Adaptation of B and A cell function during prolonged glucose infusion in human subjects

1984 ◽  
Vol 246 (5) ◽  
pp. E405-E411 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. K. Ward ◽  
J. B. Halter ◽  
J. C. Beard ◽  
D. Porte
Keyword(s):  
Cell Function ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Glucose Infusion ◽  
Healthy Men ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Mild Hyperglycemia ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Insulin Responses ◽  
The Relationship

States of insulin resistance are characterized by hyperinsulinemia that often appears to be out of proportion to the minimal degree of hyperglycemia. One possible explanation for these findings is that mild hyperglycemia per se can cause an adaptive increase in islet sensitivity to glucose, leading to increased insulin output at a given glucose level. To test this hypothesis, we compared acute insulin responses (AIR) and acute glucagon responses (AGR) to 5-g arginine injections before and after 20-h glucose infusions (200 mg X m-2 X min-1) in 11 healthy men of varying age and degree of adiposity. The 20-h glucose infusion caused an increase in fasting plasma glucose (PG) in all subjects (95 +/- 2 vs. 130 +/- 3 mg/dl). PG was clamped at three levels (approximately 95, 165, and 235 mg/dl) before and after the 20-h glucose infusion. Despite matching of PG levels, consistent increases of AIR were observed after the 20-h glucose infusion: 86 +/- 10 vs. 57 +/- 8 at PG = 95 (P = 0.002); 241 +/- 20 vs. 192 +/- 22 at PG = 165 (P = 0.02); and 508 +/- 59 vs. 380 +/- 50 microU/ml at PG = 235 mg/dl (P = 0.009). In addition, the slope of the relationship between AIR and PG level (potentiation slope), a measure of B cell sensitivity to glucose, increased consistently from 2.28 +/- 0.35 (control) to 3.07 +/- 0.45 (P = 0.004) after the 20-h infusion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Effect of sex on perception of rectosigmoid stimuli in irritable bowel syndrome

2006 ◽  
Vol 291 (2) ◽  
pp. R277-R284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Chang ◽  
Emeran A. Mayer ◽  
Jennifer S. Labus ◽  
Max Schmulson ◽  
Oh Young Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Irritable Bowel Syndrome ◽  
Sigmoid Colon ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Perceptual Sensitivity ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Healthy Men ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Irritable Bowel ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship

In irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients, the relationship between sex and sensitivity to visceral stimuli is incompletely understood. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of sex on perceptual responses to visceral stimulation in IBS. Fifty-eight IBS patients (mean age 42 ± 1 yr; 34 men, 24 women) and 26 healthy controls (mean age 38 ± 3 yr; 9 men, 17 women) underwent barostat-assisted distensions of the rectum and sigmoid colon. Rectal discomfort thresholds were measured using a randomized, phasic distension paradigm before and after repeated noxious sigmoid stimulation (SIG, 60-mmHg pulses). Sex had a significant effect on rectal discomfort thresholds. Women with IBS were the most sensitive (lower thresholds [27 ± 2.7 mmHg] and higher ratings), with significantly lower rectal discomfort thresholds compared with men with IBS (38 ± 2.3 mmHg) and healthy women who were the least sensitive (41.9 ± 3.2 mmHg; both P < 0.01). There were no significant differences in rectal discomfort thresholds between healthy men (34 ± 4.3 mmHg) and men with IBS. Across both IBS and control groups, women demonstrated a significant lowering of discomfort thresholds after noxious sigmoid stimulation ( P < 0.01), while men did not. Sex significantly influences perceptual sensitivity to rectosigmoid distension. Women show greater perceptual responses to this paradigm.

Quantification of the relationship between insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function in human subjects. Evidence for a hyperbolic function

Diabetes ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 42 (11) ◽  
pp. 1663-1672 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. Kahn ◽  
R. L. Prigeon ◽  
D. K. McCulloch ◽  
E. J. Boyko ◽  
R. N. Bergman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Beta Cell ◽  
Beta Cell Function ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Hyperbolic Function ◽  
The Relationship

Quantification of the Relationship Between Insulin Sensitivity and  -Cell Function in Human Subjects: Evidence for a Hyperbolic Function

Diabetes ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 42 (11) ◽  
pp. 1663-1672 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. Kahn ◽  
R. L. Prigeon ◽  
D. K. McCulloch ◽  
E. J. Boyko ◽  
R. N. Bergman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Hyperbolic Function ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals Correspondence

2012 ◽  
pp. 108-108
Author(s):  
Harry Pachajoa
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Turner Syndrome ◽  
Behavioral Problems ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Lipid Body ◽  
Neurocognitive Deficits ◽  
Renal Anomalies ◽  
A Cell ◽  
The Relationship

Recently, Valencia et al., published a very interesting article called «Lipid profile in a group of patients with Turner's syndrome at Clínica Universitaria Bolivariana in the city of Medellín between 2000 and 2009"1. An article which evaluated lipid levels in patients with Turner syndrome in a Colombian clinic, the study associated results of lipid profile with karyotype and other risk factors for coronary heart disease. Because of the importance of the article and the prevalence of Turner syndrome (1 in 2,000 live-born women), it is important to have assessed the relationship with glycaemia and diabetes, when it is clearly recognized that this association exists and may be related to alterations of lipid, body mass index and mortality in these patients2. Although the article mentioned discusses the relationship between Turner syndrome and insulin resistance, it is important to know that a high risk for diabetes type 2 has been demonstrated among women with Turner syndrome, especially those with an isochromosome Xq, and it has been proposed that haploinsufficiency for Xp gene(s) causes the basic deficit in â-cell function seen in 45,X patients and that excess dosage of Xq genes exacerbates the deficit; perhaps by altering other genes involved in â-cell development and function or survival3. Therefore, it is necessary as it was in the article to analyze the laboratory results with those of karyotyping. Additionally, the results of the karyotypes need to be expressed by following the updated nomenclature of the International Standing Committee on Human Cytogenetics (2009)4. Finally, it is important for these patients to receive, as part of their management, genetic screening and genetic counseling where there are protocols defined for monitoring and evaluating other co-morbidities (renal anomalies, cardiac, dental, neurocognitive deficits and behavioral problems, among others) and not only of cardiovascular risk factors.

scholarly journals Bioartificial Therapy of Sepsis: Changes of Norepinephrine-Dosage in Patients and Influence on Dynamic and Cell Based Liver Tests during Extracorporeal Treatments

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Sauer ◽  
Jens Altrichter ◽  
Cristof Haubner ◽  
Annette Pertschy ◽  
Thomas Wild ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Function ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Prospective Clinical Study ◽  
Extracorporeal Treatment ◽  
Healthy Donors ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Physiologic Parameters ◽  
A Cell ◽  
And Function ◽  
Liver Tests

Purpose.Granulocyte transfusions have been used to treat immune cell dysfunction in sepsis. A granulocyte bioreactor for the extracorporeal treatment of sepsis was tested in a prospective clinical study focusing on the dosage of norepinephrine in patients and influence on dynamic and cell based liver tests during extracorporeal therapies.Methods and Patients.Ten patients with severe sepsis were treated twice within 72 h with the system containing granulocytes from healthy donors. Survival, physiologic parameters, extended hemodynamic measurement, and the indocyanine green plasma disappearance rate (PDR) were monitored. Plasma of patients before and after extracorporeal treatments were tested with a cell based biosensor for analysis of hepatotoxicity.Results.The observed mortality rate was 50% during stay in hospital. During the treatments, the norepinephrine-dosage could be significantly reduced while mean arterial pressure was stable. In the cell based analysis of hepatotoxicity, the viability and function of sensor-cells increased significantly during extracorporeal treatment in all patients and the PDR-values increased significantly between day 1 and day 7 only in survivors.Conclusion.The extracorporeal treatment with donor granulocytes showed promising effects on dosage of norepinephrine in patients, liver cell function, and viability in a cell based biosensor. Further studies with this approach are encouraged.

Effect of eccentric exercise on position sense at the human forearm in different postures

2006 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 1109-1116 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. D. Walsh ◽  
T. J. Allen ◽  
S. C. Gandevia ◽  
U. Proske
Keyword(s):  
Eccentric Exercise ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Vertical Plane ◽  
Positional Information ◽  
Position Sense ◽  
Matching Task ◽  
Position Errors ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Minimal Effort

This is a study of the ability of blindfolded human subjects to match the position of their forearms before and after eccentric exercise. The hypothesis tested was that the sense of effort contributed to forearm position sense. The fall in force after the exercise was predicted to alter the relationship between effort and force and thereby induce position errors. In the arms-in-front posture, subjects had their unsupported reference arm set to one of two angles from the horizontal, 30 or 60°, and they matched its position by voluntary placement of their other arm. Matching errors were compared with a task where the arms were counterweighted, so could be moved in the vertical plane with minimal effort, and where the arms were moved in the horizontal plane. In these latter two tasks, the intention was to test whether removal of an effort sensation from holding the arm against gravity influenced matching performance. It was found that, although absolute errors for counterweighted and horizontal matching were no larger than for unsupported matching, their standard deviations, 6.1 and 6.8°, respectively, were significantly greater than for unsupported matching (4.6°), indicating more erratic matching. The eccentric exercise led, the next day, to a fall in maximum voluntary muscle torque of ≥15%. This was accompanied by a significant increase in matching errors for the unsupported matching task from 2.7 ± 0.5 to 0.8 ± 0.7° but not for counterweighted (1.4 ± 0.2 to −0.2°± 1.1°) or horizontal matching (−1.3 ± 0.7° to −1.8 ± 0.7°). This, it is postulated, is because the reduced voluntary torque after exercise was accompanied by a greater effort required to support the arms, leading to larger matching errors. However, effort is only able to provide positional information for unsupported matching where gravity plays a role. In gravity-neutral tasks like counterweighted or horizontal matching, a change in the effort-force relationship after exercise leaves matching accuracy unaffected.

scholarly journals Extreme sex ratio variation in relation to change in condition around conception

2007 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elissa Z Cameron ◽  
Wayne L Linklater
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Actual Condition ◽  
Maternal Condition ◽  
Feral Horses ◽  
Ratio Variation ◽  
Extreme Variation ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Per Se ◽  
The Relationship

Adaptive theory predicts that mothers would be advantaged by adjusting the sex ratio of their offspring in relation to their offspring's future reproductive success. Studies investigating sex ratio variation in mammals have produced notoriously inconsistent results, although recent studies suggest more consistency if sex ratio variation is related to maternal condition at conception, potentially mediated by changes in circulating glucose level. Consequently, we hypothesized that change in condition might better predict sex ratio variation than condition per se . Here, we investigate sex ratio variation in feral horses ( Equus caballus ), where sex ratio variation was previously shown to be related to maternal condition at conception. We used condition measures before and after conception to measure the change in condition around conception in individual mothers. The relationship with sex ratio was substantially more extreme than previously reported: 3% of females losing condition gave birth to a son, whereas 80% of those females that were gaining condition gave birth to a son. Change in condition is more predictive of sex ratio than actual condition, supporting previous studies, and shows the most extreme variation in mammals ever reported.

Enhancing Spatial Ability Through Sport Practice

2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Moreau ◽  
Jérome Clerc ◽  
Annie Mansy-Dannay ◽  
Alain Guerrien
Keyword(s):  
Mental Rotation ◽  
Spatial Representations ◽  
Mental Rotation Test ◽  
Sport Training ◽  
Sport Practice ◽  
Undergraduate University Students ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Cognitive Plasticity ◽  
Reported Data ◽  
The Relationship

This experiment investigated the relationship between mental rotation and sport training. Undergraduate university students (n = 62) completed the Mental Rotation Test ( Vandenberg & Kuse, 1978 ), before and after a 10-month training in two different sports, which either involved extensive mental rotation ability (wrestling group) or did not (running group). Both groups showed comparable results in the pretest, but the wrestling group outperformed the running group in the posttest. As expected from previous studies, males outperformed women in the pretest and the posttest. Besides, self-reported data gathered after both sessions indicated an increase in adaptive strategies following training in wrestling, but not subsequent to training in running. These findings demonstrate the significant effect of training in particular sports on mental rotation performance, thus showing consistency with the notion of cognitive plasticity induced from motor training involving manipulation of spatial representations. They are discussed within an embodied cognition framework.

Klein with Lacan: A Study on the Reception of Lacanian Ideas in Uruguay and Its Effects on Clinical Practices (1955–82)

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-361
Author(s):  
Gonzalo Grau-Pérez ◽  
J. Guillermo Milán
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Clinical Material ◽  
Clinical Practices ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Discursive Approach ◽  
The Way ◽  
Clinical Cases

In Uruguay, Lacanian ideas arrived in the 1960s, into a context of Kleinian hegemony. Adopting a discursive approach, this study researched the initial reception of these ideas and its effects on clinical practices. We gathered a corpus of discursive data from clinical cases and theoretical-doctrinal articles (from the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s). In order to examine the effects of Lacanian ideas, we analysed the difference in the way of interpreting the clinical material before and after Lacan's reception. The results of this research illuminate some epistemological problems of psychoanalysis, especially the relationship between theory and clinical practice.

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