Formaldehyde treatment of concentrate diets for sheep. I. Partition of the digestion of organic matter and nitrogen between the stomach and intestines

1977 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 1055 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Faichney ◽  
GA White
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment ◽  
Dietary Starch ◽  
Bacterial Protein Synthesis

The effect of formaldehyde treatment of barley/soybean meal diets was studied in fistulated crossbred sheep at four protein levels. The overall digestion of organic matter was similar for all diets; the small differences in the partition of organic matter digestion in response to treatment were not significant. Dietary starch was completely digested. The partition of starch digestion was variable but was not affected by protein level or treatment. The relationship between nitrogen intake and the amount of non-ammonia nitrogen (NAN) digested in the intestines was curvilinear; NAN digested was calculated to reach a maximum when 17.4% of the dietary organic matter was crude protein. Formaldehyde treatment substantially increased the amount of NAN digested in the intestines; a treated diet in which 12.6% of the organic matter was crude protein would provide the same amount of NAN digested as the 17.4% untreated diet. The apparent digestibility of NAN in the intestines was not affected by protein level or treatment; treatment at the highest protein level appeared to cause a reduction in true digestibility to 0.75 from the mean of 0.80 obtained for the other diets. Treatment appeared to have no consistent effect on the efficiency of bacterial protein synthesis. The flows of water and of digesta from the rumen and abomasum were not affected by protein level or treatment; differences between sheep were responsible for much of the variance in these parameters. The treatment reduced rumen ammonia and volatile fatty acid levels and plasma urea levels. Neither the amount and composition of the long-chain fatty acids reaching the intestine nor their digestion there were affected by the treatment.

scholarly journals PROTEIN LEVELS IN GRASS SILAGE-BASED TOTAL MIXED RATIONS FOR DAIRY COWS IN MIDLACTATION

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 435-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. BURGESS ◽  
J. W. G. NICHOLSON
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Nitrogen Intake

Total mixed rations containing three levels of crude protein (10, 13 and 16%) were fed ad libitum to a total of 48 cows in midlactation in two experiments. Rations were composed of 60% wilted timothy silage and 40% concentrates on a dry matter basis. Supplemental protein was supplied as soybean meal. Daily nitrogen intake per cow averaged 263, 377 and 510 g in exp. 1, and 305, 435 and 509 g in exp. 2 for the three rations, respectively. Cows fed rations containing 10% crude protein consumed less (P < 0.05) total dry matter and lost more (P < 0.01) body weight than cows fed rations with either 13 or 16% crude protein. Milk production was not affected by protein level in exp. 1 but in exp. 2, 10% crude protein decreased (P < 0.01) actual milk and 4% fat corrected milk yields. Milk fat and protein percentages tended to increase with increasing dietary protein level. Rumen acetate tended to decline while propionate increased (P < 0.05) at higher crude protein levels. Rumen ammonia nitrogen and plasma urea nitrogen levels were closely related to nitrogen intake. Key words: Dairy cows, grass silage, protein, solubility

The performance of calves given concentrate diets treated with formaldehyde

1973 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 613 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Faichney ◽  
HL Davies
Keyword(s):  
Food Consumption ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Amino Nitrogen ◽  
Peanut Meal ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment ◽  
Protein Diets

Five groups of Friesian bull calves were given concentrate diets containing 70 % barley in which low (12 %), medium (15 %), and high (19%) protein levels were obtained by varying the amount of peanut meal included. The effects of protein level and of formaldehyde treatment of the complete diet at the low and medium protein levels were studied in terms of liveweight gain, voluntary food consumption, digestibility of the diet, ammonia nitrogen in rumen fluid, and urea and a-amino nitrogen in blood plasma. Observations were begun when the calves reached 70 kg liveweight and continued until they reached 130 kg liveweight. The calves given the low protein diets grew more slowly than those given the higher protein diets. The calves given the high protein diet grew no better than those given the medium protein diets. Formaldehyde treatment was associated with an increase in the rate of liveweight gain of 9% (P = 0.11) at the low protein level but had practically no effect at the medium protein level. The treatment did not adversely affect voluntary food consumption but was associated with decreases in the digestibility of nitrogen and in rumen ammonia levels and small increases in plasma urea levels.

Digestion by sheep of concentrate diets containing formaldehyde-treated peanut meal

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 859 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Faichney
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Peanut Meal ◽  
High Protein Diet ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment ◽  
Protein Diets

The effect of formaldehyde treatment of peanut meal on the digestion of barley-peanut meal diets was studied in fistulated crossbred sheep at two peanut meal and therefore dietary protein levels. There were no differences either between protein levels or due to treatment in the overall digestion of organic matter, but more of this digestion took place in the stomach when the low protein diets were given. Dietary starch was completely digested. There was no effect of protein level or of formaldehyde treatment on the partition of starch digestion between the stomach and the intestines. About 10% of the dietary nitrogen disappeared from the stomach when the high protein diet containing untreated peanut meal was given; treatment resulted in a small net gain of nitrogen in the stomach. There was a net gain of nitrogen in the stomach when the low protein diets were given, the gain tending to be greater when the peanut meal was treated. When the meal was treated, there was a small but not significant increase (c. 2%) for the low protein diet and a substantial increase (c. 31 %) for the high protein diet in the amount of crude protein digested in the intestines per unit of digestible organic matter intake. Changes observed in the composition and flow of digesta and in plasma urea and cc-amino nitrogen levels are discussed in relation to the digestion of organic matter and protein.

Formaldehyde treatment of concentrate diets for sheep. II.* Effect on urea synthesis and excretion

1977 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 1069 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Faichney ◽  
GA White
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Consistent Pattern ◽  
Urea Synthesis ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Urea Excretion ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment ◽  
Treatment Changes ◽  
Urea Recycling

The synthesis of urea, its return to the gastrointestinal tract and excretion in the urine were studied in sheep given concentrate diets, untreated or treated with formaldehyde, containing four different protein levels. Rumen ammonia and plasma urea levels increased with protein level and decreased with formaldehyde treatment. Changes in urea excretion were closely related to changes in plasma urea levels. There was a relationship between urea synthesis and rumen ammonia levels, but differences in the amount of urea returned to the gastrointestinal tract did not follow a consistent pattern. When expressed as a percentage of urea synthesized, urea recycling decreased as protein level increased but tended to increase when the diets were treated. The results are consistent with an appreciable fraction of the nitrogen returned to the rumen being in forms other than urea. _________________ *Part I, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 28: 1055 (1977).

The effect of formaldehyde treatment of peanut meal in concentrate diets on the performance of calves

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 167 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Faichney ◽  
HL Davies
Keyword(s):  
Amino Nitrogen ◽  
Peanut Meal ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Significant Treatment ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment ◽  
Lower Protein ◽  
Protein Diets

Four groups of eight Friesian bull calves were given concentrate diets containing untreated or formaldehyde-treated peanut meal at two protein levels. The effect of protein level and of formaldehyde treatment was studied in terms of liveweight gain, food conversion, digestibility of the diet, and the levels of urea, glucose, and α-amino nitrogen in blood plasma. The calves were given the diets for 14 weeks from 6 weeks of age. The calves given the higher protein diets grew significantly faster and required significantly less food per unit of gain than did the calves given the lower protein diets. Formaldehyde treatment of the peanut meal in the higher protein diet had no effect on these variables. Small improvements in these variables in response to treatment of the meal in the lower protein diet were not statistically significant. Treatment was associated with reductions in nitrogen digestibility and plasma urea levels. The digestibility of dry matter and of organic matter and plasma levels of glucose and α-amino nitrogen were not affected by the treatment.

scholarly journals Growth and feed utilization of Boer x Kacang crossbred goats offered total mixed rations of different protein and energy levels

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 188
Author(s):  
Simon P. Ginting ◽  
Kiston Simanihuruk ◽  
Antonius Antonius ◽  
Andi Tarigan
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Feed Utilization ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Crude Protein Level

The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth of and feed utilization by Boer x Kacang crosses goats fed on total mixed ration differing in protein and energy levels. Four total mixed rations combination were formulated to contain 16 and 18% crude protein and 2650 and 2850 Kcal ME/ kg DM (dried matter) energy density. Twenty-eight male Boer x Kacang crosses goats (14.5 ± 1.14 kg) and of age ranging from 4 to 5 months were randomly allocated to one of these four TMRs (total mixed rations) (7 animals/TMR). The effects of dietary treatment were assessed using the general linear model and significance of the diet effects was detected using Duncan’s multiple range test. Dry matter intake increased as metabolizable energy density of diet increased from 2650 to 2850 Kcal/kg DM, but it is not affected by increasing crude protein level from 16 to 18%. The average daily gains were not improved (P&gt;0.05) as the crude protein levels and metabolizable energy density of diet increased. Crude protein levels and ME density did not affect (P&gt;0.05) the DM, OM and energy digestibility, but NDF digestibility was affected by the ME density of diets (P&lt;0.05). Daily N intakes were greater (P&lt;0.0%) in goats received diets higher in the crude protein and metabolizable energy levels. At this high rate of feed intake this type of goats are able to gain optimally when offered feed with crude protein level of 16% and metabolizable energy density of 2850 Kcal/kg DM.

scholarly journals Effects of Dietary Protein Levels on Bamei Pig Intestinal Colony Compositional Traits

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Dong Wang ◽  
Guoshun Chen ◽  
Lili Song ◽  
Mingjie Chai ◽  
Yongfeng Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Microbial Flora ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Diets ◽  
Crude Protein Level ◽  
Microbial Diversities

Diets containing different crude protein levels (16%, 14%, and 12%) were created to feed Bamei pigs in order to study the effect of these compositions on intestinal colonies. Therefore, 27 healthy Bamei pigs of similar weight ( 20.99   kg ± 0.16   kg ) were selected and randomly divided into three groups for microbial diversity analysis. The results of this study show that microbial diversities and abundances in Bamei pig jejunum and caecum samples after feeding with different dietary protein levels were significantly different. Dietary crude protein level exerted no significant effect on the Shannon index for cecum microbes in these pigs, while Simpson, ACE, and Chao1 indices for group I were all significantly higher than those of either the control group or group II ( P < 0.05 ). Indeed, data show that microbial diversities and abundances in the 14% protein level group were higher than those in either the 16% or 12% groups. Dominant bacteria present in jejunum and cecum samples given low-protein diets were members of the phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. Data show that as dietary crude protein level decreases, representatives of the microbial flora genus Lactobacillus in jejunum and cecum samples gradually increases. Values for the KEGG functional prediction of microbial flora at different dietary protein levels also show that genes of jejunum and cecum microorganisms were mainly enriched in the “metabolism” pathway and indicate that low protein diets increase intestinal metabolic activity. Therefore, we recommend that Bamei pig dietary protein levels are reduced 2% from their existing level of 16% crude protein. We also suggest that essential synthetic amino acids (AA) are added to optimize this ideal protein model as this will increase intestinal flora diversity in these pigs and enhance health. These changes will have a positive effect in promoting the healthy growth of Bamei pigs.

scholarly journals Mesquite Extract as Phytogenic Additive to Improve the Nutrition of Sheep

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renato Tonhá Alves Júnior ◽  
Evaristo Jorge Oliveira de Souza ◽  
Airon Aparecido Silva de Melo ◽  
Dulciene Karla De Andrade Silva ◽  
Thaysa Rodrigues Torres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Ingestive Behavior ◽  
Rumen Content ◽  
Ciliated Protozoa ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis

Four concentrations (0, 200, 400, 600 and 800 mg extract per ml of water) of mesquite extract were used as phytogenic additive to verify the potential to increase the nutritional value of the feed, ruminal parameters (primarily propionate production) and nitrogen use efficiency, microbial protein synthesis and quantify the reduction of ciliated protozoa and characterize the ingestive behavior of sheep. Ten adult male sheep were subjected to a 5 × 5 double Latin square design. Prior to feeding, the animals received the mesquite extract. Nutrient intake was estimated from the difference of the amount of feed provided and the total surplus. Rumen content samples were collected to evaluate the profile of short-chain fatty acids, ammonia nitrogen, pH, ciliated protozoa, turnover rate and disappearance rate. To estimate the microbial protein synthesis, the technique of purine derivatives was used. The mesquite extract quadratically increased (P < 0.05) the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and total digestible nutrients, as well as increased propionate production, acetate:propionate ratio and microbial protein synthesis. The numbers of ciliate protozoa in the rumen decreased as a result of mesquite extract inclusion in the diet. The use of mesquite pod extract at a concentration of 488 mg/mL is recommended to improve digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and total digestible nutrients, and to optimize microbial protein synthesis and increase propionic acid production.

Formaldehyde treatment of concentrate diets for sheep. III.* Absorption of amino acids from the small intestine

1979 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 1163 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Faichney ◽  
GA White
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
High Protein Diet ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment ◽  
Lower Protein ◽  
True Protein ◽  
The Individual

The effects of formaldehyde treatment of barley/soybean meal diets on the flow of amino acids to the small intestine, their release and absorption there, and their levels in jugular plasma were studied at four protein levels in fistulated crossbred sheep. There were substantial losses of amino acids during passage through the stomach at the highest protein level which were prevented by formaldehyde treatment; the net gains of amino acids observed with the lower protein diets were enhanced by treatment. There were no statistically significant effects of treatment on the proportions of the individual amino acids apparently absorbed in the small intestine, but a tendency for the values to decrease for the highest protein diet suggested that this diet was overtreated. This was confirmed by calculation of the true digestibilities in the small intestine: the true digestibility of true protein in the small intestine was 0.74 for the treated high protein diet and 0.81 for all the other diets. Of the individual amino acids, only lysine was adversely affected by treatment; however, despite reduced intakes, the net absorption of lysine was equal to or greater than that achieved with the untreated diets at all but the lowest protein level. Formaldehyde treatment was associated with substantial increases in the concentration of ε-N-methyl-lysine in plasma. As the amount of protein absorbed from the small intestine increased to about 110 g/day, the concentrations in plasma of the amino acids normally present in protein declined to a minimum or remained steady; thereafter, except for lysine, the concentrations increased. ____________________ *Part II, Aust. J. Agric. Res. 28: 1069 (1977).

scholarly journals Nitrogen digestion in sheep given poor-quality indigenous hill herbages

1979 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 525-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Macrae ◽  
J. A. Milne ◽  
S. Wilson ◽  
Angela M. Spence
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Production Rate ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Plasma Urea

1. In two experiments, the sites of digestion of non-ammonia nitrogen (NAN) and the amounts of urea N recycled to the rumen were measured in mature wether sheep given diets of indigenous hill herbage (Agrostis–Festucaand heather).2. Duodenal and ileal flow values were obtained using103Ru-phenanthroline and51Cr-EDTA markers in animals prepared with simple (T-shaped) cannuals. Amounts of urea N recycled to the rumen were estimated from measurements of the transfer of plasma urea carbon into rumen bicarbonate and the production rate of rumen bicarbonate using14C-labelled urea and bicarbonate respectively.3. The flows of NAN at the duodenum and ileum were linearly related to the intake of herbage (P< 0.001). There was a net gain of non-ammonia N anterior to the duodenum on both diets (at an intake of 460 g organic matter (OM)/d, 3.7 g NAN/d onAgrostis–Festucaand 3.3 g NAN/d on heather).4. Net digestibility of NAN entering the small intestine was within a normal range on theAgrostis–Festuca(0.58 at 460 g OM intake) diet but low on the heather diet (0.043 at 460 g OM intake).5. It was calculated that at 460 g OM intake only 0.9 and 1.1 g/d respectively of the duodenal NAN on theAgrostis-Festucaand heather diets could have been derived from urea-N recycled to the rumen. Thus 2.8 g and 2.2 g/d had to be accounted for as non-urea endogenous NAN.

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