The toxicity of oil herbicides to Paspalum dilatatum POIR. 2. The effect of light on toxicity.

1953 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 177 ◽  
Author(s):  
LF Myers
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Supporting Evidence ◽  
Additional Experiment ◽  
Paspalum Dilatatum ◽  
Contact Effect ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Reduced Toxicity ◽  
Light Shading ◽  
Effect Of Light

The influence of light on the phytotoxicity of hydrocarbon oils was investigated by exposing the oils to light before and after application to a perennial grass, Paspalurn dilatatum Poir. Exposure of the oils to light and air for a month prior to spraying slightly increased the speed of contact injury to foliage but did not affect regrowth. Oils had a contact effect on foliage only in the presence of light. Shading the plants for one week following treatment delayed the development of contact injury and resulted in greater inhibition of regrowth (toxicity). The increase in toxicity following shading is ascribed to the delay in contact effect per se. The results suggested an antagonism between speed of contact injury and inhibition of regrowth. Supporting evidence was provided by an additional experiment in which fortifying agents were added to the oils. Fortifying agents increased speed of foliage kill but in no instance was toxicity increased. When power kerosene was used the addition of fortifying agents reduced toxicity.

The toxicity of oil herbicides to Paspalum dilatatum Poir.: Effect of composition of the oil

1952 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 372 ◽  
Author(s):  
LF Myers
Keyword(s):  
Boiling Point ◽  
Paspalum Dilatatum ◽  
Aromatic Fraction ◽  
Boiling Range ◽  
Contact Effect ◽  
Oil Toxicity

Hydrocarbon oils of varying boiling range and percentage "aromatic" fraction were tested for their toxicity to Paspalum dilatatum in the field and glass-house.Contact injury and final toxicity are separate phenomena and are controlled by different factors. The contact effect of oil herbicides depended on the proportion of aromatic fraction in the oil. The minimum percentage of aromatics required to produce rapid contact injury increases with increasing boiling-point of the oil. Mid boiling-point was shown to be an important and consistent factor in oil toxicity as measured by regrowth. Oil toxicity increases with mid boiling point of the oil. Toxicity in the field decreases with increasing aromatics. In the glasshouse the reverse is the case.

Adaptation of B and A cell function during prolonged glucose infusion in human subjects

1984 ◽  
Vol 246 (5) ◽  
pp. E405-E411 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. K. Ward ◽  
J. B. Halter ◽  
J. C. Beard ◽  
D. Porte
Keyword(s):  
Cell Function ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Glucose Infusion ◽  
Healthy Men ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Mild Hyperglycemia ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Insulin Responses ◽  
The Relationship

States of insulin resistance are characterized by hyperinsulinemia that often appears to be out of proportion to the minimal degree of hyperglycemia. One possible explanation for these findings is that mild hyperglycemia per se can cause an adaptive increase in islet sensitivity to glucose, leading to increased insulin output at a given glucose level. To test this hypothesis, we compared acute insulin responses (AIR) and acute glucagon responses (AGR) to 5-g arginine injections before and after 20-h glucose infusions (200 mg X m-2 X min-1) in 11 healthy men of varying age and degree of adiposity. The 20-h glucose infusion caused an increase in fasting plasma glucose (PG) in all subjects (95 +/- 2 vs. 130 +/- 3 mg/dl). PG was clamped at three levels (approximately 95, 165, and 235 mg/dl) before and after the 20-h glucose infusion. Despite matching of PG levels, consistent increases of AIR were observed after the 20-h glucose infusion: 86 +/- 10 vs. 57 +/- 8 at PG = 95 (P = 0.002); 241 +/- 20 vs. 192 +/- 22 at PG = 165 (P = 0.02); and 508 +/- 59 vs. 380 +/- 50 microU/ml at PG = 235 mg/dl (P = 0.009). In addition, the slope of the relationship between AIR and PG level (potentiation slope), a measure of B cell sensitivity to glucose, increased consistently from 2.28 +/- 0.35 (control) to 3.07 +/- 0.45 (P = 0.004) after the 20-h infusion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

MANIFEST DESTINY OR CONTINUITY AGENDA: contextualising British imperial policy in the southern Caribbean before and after Vienna

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (20) ◽  
Author(s):  
MICHAEL TOUSSAINT
Keyword(s):  
Napoleonic Wars ◽  
The West ◽  
International Context ◽  
Southern Caribbean ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Colonial Empire ◽  
British Colonial ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Prime Target

Abstract: The Congress of Vienna is often discussed primarily in terms of the concerns and ambition of European nations regarding issues in Europe per se. Comparatively, primarily because of their preoccupation with the containment of Napoleonic France, the agenda of these nations with respect to the wider world has been the focus of far less and, more importantly, inadequate scholarly attention. The Caribbean remains, for example, one those areas discussed in very limited terms and treated mainly to historiographical silence. This paper attempts to part with that tradition, in an effort to place the Congress into greater historical perspective. Britain”™s emergence as the most powerful and influential European nation following the Congress makes the country a prime target to such investigation. Against the background of an understanding of Britain”™s imperial agenda in the wider international context, this paper explores the country”™s long-standing interest in the southern Caribbean and the implications for the evolution of the Congress and the development of the British colonial empire in the West Indies.Keywords: Congress of Vienna. Napoleonic Wars. Coalition Wars, Southern Caribbean. Circum- Caribbean. Britain”™s imperial agenda.  DESTINO MANIFIESTO O PROGRAMA DE CONTINUIDAD: contextualizar la polá­tica imperial británica en el Caribe sur de antes y después de Viena Resumen: El Congreso de Viena se discute principalmente   cuanto a las preocupaciones y la ambición de las naciones europeas con respecto a los problemas en Europa. Comparativamente,   debido a su preocupación con la contención de   Francia napoleónica, la agenda de estas naciones con respecto al resto del mundo ha sido el foco insuficiente de atención académica . El Caribe sigue siendo, por ejemplo, discutido limitadamente y tratado principalmente al silencio historiográfico. Este trabajo intenta desprenderse de esa tradición, en un esfuerzo para poner el Congreso en una mayor perspectiva histórica. El surgimiento de   Gran-Bretanha como la nación europea más poderosa e influyente de Europa tras el Congreso haber sido el paá­s objetivo de esta investigación. En un contexto de comprensión de la agenda imperial de Gra-Bretanha en el contexto internacional más amplio, este documento aborda interés del paá­s en sur del Caribe y las implicaciones   para el desarrollo del Congreso y del Imperio Colonial Británico en las Indias Occidentales.Palabras clave: Congreso de Viena. Coalición de Guerras. Guerras Napoleónicas. Caribe Sur. Circum ”“ Caribe. Agenda imperial de Británico.  DESTINO MANIFESTO OU PROGRAMA DE CONTINUIDADE: contextualizando a polá­tica imperial britá¢nica no sul do Caribe antes e depois de VienaResumo: O Congresso de Viena é muitas vezes discutido principalmente em termos de preocupações e ambições das nações europeias em relação a problemas na Europa. Comparativamente, principalmente por causa da preocupação do Congresso com a contenção da França Napoleônica, a agenda dessas nações em relação ao resto do mundo tem sido o foco de menos e, mais importante ainda, insuficiente atenção acadêmica. O Caribe, por exemplo, continua a ser discutido em termos muito limitados, e tratado especialmente com silêncio historiográfico. Este artigo tenta romper com essa tradição, em um esforço para colocar o Congresso em maior perspectiva histórica. O surgimento da Grã-Bretanha como a nação mais poderosa e influente da Europa após o Congresso torna o paá­s alvo dessa investigação. No contexto de um entendimento da agenda imperial da Grã-Bretanha no contexto internacional mais amplo, este documento explora interesse de longa data do paá­s no sul do Caribe e as implicações para a evolução do Congresso e o desenvolvimento do Império colonial britá¢nico nas ándias Ocidentais.Palavras-chave: Congresso de Viena. Guerras napoleônicas. Guerras de coalizão. Sul do Caribe. Circum-Caribe. Agenda imperial de Grã-Bretanha.  

The contribution of insulation changes to the energy cost of avian molt

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 396-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul C. Schieltz ◽  
Mary E. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Critical Temperature ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Metabolic Changes ◽  
Zonotrichia Leucophrys ◽  
Lower Critical Temperature ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Two Temperatures ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Zonotrichia Leucophrys Gambelii

To evaluate the contribution of changes in plumage insulation to the energy cost of molt, we measured oxygen consumption by wintering White-crowned Sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii) before and after plucking 12, 24, or 36% of their plumage, and when they were replacing these feathers. Measurements were made at 20 and 25 °C, two temperatures bracketing the lower critical temperature (ca. 23 °C) of wintering Z. l. gambelii, and at 10 °C, well below the birds' lower critical temperature. For comparison, oxygen consumption by naturally molting birds was measured at 25 °C during summer. In these sparrows, feather loss resulted in increased oxygen consumption only at 10 °C and when feather loss was moderate (24% plumage; 10% increase) to intensive (36% plumage; 24% increase). Regrowth of 24 and 36% of plumage resulted in increased oxygen consumption at 20 °C (10 and 8.5%, respectively) and 10 °C (16 and 28%, respectively). Oxygen consumption by birds was unaffected by loss or regrowth of 12% of the plumage regardless of temperature, and at 25 °C, oxygen consumption was unaffected by the intensity of plumage replacement (0–36%). Comparison of oxygen consumption at 25 °C between naturally molting summer birds and treated winter birds revealed that the energy cost of molt and the apparent energy inefficiency of molt result neither from added thermoregulatory costs nor from the costs of feather synthesis per se, but seemingly from metabolic changes entrained by molt.

scholarly journals Teat anatomy affects requirements for udder preparation in Mediterranean buffaloes

2010 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 468-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Ambord ◽  
Michael H Stoffel ◽  
Rupert M Bruckmaier
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
The Other ◽  
Longitudinal Cross Section ◽  
Additional Experiment ◽  
Milk Ejection ◽  
Machine Milking ◽  
Milk Flow ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Teat Canal ◽  
Anatomical Parameters

The present study was conducted to assess the interrelation between teat anatomy and machine milking in dairy buffaloes raised in Switzerland. A 3-min pre-stimulation induced milk ejection before cluster attachment in most cases and caused an optimal milk removal during machine milking. In an additional experiment, longitudinal cross-section ultrasound was obtained before and after a 3-min pre-stimulation. Teat wall thickness, teat diameter, cisternal diameter and teat canal length were evaluated. It was observed that 3-min pre-stimulation dramatically reduced teat canal length whereas all the other anatomical parameters remained unchanged. The vacuum needed to open the teat canal was also measured before and after a 3-min pre-stimulation by using a special teat cup with only the mouthpiece of the liner remaining on the top of the teat cup (no liner, no pulsation). Without pre-stimulation but after wetting the teat canal by stripping one squirt of milk out of the teat, no milk could be withdrawn with a vacuum up to 39 kPa. However, after pre-stimulation, milk flow occurred in all buffaloes at a vacuum between 16 and 38 kPa. In the last experiment, the teat tissue was examined in slaughtered buffaloes and compared with teat tissue of cows. No difference was noted in histological sections and teat canal length was similar in cows and buffaloes. Proximal to the teat canal, the teat did not pass into an open cistern but the lumen was collapsed. In conclusion, buffaloes need to be well pre-stimulated because the tissue above the teat canal provides additional teat closure before milk ejection. Therefore, milk can only be obtained after pre-stimulation.

scholarly journals Investigating the Effect of Light Reaction Exercises on Agility-Quickness and Reaction Time of the U-20 Eootball Players

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (11a) ◽  
pp. 121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehmet Onur Vurmaz ◽  
Bergun Meric Bingul
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Exercise Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Light Reaction ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Standard Training ◽  
Reaction Speed ◽  
Effect Of Light

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of light reaction exercises on agility-quickness and reaction time of the U-20 Eootball Players. 20 male football players from the YeniMalatyaspor participated in this study voluntarily. T-test for agility-quickness, foot reaction test with Light-Trainer device for foot reaction speed were done before and after trainings. While the control group continued with the standard training, the exercise group performed the standard training exercises with Light-Trainer device for eight weeks. According to the results, the exercise group improved statistically (p<0.05). İt was observed that the exercises performed with Light-Trainer device had positive effects on agility-quickness and reaction speed over U-20 football players and  improved their features. İt was thought that such education would be very useful in the cognitive training of young athletes.

scholarly journals Comparison of the acute toxicity, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities and chemical composition changes in Rhizoma anemones Raddeanae caused by vinegar processing

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sha-Sha Wang ◽  
Shao-Yan Zhou ◽  
Xiao-Yan Xie ◽  
Ling Zhao ◽  
Yao Fu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Analgesic Effects ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Foot Disease ◽  
Reduced Toxicity ◽  
Factor Α

Abstract Background As the dry rhizome of Anemone raddeana Regel, Rhizoma Anemones Raddeanae (RAR), which belongs to Ranunculaceae, is usually used to treat wind and cold symptoms, hand-foot disease and spasms, joint pain and ulcer pain in China. It is well known that the efficacy of RAR can be distinctly enhanced by processing with vinegar due to the reduced toxicity and side effects. However, the entry of vinegar into liver channels can cause a series of problems. In this paper, the differences in the acute toxicity, anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects between RAR and vinegar-processed RAR were compared in detail. The changes in the chemical compositions between RAR and vinegar-processed RAR were investigated, and the mechanism of vinegar processing was also explored. Methods Acute toxicity experiments were used to examine the toxicity of vinegar-processed RAR. A series of studies, such as the writhing reaction, ear swelling experiment, complete Freund’s adjuvant-induced rat foot swelling experiment and cotton granuloma, in experimental mice was conducted to observe the anti-inflammatory effect of vinegar-processed RAR. The inflammatory cytokines of model rats were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Liquid Chromatography-Quadrupole-Time of Flight mass spectrometer Detector (LC-Q-TOF) was used to analyse the chemical compositions of the RARs before and after vinegar processing. Results Neither obvious changes in mice nor death phenomena were observed as the amount of vinegar-processed RAR in crude drug was set at 2.1 g/kg. Vinegar-processed RAR could significantly prolong the latency, reduce the writhing reaction time to reduce the severity of ear swelling and foot swelling, and remarkably inhibit the secretion of Interleukin-1β(IL-1β), Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) proinflammatory cytokines. The content of twelve saponins (e.g., Eleutheroside K) in RAR was decreased after vinegar processing, but six other types (e.g., RDA) were increased. Conclusions These results revealed that vinegar processing could not only improve the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of RAR but also reduce its own toxicity. Trial registration Not applicable.

Stock Markets in Changing Times

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 14-25
Author(s):  
Meru Sehgal ◽  
Shruti Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Stock Markets ◽  
Supporting Evidence ◽  
Market Returns ◽  
Comparative Performance ◽  
First Case ◽  
Dow Jones Industrial Average ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Changing Times ◽  
Indian Banks ◽  
The Impact

The impact of COVID-19 on the stock markets of US, UK, and India has been analyzed. Daily market returns of the stock indices (Dow Jones Industrial Average, FTSE-100, Nifty 50 Index, and Nifty Bank Index) have been examined using paired t-test for 40 days before and after the reporting of the first case. Index performance has also been investigated for the quarter ending June 2020 along with comparative performance analysis of the indices with Nifty Bank Index. The results showed that markets have borne substantially negative returns, but they are not statistically significant. This indicates the resilience of these markets to restore to previous index levels after taking a short-term hit. This paper adds value to the literature by acting as a resource for academia as well as industry by spelling out changes in markets during this pandemic and supporting evidence from Indian banks that are catalysts of growth for businesses in uncertain times.

Investigation of the effect of light fastness on the color changes of maps prepared by electrophotographic digital printing

2022 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zafer Özomay ◽  
Çağla Koşak Söz ◽  
Sinan Sönmez
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Digital Printing ◽  
Light Fastness ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Printing System ◽  
Different Color ◽  
Coated Surfaces ◽  
Electrophotographic Printing ◽  
Effect Of Light

Abstract In this study the prints were made on paper substrates, which were thought as map substrate alternatives, with 3 different surface properties at 1200 dpi by using the electrophotographic printing system. Color and gloss values of the samples were determined both before and after exposure to light for a period of 42 hours to determine the light fastness of the substrate and the print on it. The studies revealed that after the light fastness tests (i) the width of the color universe of the papers with matte surfaces is more than that of the papers with glossy surfaces, (ii) the loss of brightness of woodfree paper is higher than that of the other paper samples and (iii) the print chroma values obtained in woodfree paper is lower than those of the coated surfaces. Moreover, (iv) the delta E 00 {E_{00}} measurements revealed that all paper samples experienced different color losses in different colors, and the most significant differences in these color losses were in magenta and black.

Does internal egg carrying impair foraging ability as much as external egg carrying in a neotropical spider?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pietro Pollo ◽  
Claudia Sabrina Spindler ◽  
Luiz Ernesto Costa-Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Care ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Egg Load ◽  
Egg Carrying ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Foraging Ability ◽  
Paratrechalea Ornata ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Female Abdomen

Females not only produce costly gametes, but also store the eggs until oviposition, a period called pregnancy. The volume that eggs occupy in the female abdomen may decrease female foraging ability by making females slow. Although females of all species are subjected to these potential costs, it remains an unexplored matter in invertebrates. Females of the spider Paratrechalea ornata carry their egg sac after oviposition and thus represent a unique opportunity to evaluate pregnancy costs because females carry an extra volume before and after laying eggs. We conducted foraging ability experiments using P. ornata females on different treatments regarding pregnancy and maternal care. We first hypothesized that internal egg load and egg sac carrying decrease female foraging ability. We also hypothesized that greater egg sac size decreases female foraging ability. We found that both internal egg load and egg sac carrying decreased female foraging ability, and females about to oviposit had a similar foraging ability to females carrying an egg sac. Egg sac size did not influence female foraging ability. Our results show that pregnancy can impose high costs to female foraging ability, likely increasing their mortality during this period. The little support for our second hypothesis may also suggest that the decrease in foraging ability is not due to the volume being carried per se, but possibly an associated physiological state.

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