scholarly journals Nitrogen digestion in sheep given poor-quality indigenous hill herbages

1979 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 525-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Macrae ◽  
J. A. Milne ◽  
S. Wilson ◽  
Angela M. Spence
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Production Rate ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Plasma Urea

1. In two experiments, the sites of digestion of non-ammonia nitrogen (NAN) and the amounts of urea N recycled to the rumen were measured in mature wether sheep given diets of indigenous hill herbage (Agrostis–Festucaand heather).2. Duodenal and ileal flow values were obtained using103Ru-phenanthroline and51Cr-EDTA markers in animals prepared with simple (T-shaped) cannuals. Amounts of urea N recycled to the rumen were estimated from measurements of the transfer of plasma urea carbon into rumen bicarbonate and the production rate of rumen bicarbonate using14C-labelled urea and bicarbonate respectively.3. The flows of NAN at the duodenum and ileum were linearly related to the intake of herbage (P< 0.001). There was a net gain of non-ammonia N anterior to the duodenum on both diets (at an intake of 460 g organic matter (OM)/d, 3.7 g NAN/d onAgrostis–Festucaand 3.3 g NAN/d on heather).4. Net digestibility of NAN entering the small intestine was within a normal range on theAgrostis–Festuca(0.58 at 460 g OM intake) diet but low on the heather diet (0.043 at 460 g OM intake).5. It was calculated that at 460 g OM intake only 0.9 and 1.1 g/d respectively of the duodenal NAN on theAgrostis-Festucaand heather diets could have been derived from urea-N recycled to the rumen. Thus 2.8 g and 2.2 g/d had to be accounted for as non-urea endogenous NAN.

Digestion by ruminant lambs of a diet containing formaldehyde-treated casein

1971 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 461 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Faichney ◽  
RH Weston
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Amino Nitrogen ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Casein Diet ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Urea Level

Digestion of a diet containing 10% casein, either untreated or treated with formaldehyde, was studied in crossbred wether lambs. The treatment prevented breakdown of the casein in rumen liquor in vitro. There was a highly significant decrease in organic matter digestion in the rumen when the treated casein diet was given to the lambs. This was accounted for by increases in the amounts of protein and starch passing to the intestines. There was a 60 % increase in the amount of non-ammonia nitrogen and a 55 % increase in the amount of starch digested in the intestines. The concentrations of volatile fatty acids and ammonia in the rumen were significantly lower. There were increases in the plasma levels of insulin and �-amino nitrogen and a decrease in the plasma urea level in response to the treatment.

DIGESTION OF CORN AND ALFALFA SILAGES IN THE STOMACH AND SMALL INTESTINE OF SHEEP PREPARED WITH TWO RE-ENTRANT CANNULAS

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. VEIRA ◽  
M. IVAN
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Fresh Weight Basis ◽  
Alfalfa Silage

Four wethers, each fitted with a re-entrant cannula in the proximal duodenum and terminal ileum, were used to study digestion of corn and alfalfa silages. The four silages fed were (1) corn silage (2) corn silage with 0.6% urea (fresh weight basis) added at the time of ensiling (3) direct-cut alfalfa silage treated with formic acid (5 g/kg fresh alfalfa) and (4) wilted alfalfa silage. Urea additions to corn silage increased crude protein from 8.1 to 13.2% which resulted in an increase (P < 0.05) in microbial yield from 1.99 to 3.23 g N/100 g organic matter (OM) apparently digested in the stomach. The apparent digestion of OM in the stomach was lower (P < 0.05) with formic-acid-treated alfalfa silage (48.6%) compared to the wilted alfalfa silage (56.1%), but this difference had disappeared at the ileum. The preservation of alfalfa silage with formic acid compared to wilting resulted in a greater (P < 0.05) flow from the stomach and digestion within the small intestine of non-ammonia nitrogen. This effect of formic acid on non-ammonia dynamics was unrelated to microbial yield.

The effect of sucrose supplementation on kinetics of nitrogen, ruminal propionate and plasma glucose in sheep

1996 ◽  
Vol 126 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Sutoh ◽  
Y. Obara ◽  
S. Miyamoto
Keyword(s):  
Production Rate ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Transfer Rate ◽  
Loss Rate ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Irreversible Loss ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Plasma Urea Concentration ◽  
Kinetics Of

SUMMARYThe effects of dietary sucrose on the metabolic rate of plasma glucose and ruminal propionate as well as the change in nitrogen kinetics were examined in four mature wethers fitted with rumen fistulas in Tsukuba, Japan in 1990. Wethers were fed at 12 equal intervals daily on crushed lucerne hay cubes (1233 g DM/day), with or without 204 g/day of sucrose. Plasma urea and glucose kinetics were determined following a single intravenous injection of [I5N]urea and [U-13C]glucose respectively; and the kinetics of ruminal ammonia and propionate were determined following a single intraruminal injection of [15N]ammonium chloride and [2–13c]sodium propionate respectively. Following supplementation of sucrose to the diet, nitrogen retention was increased (P< 0·05) with a decrease in plasma urea concentration (P< 0·05) and urinary urea excretion (P< 0·05). Sucrose supplementation decreased (P< 005) the concentration and irreversible loss rate of ruminal ammonia. Urinary allantoin excretion did not change with sucrose treatment, but the flow rate of non-ammonia-nitrogen from the rumen was increasedP< 0·05). The transfer rate of ruminal ammonia to plasma urea was also decreased (P< 0·01), whilst the transfer rate of plasma urea to ruminal ammonia was increased (P< 0·05) by dietary sucrose. Sucrose supplementation resulted in a higher concentration of propionate and butyrate (P< 0·05) in the rumen with no significant change in acetate or pH. The concentration of plasma glucose did not change with sucrose treatment, but the concentration of insulin, pool size (P< 0·05) and the irreversible loss rate of glucose (P< 0·01) were increased, reflecting the increase in the production rate of ruminal propionate (P< 0·05). It was concluded that the supplementation of sucrose affected the metabolism of urea and glucose in plasma via a change in ruminal production rate of ammonia and propionate, respectively.

Formaldehyde treatment of concentrate diets for sheep. I. Partition of the digestion of organic matter and nitrogen between the stomach and intestines

1977 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 1055 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Faichney ◽  
GA White
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment ◽  
Dietary Starch ◽  
Bacterial Protein Synthesis

The effect of formaldehyde treatment of barley/soybean meal diets was studied in fistulated crossbred sheep at four protein levels. The overall digestion of organic matter was similar for all diets; the small differences in the partition of organic matter digestion in response to treatment were not significant. Dietary starch was completely digested. The partition of starch digestion was variable but was not affected by protein level or treatment. The relationship between nitrogen intake and the amount of non-ammonia nitrogen (NAN) digested in the intestines was curvilinear; NAN digested was calculated to reach a maximum when 17.4% of the dietary organic matter was crude protein. Formaldehyde treatment substantially increased the amount of NAN digested in the intestines; a treated diet in which 12.6% of the organic matter was crude protein would provide the same amount of NAN digested as the 17.4% untreated diet. The apparent digestibility of NAN in the intestines was not affected by protein level or treatment; treatment at the highest protein level appeared to cause a reduction in true digestibility to 0.75 from the mean of 0.80 obtained for the other diets. Treatment appeared to have no consistent effect on the efficiency of bacterial protein synthesis. The flows of water and of digesta from the rumen and abomasum were not affected by protein level or treatment; differences between sheep were responsible for much of the variance in these parameters. The treatment reduced rumen ammonia and volatile fatty acid levels and plasma urea levels. Neither the amount and composition of the long-chain fatty acids reaching the intestine nor their digestion there were affected by the treatment.

The digestion of nitrogen associated with plant cell wall in the stomach and small intestine of the sheep

1980 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
JP Hogan ◽  
JR Lindsay
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
D Cell

The digestion of dietary cell wall constituents was estimated during measurements of the passage of digesta from the stomach and intestines of sheep. Two groups of four sheep were used, and they were fed on either mature wheaten hay at 600 g/d or immature dried ryegrass at 800 g/d. Cell wall constituents comprised c. 58.7% and 39.8% of the organic matter in the two diets, while the nitrogen associated with cell wall was equivalent respectively to 14.1 and 24.6 % of dietary nitrogen. With wheaten hay, 45 % of cell wall organic matter and 25 % of cell wall nitrogen were digested in the stomach. The corresponding values for ryegrass were, respectively, 81 and 89 %. The nitrogen in cell wall contributed about 9% of non-ammonia nitrogen in digesta leaving the stomach and 15 % in digesta leaving the ileum with wheaten hay, but only 4-5 % at each site with ryegrass. Although the release of amino acids from cell wall in the small intestine was less than from the remaining crude protein in digesta, it was concluded that the amounts involved were too small to have much effect on the apparent release of amino acids in digesta passing through the small intestine.

AN NOVEL UCSB-ANR INTEGRATED SYSTEM FOR EFFICIENT REMOVAL OF ORGANIC MATTER AND AMMONIA NITROGEN FROM SWINE WASTEWATER

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. 2261-2266
Author(s):  
Xiaowei Li ◽  
Jie Zhang ◽  
Weiwei Zhao ◽  
Xuewen Yi ◽  
Wei Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Swine Wastewater ◽  
Efficient Removal

Optimizing the Step-Feed Ratio and Modeling the Effluents of Aerobic Tank with ASM1 in ECOSUNIDE Process

2012 ◽  
Vol 178-181 ◽  
pp. 526-530
Author(s):  
Ruo Gu Li ◽  
Yan Qiu Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Feed Ratio ◽  
Optimum Ratio ◽  
Matlab Simulink ◽  
Activated Sludge Model ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Autotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Optimum Model

The step feed model based on the Activated Sludge Model No.1 (ASM1) and the optimum model of the ammonia nitrogen (SNH) removal in wastewater were established. Four aeration tanks under the different step feed ratios were simulated by Matlab Simulink. The results show that single-feeding is conducive to the removal of readily biodegradable substrate (SS) and the growth of heterotrophic organisms (XBH), and to lower the biodegradable substrate (XS) at the same time. The SS, XS, and SNH concentrations are 1.36, 5.98, and 3.02 mg/L respectively in effluent. However, the step-feeding is conducive to the SNH removal, and the autotrophic bacteria (XBA) growth. Under the step feed ratio (25/25/25/25%), the SS, XS, and SNH concentrations are 2.64, 10.79, and 2.61 mg/L respectively. Under the optimum ratio (28.7/23.6/20.4/27.2%), step-feeding could further facilitate the removal of SNH and hinder the removal of organic matter, their concentrations are 2.70, 10.98, and 2.47 mg/L respectively.

Effect of intraruminal infusion of urea on the response in voluntary food intake by sheep

1985 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 483 ◽  
Author(s):  
JK Egan ◽  
PT Doyle
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake

Six mature Merino sheep received three treatments in a randomized block design experiment. The treatments were: chopped oaten hay diet at 90% of ad libitum intake without urea (L); the ciet offered at the same level as for L with urea infused into the rumen at 11.5 g kg-1 dry matter intake (LU); and the diet offered at 90% of the ad libitum intake achieved with urea infused at 11.5 g kg-1 dry matter intake (HU). Sheep given HU consumed 37% more (P < 0.01) organic matter (OM) than those fed L or LU, but the apparent digestibility of OM did not vary (59.2-61.8%) between treatments. The addit onal food consumption was associated with c. 20% increase (P < 0.05) in the weight of OM in the reticulorumen and significantly higher (by 10-35%; P < 0.05) fractional outflow rates of most dietary and microbial constituents of digesta. The fractional digestion rate of potentially digestible plant cell walls was not affected by urea, but the flow of microbial non-ammonia nitrogen from the abomasum was enhanced (L, 7.0; LU, 8.2; HU, 12.5 g day-1; P < 0.05). The results of this study suggest that the stimulatory effect of urea upon food intake was associated with the provision of additional microbial protein for digestion in the intestines, rather than changes in the rate or extent of organic matter fermentation in the reticulorumen.

scholarly journals In Vitro Screening of Plant Materials to Reduce Ruminal Protozoal Population and Mitigate Ammonia and Methane Emissions

Fermentation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 166
Author(s):  
Pichad Khejornsart ◽  
Anusorn Cherdthong ◽  
Metha Wanapat
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Methane Emissions ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Tropical Plants ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
Tropical Climates

Alternative feed sources can be utilized to reduce enteric methane (CH4) emissions, a major greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming. This study aimed to evaluate the potential use of tropical plants to improve digestibility, reduce protozoal populations, improve rumen fermentation, and minimize methane emissions from ruminants. The plants considered herein grow in tropical climates, are easily accessible in large quantities, and are directly related to human food production. Nine plants that grow naturally in tropical climates were assessed. Plant supplementation substantially enhanced accumulative gas production at 24 h (p < 0.05). The apparent organic matter digestibility (AOMDvt) of the diet was not affected by five of the nine plants. With the addition of the plant material, ammonia nitrogen concentrations were reduced by up to 47% and methane concentrations were reduced by 54%. Five of the nine plant materials reduced methane production in terms of CH4/dry matter and CH4/digestibility of the organic matter by 15–35% and 8–24%, respectively. In conclusion, supplementation with plants with high tannin contents was shown to be a viable strategy for improving rumen fermentation, reducing protozoal populations, and limiting methane emissions. In this regard, the leaves of Piper sarmentosum, Acmella oleracea, Careya arborea, and Anacardium occidentale were especially promising.

scholarly journals Quantitative intestinal digestion of nitrogen in sheep given formaldehyde-treated and untreated casein supplements

1972 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Macrae ◽  
M. J. Ulyatt ◽  
P. D. Pearce ◽  
Jane Hendtlass
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Total N ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Intestinal Digestion ◽  
Gross Energy

1. In two experiments, sheep prepared with a rumen cannula and with re-entrant cannulas in the duodenum and ileum were continuously fed on diets of dried grass, dried grass plus formalin-treated casein, or dried grass plus untreated casein. Paper impregnated with chromic oxide was given once daily via the rumen fistula.2. In ten 24 h collections of digesta entering the duodenum and eleven 24 h collections of digesta reaching the ileum of sheep given dried grass, there were highly significant correlations between the 24 h flows of Cr marker and the corresponding flows of dry matter, organic matter, nitrogen, gross energy, hemicellulose and cellulose (P < 0.01) at both sites.3. Daily amounts of non-ammonia N and of individual amino acids entering and leaving the small intestine and of total N excreted in faeces and urine are given.4. Net retention of supplementary N was 36% when the supplement was administered as formalin-treated casein, but only 17% when it was administered as untreated casein.5. Formalin treatment of casein significantly increased the daily amounts of non-ammonia N entering the small intestine (P < 0.01) and the amounts of non-ammonia N apparently absorbed therein (P < 0.05).6. Apparent absorption of amino acids from the small intestine was significantly greater (P < 0.05) with treated casein than with untreated casein. There were relative increases in the small amounts of several free amino acids measured, including taurine, in the ileal digesta of sheep receiving the treated casein supplement.

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