Phytotoxicity from plant residues. I. The influence of rotted wheat straw on seedling growth

1967 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 361 ◽  
Author(s):  
RWL Kimber
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Prolonged Storage ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Wheat Roots ◽  
Wheat Stubble ◽  
Aseptic Conditions

Cold aqueous extracts of wheat straw, that had been rotted for periods up to 6 weeks, have been shown to inhibit the growth of wheat and oats grown under aseptic conditions. The degree of inhibition varied with the time of rotting and was at a maximum after 2–6 days. Roots were far more sensitive than shoots to inhibitors. Wheat shoots were inhibited more than oat shoots, but oat roots were inhibited more than wheat roots. Prolonged storage of straw or weathering of wheat stubble in the field reduced this inhibitory effect

Inhibitory effect of aqueous extracts of Centaurea solstitialis subsp. schouwii on seed germination and growth of Sulla coronaria

Botany ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (5) ◽  
pp. 273-281
Author(s):  
Chadlia Hachani ◽  
Mohammed S. Lamhamedi ◽  
Mejda Abassi ◽  
Zoubeir Béjaoui
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Centaurea Solstitialis ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Allelopathic Effects ◽  
Anthropogenic Threats ◽  
Sulla Coronaria

Biodiversity has been confronted with anthropogenic threats and several natural threats such as biological invasions. The success of these invasions involves phytotoxic products released by invasive plants that can exhibit allelopathic effects on target species. Thus, aqueous extracts from different parts of the Mediterranean yellow star-thistle [Centaurea solstitialis subsp. schouwii (DC.) Gugler], were tested for their allelopathic effects on seed germination and seedling growth of Sulla coronaria (L.). Bioassays were conducted in vitro to test the effects of the aqueous extracts of shoot, basal and root parts of C. solstitialis subsp. schouwii at two different concentrations (50 g·L−1 and 10 g·L−1). The concentrations of total polyphenols, flavonoids, and tannins of the extracts were also evaluated. Our results showed inhibitory effects on the germination and seedling growth of S. coronaria seedlings, particularly with the extract form the basal part, reaching 84%. This study confirms the linear relationships between the allelopathic effects of C. solstitialis subsp. schouwii and the polyphenol and flavonoid contents. However, further experiments are needed under field conditions to confirm the results obtained under laboratory conditions.

scholarly journals Soil Mediated Allelopathic Effect of Echinochloa colona on Germination and Seedling Growth of Zea mays

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. MAJEED ◽  
A. TANVEER ◽  
M. TAHIR ◽  
R. AHMAD
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Sinapic Acid ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Syringic Acid ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Allelopathic Effect

ABSTRACT: The soil mediated allelopathic effect of Echinochloa colona (L.) Link (jungle rice) was investigated on seed germination and seedling growth of Zea mays L. (maize). The experiment was conducted in the Agronomy farm of the University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. This study investigated the effect of different concentrations (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5% on w/w basis) of soil incorporated E. colona plant residues on emergence and seedling growth of maize and compared them with residue free soil (control). The results revealed the significant increase with soil incorporated E. colona residues in maize seedling growth till 2% E. colona plant residues, and an inhibitory effect was noticed over 2% E. colona plant residues in comparison to the control treatment. There was maximum reduction in emergence percentage, root and shoot lengths, root and shoot dry weights and seedling vigor index of maize seedlings at 5% E. colona plant residues. Quercetin, ferulic acid, sinapic acid, syringic acid, cinnamic acid, m-coumaric acid were identified as water soluble phenolic in water extract of E. colona.

A, The PHYTOREGULATORY EFFECTS OF AQUEOUS EXTRACTS OF CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS L. ON EMERGENCE AND SEEDLING GROWTH OF ECHINOCHLOA CRUSS-GALLI L.: AN OBNOXIOUS ENVIRONMENTAL WEED

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 367-379
Author(s):  
Bilal Ahmad Khan ◽  
Muhammad Ather Nadeem ◽  
Sadia Afzal ◽  
Ahsan Aziz ◽  
Rizwan Maqbool ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Carthamus Tinctorius ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Toxic Dose ◽  
Natural Herbicides ◽  
Environmental Weed ◽  
Dose Responses

ABSTRACT Crops exude allelochemicals that have ability either to promote or inhibit seed germination and seedling growth of surrounding crops and weeds and this situation is known as allelopathy. Laboratory experiment was performed to determine the suppressive or simulative influence of aqueous extracts of Carthamus tinctorius L. flowers, leaves and stem at different concentrations (0, 0.25, 0.50, 1, 2, 4, and 8%) on environmental weed Echinochloa cruss-galli L. Results revealed that 8% concentration of aqueous extracts of all tested parts of C. tinctorius was most phytostaic against germination as well growth of E. cruss-galli. Maximum mean emergence time (5.60 days), minimum emergence index (1.87), time to 50% emergence (6.17 days), minimum shoot (5.82 cm) and root length (1.91 cm) were recorded with the application leaf extract at 8% concentration. The E. cruss-galli emergence percentage (53.33%) and seedling fresh weight (15.35 g) was minimum when treated with 8% aqueous extract of C. tinctorius fruit extract. The lower concentration of all the studied extracts showed a hermetic response and stimulated the root, shoot and seedling fresh weight of E. cruss-galli. The aqueous extracts inhibitory effect was of order leaf > fruit > stem. This study leads to conclusion that 8% or higher concentration of C. tinctorius leaf aqueous extract may be exploited to biologically suppress the establishment of E. cruss-galli. Hermetic response may affect the manifestation of primary and secondary sequence in biological process and this phenomenon must be considered in the development of natural herbicides keeping focus on toxic dose responses. Keywords: Allelopathy, emergence, seedling growth, inhibitory, extracts-concentrations. INTRODUCTION

scholarly journals Toxic action of aqueous wheat straw extract on horse e purslane

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Khaliq ◽  
A. Matloob ◽  
F. Aslam ◽  
M.N. Mushtaq ◽  
M.B Khan
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Toxic Action ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Soluble Phenolics ◽  
Early Seedling Growth ◽  
Catalase Peroxidase ◽  
Early Seedling ◽  
Screen House

The toxic action of aqueous wheat (Triticum aestivum) straw extracts was investigated on germination, early seedling growth, some biochemical attributes and the antioxidant enzymes of horse purslane (Trianthemaportulacastrum). Aqueous extracts of wheat straw were prepared by soaking the wheat straw in distilled water in 1:10 w/v ratio and diluted to obtain the concentrations of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%. These were used as pre and post emergence in laboratory and screen house trials. Wheat aqueous extracts exhibited phytotoxicity to horse purslane by inhibiting and delaying its germination and suppressing seedling growth. Wheat phytotoxins in its aqueous extracts suppressed the chlorophyll content and soluble protein, and enhanced soluble phenolics and the activity of antioxidant enzymes as catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in the seedlings of horse purslane compared with the control. Such inhibitory activity is believed to originate from exposure to wheat phytotoxins that are present in its aqueous straw extract. The suppressive effects of wheat straw need to be investigated further under field conditions.

scholarly journals Allelopathic effect of Sphenoclea zeylanica Gaertn. on rice (Oryza sativa L.) germination and seedling growth

2020 ◽  
pp. 1450-1455
Author(s):  
Ramida Krumsri ◽  
Hisashi Kato Noguchi ◽  
Thanatsan Poonpaiboonpipat
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Plant Residue ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Allelopathic Effect ◽  
Rice Seed ◽  
Equal Concentration

The allelopathic effect of Sphenoclea zeylanica Gaertn., a broadleaf paddy weed that hinders rice production in Thailand, was investigated. Different parts of S. zeylanica were used to determine their inhibitory effect on seed germination, and shoot and root length of rice in a laboratory. Aqueous extracts of leaves and stems had an inhibitory effect on rice germination and seedling growth more than 50% that of control at concentrations higher than 50 g L-1, whereas all concentrations of root extracts had no effect on rice seeds. At the concentration of 100 g L-1, leaf and stem extracts completely (100%) inhibited rice seed germination. The inhibitory effect was increased with increasing concentrations. Additionally, leaf extracts contained higher total phenolics (7.36 mg GE g-1 DW) and total flavonoids (254.19 µg QE g-1 DW) than extracts of other parts. In glasshouse conditions, soil incorporation with dried whole plant residue had a significant inhibitory effect on rice emergence, seedling height, and dry weight when compared with extracted residue at an equal concentration. The decomposition of S. zeylanica in the soil was also evaluated regarding rice seedling growth. The maximum inhibition was achieved 1-3 days after the application of plant residues. At the 30th day, the inhibition disappeared, suggesting that residue decomposition in the soil has been finished. These results support that S. zeylanica has an allelopathic effect on paddy fields, which may cause a reduction in rice growth and yield.

Tracing the nitrogen, sulfur, and carbon released from plant residues in a soil/plant system

Soil Research ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yothin Konboon ◽  
Graeme Blair ◽  
Rod Lefroy ◽  
Anthony Whitbread
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Nutrient Cycling ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Medicago Truncatula ◽  
Plant Residue ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Plant Nutrient ◽  
N Loss ◽  
Leaching Losses ◽  
Nutrient Demand

Matching plant residue mineralisation rate to plant nutrient demand is one way of increasing the efficiency of nutrient cycling. A glasshouse experiment was conducted in a Soloth soil with a C4d13 C signature using drained pots to examine the effect on the yield of Japanese millet (Echinochloa frumentocea) and the fate of 15 N, 35 S, and C (using d 13 C shift) from the C 3 plants Flemingia macrophylla, Medicago truncatula hay, and wheat (Triticum aestivum) straw applied at 3 t/ha in the presence of N and NPKS fertiliser. The yield of Japanese millet at 91 days was highest where medic hay had been added (13.7 g/pot) and lowest where wheat straw was used (11.5 g/pot). Recovery of 35 S by the millet was highest in the wheat straw and medic hay treatments (mean 11.5%), whilst recovery of 15 N was highest from medic hay (15.8%). Leaching losses of 35 S were highest in the Flemingia and medic treatments (mean 8.1%), and 15 N loss in leachate was highest in the medic hay treatment (6.6%). A maximum of 1.5% of the C added in residues was recovered in the leachate of the medic hay treatment.

scholarly journals Induction of Soil Suppressiveness Against Rhizoctonia solani by Incorporation of Dried Plant Residues into Soil

2006 ◽  
Vol 96 (12) ◽  
pp. 1372-1379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahiro Kasuya ◽  
Andriantsoa R. Olivier ◽  
Yoko Ota ◽  
Motoaki Tojo ◽  
Hitoshi Honjo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Volatile Substance ◽  
Disease Suppression ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
Antagonistic Bacteria ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Soil Suppressiveness

Suppressive effects of soil amendment with residues of 12 cultivars of Brassica rapa on damping-off of sugar beet were evaluated in soils infested with Rhizoctonia solani. Residues of clover and peanut were tested as noncruciferous controls. The incidence of damping-off was significantly and consistently suppressed in the soils amended with residues of clover, peanut, and B. rapa subsp. rapifera ‘Saori’, but only the volatile substance produced from water-imbibed residue of cv. Saori exhibited a distinct inhibitory effect on mycelial growth of R. solani. Nonetheless, disease suppression in such residue-amended soils was diminished or nullified when antibacterial antibiotics were applied to the soils, suggesting that proliferation of antagonistic bacteria resident to the soils were responsible for disease suppression. When the seed (pericarps) colonized by R. solani in the infested soil without residues were replanted into the soils amended with such residues, damping-off was suppressed in all cases. In contrast, when seed that had been colonized by microorganisms in the soils containing the residues were replanted into the infested soil, damping-off was not suppressed. The evidence indicates that the laimosphere, but not the spermosphere, is the site for the antagonistic microbial interaction, which is the chief principle of soil suppressiveness against Rhizoctonia damping-off.

scholarly journals Future Climate Alters Pathogens-Microbiome Co-occurrence Networks in Wheat Straw Residues during Decomposition

Proceedings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Sara Fareed Mohamed Wahdan ◽  
François Buscot ◽  
Witoon Purahong
Keyword(s):  
Network Analysis ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Future Climate ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Ecological Functions

The return of plant residues to the ground is used to promote soil carbon sequestration, improve soil structure, reduce evaporation, and help to fix additional carbon dioxide in the soil. The microbial communities with diverse ecological functions that colonize plant residues during decomposition are expected to be highly dynamic. We aimed to characterize microbial communities colonizing wheat straw residues and their ecological functions during the early phase of straw decomposition. The experiment, run in Central Germany, was conducted in a conventional farming system under both ambient conditions and a future climate scenario expected in 50–70 years from now. We used MiSeq illumina sequencing and network analysis of bacterial 16S rRNA and fungal ITS genes. Our results show that future climate alters the dynamics of bacterial and fungal communities during decomposition. We detected various microbial ecological functions within wheat straw residues such as plant growth-promoting bacteria, N-fixing bacteria, saprotrophs, and plant pathogenic fungi. Interestingly, plant pathogenic fungi dominated (~87% of the total sequences) within the wheat residue mycobiome under both ambient and future climate conditions. Therefore, we applied co-occurrence network analysis to predict the potential impacts of climate change on the interaction between pathogenic community and other bacterial and fungal microbiomes. The network under ambient climate consisted of 91 nodes and 129 correlations (edges). The highest numbers of connections were detected for the pathogens Mycosphaerella tassiana and Neosetophoma rosigena. The network under future climate consisted of 100 nodes and 170 correlations. The highest numbers of connections were detected for the pathogens Pseudopithomyces rosae and Gibellulopsis piscis. We conclude that the future climate significantly changes the interactions between plant pathogenic fungi and other microorganisms during the early phrase of decomposition.

Allelopathic Potency and an Active Substance from Hairy Vetch

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weihong Sun ◽  
Guofeng Yang ◽  
Lili Cong ◽  
Juan Sun ◽  
Lichao Ma
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Growth Inhibitor ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Allelopathic Effect ◽  
Coumaric Acid ◽  
Hairy Vetch ◽  
Allelopathic Effects

Background: Plant allelopathy refers to the release of chemicals from plants or microorganisms into the environment, may have direct or indirect, beneficial or harmful effects on other plants or microorganisms. When plants grow in an unfavorable environment,more allelochemicals will be secreted and the expression of allelopathic effects will increase, giving plants a certain competitive advantage. Hairy vetch is one of the most promising allelopathic crops and the aqueous extract of hairy vetch has an inhibitory effect on the root length and seedling height of grass crops. The current study aimed to study the allelopathic effect of hairy vetch on alfalfa, and exploring an ecological method to remove the root system of alfalfa.Methods: In this experiment, the allelopathic effects of the seeds, stems and leaves, roots extracts and root exudates (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 mg·mL-1) on the seed germination and seedling growth of alfalfa were evaluated. And the main allelopathic substances from the stem and leaf extract were isolated and identified using high performance liquid chromatography- mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS).Result: The results showed that all of the extracts can inhibit alfalfa seed germination and seedling growth and stem and leaf extract had the strongest inhibitory effect, especially for inhibiting the root growth. A main allelochemical substance, o-coumaric acid, was screened out and the root length of alfalfa was completely inhibited at 1.6 mg·mL-1 of o-coumaric acid. The findings of these experiments show hairy vetch has strong allelopathic effect on alfalfa and o-coumaric acid is a chemical growth inhibitor.

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