefore, the optimum plant density (OPD) may vary with location. The aim of this project was (i) to fit the Mitscherlich's equation of diminishing productivities to the yield response of runner-type peanuts to increasing plant density under different growing conditions in the peanut growing region of Cordoba Argentina; and (ii) validate this model with independent experimental data. The first stage was based on the analysis of data from different projects of plant densities carried out in the peanut growing area of Córdoba. This information was adjusted to the decreasing yield equation and the OPD was calculated. For validation, a field experiment was conducted during the 2013/14 and 2014/15 growing seasons under irrigated and rain-fed conditions where pod yield was evaluated for 5, 12, 18, 25 and 36 plants/m2. No interaction was detected between soil moisture conditions and plant density. Yield response to plant density had a high degree of fitness for a wide range of environmental and crop conditions. In field experiments, the peanut yield decreased only at the lowest plant density (5 plants/m2). Yield response to density adjusted to the Mitscherlich equation indicated that OPD ranged from 10.5 to 24.8 plants/m2. Using a single adjustment equation y = 1(1 – e−0.1784x), OPD was estimated to be 16.8 plants/m2 at harvest (11.7 plants per linear meter in 0.7 m between rows) for the peanut growing region of Cordoba. This approach can be a valuable input, along with other variables to analyze, when choosing peanut sowing density.

An evaluation of the properties of soil potassium influencing its supply by diffusion to plant roots in soil

1969 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Bagshaw ◽  
L. V. Vaidyanathan ◽  
P. H. Nye
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Diffusion Coefficients ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Cation Exchange Resin ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Simple Relationship ◽  
Arable Soils ◽  
Exchangeable K ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Initial Soil

SUMMARYK+ uptakes from forty-four arable soils from England by 1 cm portions of the roots of intact onion seedlings during 10 days growth were measured. A single-split-root arrangement was used, enabling the determination of uptake by known surface area of the root. Transpiration was restricted to make K+ diffusion in the soil the predominant supply mechanism. These were compared with calculated values using separately determined K+ diffusion coefficients in the soils.Two methods were followed, namely (a) measuring K+ diffusion to a hydrogen form of cation exchange resin paper and calculating diffusion coefficients assuming total depletion of the (ammonium acetate) exchangeable K+ at the resin paper: soil boundary; and (b) deriving diffusion coefficients from estimated values of the impedance factor and the measured K+ buffer power of each soil, for 50, 60, 90 and 100% depletion of the initial soil solution K+at the root:soil boundary. None of the predictions adequately accounted for the observed uptake. Calculations of the root:soil boundary concentrations showed a wide range of depletion. Soils with initial soil solution K+ in the range 0.04–0.4 μmoles/ml were depleted of the solution K+ to near zero or even less. A negative concentration of K+ in solution indicates the probable contribution of non-exchangeable K+. When the initial soil solution K+ was more than 0.4 μmoles/ml, the uptake of K+ could be accounted for by 30–85 % depletion at the root:soil boundary.Partial and multiple regression of the measured uptake on the initial exchangeable K+ content and the initial soil solution K+ concentration were calculated. A simple relationship between the uptake and the exchangeable K+ content accounted for about three-quarters the variance. The uptake was less closely associated with the K+ in solution or its ratio to Ca2+ + Mg2+ in solution. These correlations are discussed from the diffusion point of view and in relation to the usually reported correlations from pot experiments.Potato yield response to K+ fertilizer additions in field experiments are examined in relation to the supply of K+ by diffusion in the soils. When K+ uptake by 1 cm portion of onion root from the unfertilized soil exceeded l.2 μmoles/10 days, yield response to K+ addition became erratic and occasionally negative.

Agronomic studies on the productivity of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L. cv. Guatemala 4) under rainfed and irrigated conditions in the Northern Territory

1990 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 395 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Muchow ◽  
JD Sturtz ◽  
MF Spillman ◽  
GE Routley ◽  
S Kaplan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Northern Territory ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Rainfall Season ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Average Rainfall

Field experiments were conducted at Berrimah, Douglas Daly and Katherine in the Northern Territory (NT) during the 1987-88 and 1988-89 wet seasons to obtain yield data for kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinzis L. cv. Guatemala 4) grown under rainfed and irrigated conditions. Under rainfed conditions, maximum stem yield was obtained from sowings early in the wet season. Yield decreased with delay in sowing until the late-December-January period. The maximum rainfed stem yield at Katherine in an above-average rainfall season was 18 400 kg/ha. The maximum yield in a below average rainfall season was 11 700 kg/ha at Katherine, 9200 kg/ha at Douglas Daly and 9400 kg/ha at Berrimah. The applicability to the NT of growth and yield relationships established for irrigated kenaf in the Ord Irrigation Area (OIA) was assessed. The yield potential under irrigated conditions in the NT (21 600 kg/ha at 131 days after sowing) was higher than that reported elsewhere in Australia for the same growth period, but similar to that reported elsewhere for longer growth duration (180-300 days). In the NT, in contrast to the OIA, stem yield showed little or no response to N fertilisation. Stem yield was not related to N uptake, and at high levels of N application, there was marked N accumulation in the stem. Kenaf was able to accumulate up to 110 kg N/ha from the soil reserve where no N was applied. The yield response to plant density varied with the yield level and was similar to that in the OIA. Bark and core yield could be estimated directly from biomass, and indirectly from stem length and plant density, over a wide range of yield levels and cultural conditions. It was concluded that data relating to yield potential and response to N fertilisation cannot be transferred directly from the OIA to the NT.

scholarly journals Towards a simple way to collect eDNA using a 3D-printed passive sampler

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Héloïse Verdier ◽  
Lara Konecny ◽  
Christophe Marquette ◽  
Tristan Lefebure
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Environmental Dna ◽  
Aquatic Biodiversity ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Promising Solution ◽  
High Binding Affinity

Environmental DNA has emerged as a revolutionary approach to monitor aquatic biodiversity. The study of the DNA released by macro-organisms in their habitat offers a fast, non-invasive and sensitive approach to monitor their presence. Despite its many advantages, methodological challenges limit the widespread use of eDNA. Among them, eDNA sampling represents one of the most challenging step. Often based on the filtration of a large volume of water, this process can be long and tedious, requiring human intervention and special care, and which is not applicable to a wide range of habitats. As an alternative to filtration, passive eDNA sampling using natural substrates appears to be a promising solution. This approach uses the natural properties of some minerals (eg. silica), organisms (eg. sponges) or even communities (e.g. biofilms) to collect and preserved eDNA. Yet, such approaches are difficult to standardize and may not be applicable in many habitats. To circumvent that problem, we have designed 3D-printed samplers made of hydroxyapatite (HAp samplers), a mineral known for its high binding affinity with DNA. The shape of the samplers has been designed to facilitate their handling in laboratory and field experiments. Here we describe and test the ability of HAp samplers to recover freshwater eDNA. We show that HAp samplers recover DNA with high efficiency and are effective even on small amounts of waterlouse eDNA. However, the eDNA recovery is also highly variable across experiments. We show that by understanding the physico-chemical interactions between DNA and the HAp sampler surface, we could improve the replicability of the process and provide a robust alternative to filtration.

scholarly journals Spatial Variability of Nitrogen Uptake and Net Removal and Actual Evapotranspiration in the California Desert Carrot Production System

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 752
Author(s):  
Aliasghar Montazar ◽  
Daniel Geisseler ◽  
Michael Cahn
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Actual Evapotranspiration ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
N Application ◽  
Total N ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Wide Range

Nitrogen (N) and irrigation water must be effectively used in mineral soils to produce carrots with high yield and minimal environmental impact. This study attempts to identify optimal N and irrigation management practices for low desert carrot production in California by investigating consumptive water use and N uptake and removal rates in fresh market and processing carrots. Field experiments were conducted at the University of California Desert Research and Extension Center and nine farmer fields during two growing seasons. The actual evapotranspiration (ETa) was measured using the residual energy balance method with a combination of surface renewal and eddy covariance equipment. Crop canopy coverage, actual soil nitrate-N from multiple depths as well as total N percentage, dry matter, and fresh biomass in roots and tops were measured over the growing seasons. The length of the crop season had a wide range amongst the experimental sites: from a 128-day period in a processing carrot field to as long as 193 days in a fresh market carrot field. The seasonal ETa varied between 305.8 mm at a silty loam furrow irrigated processing carrot field and 486.2 mm at a sandy clay loam sprinkler irrigated fresh market field. The total N accumulated at harvest ranged between 205.4 kg ha−1 (nearly 52% in roots) and 350.5 kg ha−1 (nearly 64% in roots). While the mean value of nitrogen removed by carrot roots varied from 1.24 to 1.73 kg N/Mg carrot roots, it appears that more N was applied than was removed by carrot roots at all sites. Within the range of N application rates examined at the experimental sites, there was no significant relationship between carrot fresh root yield and N application rate, although the results suggested a positive effect of N application on carrot yield. Sufficient soil N availability over the growing season and the lack of significant yield response to N application illuminated that optimal N rates are likely less than the total amounts of N applied at most sites.

Pattern of infiltration with furrow irrigation and evapotranspiration of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) grown on Cununurra clay in the Ord Irrigation Area

1981 ◽  
Vol 21 (108) ◽  
pp. 101 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Muchow ◽  
IM Wood
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Hibiscus Cannabinus ◽  
Water Evaporation ◽  
Irrigation Area ◽  
Swelling Soil ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Drainage Channels ◽  
The Difference

The infiltration characteristics of Cununurra clay, the dominant soil in the Ord Irrigation Area, were examined in a furrow-irrigated experiment with kenaf. The irrigation treatments, which were scheduled on leaf water potentials at dawn and solar noon, ensured that water was applied over a wide range of soil moistures. Flowmeters were used in the supply and drainage channels, and the difference between the flows in these meters was taken as the amount of water infiltrating the soil. The efficiencies of application ranged from 50 to 85% and were inversely related to the frequency of application because the infiltration rate on this heavy swelling soil declined with increasing soil moisture content. Crop water use patterns of kenaf in this semi-arid tropical environment were also determined. Evapotranspiration was estimated from the changes over time in soil moisture in the profile. Clear patterns were established for the changes in the ratio of evapotranspiration to free water evaporation with growth under soil moisture regimes ranging from almost stress-free to severely stressed. A peak value of 1.52 was recorded for the period 14-1 6 weeks after sowing in the most frequently watered treatment.

Radiation-use efficiency of irrigated biomass sorghum in a Mediterranean environment

2011 ◽  
Vol 62 (10) ◽  
pp. 830 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Rinaldi ◽  
Pasquale Garofalo
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Radiation Use Efficiency ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Biomass Sorghum ◽  
Crop Cycle ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Radiation Use

Mathematical crop simulation models are useful tools in predicting the potential yield of field crops in a specific environment. The main driving parameter used to estimate biomass accumulation in most of these models is radiation-use efficiency (RUE). Biomass sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) is a crop that can be used for energy production (thermal and bioethanol chains) and a knowledge of its RUE in different water supply conditions can help to improve model simulations and evaluate crop diffusion. A 3-year field experiment was carried out in Southern Italy where sorghum was submitted to four irrigated regimes based on actual crop evapotranspiration (ETc). In the first year ETc was measured with weighted lysimeters, while in the other 2 years it was estimated by means of estimated crop coefficient (Kc) and the reference evapotranspiration ET0. The RUE, calculated as the slope of the first-order equation between dry biomass and intercepted photosynthetically active radiation along a crop cycle, showed an average of 2.91 ± 0.54 g MJ–1, even if the RUE proved to be closely correlated with crop water consumption. The latter ranged between 891 and 454 mm and the RUE increased 4.2 mg MJ–1 per mm of water used. A high crop interception of solar radiation was observed in sorghum, reaching its maximum efficiency 40 days after sowing. To obtain high yielding yield biomass sorghum requires a large supply of water, as confirmed by the Kc calculated during the crop cycle, which resulted higher (especially in the development and middle stages) when compared with those reported in the FAO 56 Paper. The obtained RUE values also confirmed a high efficiency in biomass production of this crop, allowing for the introduction of biomass sorghum in the cropping systems of Mediterranean environments as an alternative crop for energy purposes, but with adequate irrigation water supply.

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