Temporal response of plasma metabolites to ractopamine treatment in the growing pig

Eight crossbred gilts (73 kg liveweight) were surgically prepared with indwelling venous catheters to examine the temporal pattern of circulating metabolites and hormones during dietary ractopamine (RAC, 0 or 20 mg kg-1) treatment for 24 days. Pigs were bled every 2 h for 24 h on days 1, 2, 8, 22 of treatment and again 5 days after withdrawal of RAC. Dietary RAC increased liveweight daily gain and decreased feed consumption : liveweight gain by 37 and 25%, respectively. There were no differences in growth performance between the two groups of pigs during the week after withdrawal of RAC. Dietary RAC had no acute or chronic effects upon plasma concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) or glucose. Likewise, plasma NEFA and glucose were not different during the withdrawal period. Plasma urea nitrogen began to decrease after 24 h of dietary RAC treatment, and remained lower than for the controls for the duration of RAC treatment. Withdrawal of RAC caused a marked increase (21%) in plasma urea nitrogen. Dietary RAC decreased plasma insulin and negated the normal increase with age in plasma IGF-I. These metabolic data are consistent with increased protein deposition with little change in fat deposition during dietary RAC treatment.

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PSII-2 Beef steers with divergent average daily gain have altered plasma amine/phenol-metabolome

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa278.701 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽

pp. 399-399

Author(s):

Ibukun M Ogunade

Keyword(s):

Isotope Labeling ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Plasma Concentrations ◽

Plasma Metabolites ◽

Free Access ◽

Beef Steers ◽

Amino Acid Residues ◽

Branched Chain ◽

Chemical Groups ◽

Daily Gain

Abstract This study applied a chemical isotope labeling/liquid chromatography mass spectrometry-based metabolomics technique to determine differences in plasma metabolites containing amine/phenol and carbonyl chemical groups in beef steers with divergent average daily gain (ADG). Thirty-eight Angus crossbred beef steers (21 d post-weaning; 210 ± 12 kg of BW) from a single source were housed in individual slatted floor pens and were fed the same total mixed ration (CP = 14.5% and NEg = 1.10 Mcal/kg) ad libitum for 42 d with free access to water. After 42 days of feeding, the steers were divided into two groups of lowest ADG (LF: n = 8) and highest (HF: n = 8) ADG. Blood samples were taken from both LF and HF steers and were immediately centrifuged to harvest the plasma. The average daily DM intake of the steers in LF and HF were 6.08 kg ± 0.57 and 6.04 kg ± 0.42, respectively, and was similar between the two groups (P = 0.72). The ADG of LF (0.99 kg ± 0.23) was lower (P = 0.01) than that of HF (1.63 kg ± 0.20). A total number of 42 carbonyl-containing metabolites and 229 amine/phenol-containing metabolites were identified in the plasma samples of both groups. No alteration in carbonyl-metabolome was detected. Ten metabolites including 4,6-dihydroxyquinoline, prolyl-valine, prolyl-leucine, prolyl-isoleucine, L-formylkynurenine, pyrocatechol, and histidine were greater in HF steers whereas 8 metabolites including arginine, phenylalanine, guanidoacetic acid, and aspartyl-threonine were greater in LF steers. This study demonstrated that beef steers with divergent ADG had altered plasma amine/phenol metabolome. Notably, plasma concentrations of dipeptides containing branched chain amino acid residues (prolyl-valine, prolyl-leucine, prolyl-isoleucine) and metabolites with anti-inflammatory and reactive oxygen-scavenging properties (4,6-dihydroxyquinoline and L-formylkynurenine) were greater in steers with high ADG.

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Untreated and formaldehyde-treated urea as nitrogen sources for young growing bulls

Agricultural and Food Science ◽

10.23986/afsci.72089 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 54 (1) ◽

pp. 53-62

Author(s):

Jouko Setälä ◽

Liisa Syrjälä-Qvist ◽

Pentti Aspila

Keyword(s):

Transition Period ◽

Plasma Concentrations ◽

Nitrogen Sources ◽

Feed Utilization ◽

Test Period ◽

Barley Straw ◽

Total Proteins ◽

Plasma Urea ◽

Beet Pulp ◽

Daily Gain

Untreated urea and urea treated with 1.5 % formaldehyde were compared as nitrogen sources for young growing bulls. The experiment was performed with 12 individually fed animals, eight of which were Friesians and four Finnish Ayrshires, and the average age of the animals at the beginning of the experiment was about 3.5 months. After a standardization period of two weeks, the animals were divided into two groups with similar distributions by daily gain, feed utilization, liveweight and age. During the following transition period of one week the feeding of the animals was changed to the experimental diets of the 24-week test period. The feeding was based on NaOH-treated barley straw and a mixture of barley, oats and molassed beet pulp, and planned for a daily gain of 1000 grams/animal. During the standardization period the animals received 2.9 % untreated urea in the concentrate, and soybean meal was also used to bring the feeding into agreement with the standards chosen. During the test period the animals received untreated or treated urea and their contributed about 35—40 % of their DCP requirements. There were no significant differences between the groups in daily gain, feed utilization or slaughter results. Nor did the two groups show any significant differences in plasma urea, albumin and total proteins. The plasma concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine amino transferase and creatinine did not differ significantly between the groups.

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Effects of age on plasma metabolites and hormones in finishing Belgian Blue double-muscled cull females

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1357729800054011 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 78 (2) ◽

pp. 229-235 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

J.-F. Cabaraux ◽

I. Dufrasne ◽

L. Istasse ◽

J.-L. Hornick

Keyword(s):

Average Daily Gain ◽

Plasma Concentrations ◽

Growth Potential ◽

Plasma Metabolites ◽

Maize Silage ◽

Esterified Fatty Acids ◽

Endocrine Status ◽

Endocrine Parameters ◽

Daily Gain ◽

Repeated Experiment

AbstractTwo groups of 12 Belgian Blue double-muscled cull females were used successively in a 2-year repeated experiment and divided into three groups according to age, allowing four animals per group each year. The aim of the trial was to relate, during the finishing period, the metabolic and endocrine parameters with age. Females were fattened with a diet based on maize silage and were blood sampled on several occasions. The average daily gain (ADG) decreased with the age of the cows. Plasma glucose and triglycerides decreased also with age while the youngest females showed lower concentrations of urea than those older. The composition of plasma non-esterified fatty acids also differed considerably between groups. The hormones that best related with ADG were IGF-1 and insulin. Plasma concentrations of thyroid hormones were lower in the oldest animals. No difference between groups was found for GH. Heifers presented lower concentrations of GH and IGF-1 than those reported elsewhere in fattening bulls of the same breed. It may be concluded that in Belgian Blue double-muscled females, glucose, IGF-1 and insulin are good indicators of the growth potential. Young adult cows presented intermediate characteristics of metabolic and endocrine status that were close either to younger or to older cows.

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Diet composition, intake, plasma metabolites, reproductive and metabolic hormones during pregnancy in goats under semi-arid grazing conditions

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859605004879 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 142 (6) ◽

pp. 697-704 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

A. S. JUÁREZ-REYES ◽

M. A. CERRILLO-SOTO ◽

C. A. MEZA-HERRERA ◽

G. NEVÁREZ-CARRASCO

Keyword(s):

Plasma Glucose ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Plasma Concentrations ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Plasma Metabolites ◽

Plasma Urea ◽

Mean Values ◽

Metabolic Hormones ◽

Semi Arid ◽

Response Variables

The objective of the study was to determine the chemical composition of the diet, intake and plasma concentrations of glucose, urea and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) during pregnancy in goats grazing a thorn scrubland of the semi-arid region of North Mexico. Additionally, monthly changes during pregnancy of plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH), growth hormone (GH), insulin (INS) and progesterone (P4) were also measured. A herd of 250 goats was bred in August and blood samples were collected from 12 goats at monthly intervals up to December to evaluate plasma glucose, urea, NEFA, LH, GH, INS and P4. Three goats fitted with oesophageal cannulae (38±1·7 kg BW) were used to obtain diet samples during pregnancy. Response variables were analysed by split-plot ANOVA for repeated measures on animals across time. When significant differences were observed among pregnancy months, multiple comparisons were performed using the PROC GLM-PDIFF option of SAS. The response variables organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose differed across pregnancy. Mean values for the whole period were (g/kg DM) 866 (OM), 149 (CP), 524 (NDF), 364 (ADF), 131 (lignin), 160 (hemicellulose), and 233 (cellulose). Mean values for dry matter intake (DMI, kg/day), metabolizable energy intake (MEI, MJ/day) and metabolizable protein intake (MPI, g/day) were 1·2, 8·9 and 74·0, respectively and were different among periods of sampling (P<0·05). Mean plasma glucose concentration was 41±4·3 mg/dl with no significant differences (P>0·05) across pregnancy. Plasma NEFA concentrations increased (P<0·05) at the end of pregnancy (August, 0·396 v. November, 1·27 mM/l). Plasma urea concentrations were higher (P<0·05) in August (26·3 mg/dl) and November (26·2 mg/dl). Serum urea concentrations were related to MPI (r=0·82, P=0·10) and to the undegraded protein absorbed from the duodenum (r=0·79; P=0·07), but not with the rumen NH3-N concentration (r=−0·25; P=0·68). Hormone plasma concentrations differed (P<0·05) across pregnancy. While the largest serum LH concentration (P<0·05) was observed in mid pregnancy (October, 7·8 ng/ml), the lowest value was depicted at the end of gestation (4·8 ng/ml). A similar pattern was observed in plasma P4, with monthly increases from August to November, and a reduction during the last month of gestation (August, 5·6 v. December 2·5 ng/ml). With respect to the metabolic hormones, a negative correlation (−0·23, P=0·05) was observed between GH and INS, with the largest plasma INS levels in mid pregnancy (October 1·9 ng/ml), the lowest INS levels in December, 0·8 ng/ml and the largest serum GH concentration in December, 20·2 ng/ml. Results from the study indicate that DMI, MEI and MPI in grazing goats are useful indicators of the nutritive value of the forage consumed by goats which allowed them to keep an important steroidogenic luteal activity during gestation (P4=5·7±0·82 ng/ml, litter size=1·44 kids). Nonetheless, the observed plasma levels of glucose, urea, NEFA, INS and GH indicate that a schedule of energy supplementation may be outlined to ensure an adequate nutritional status of goats during late pregnancy and early lactation.

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The Impacts of Dietary Fermented Mao-tai Lees on Growth Performance, Plasma Metabolites, and Intestinal Microbiota and Metabolites of Weaned Piglets

Frontiers in Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fmicb.2021.778555 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Zhihua Li ◽

Qian Zhu ◽

Md. Abul Kalam Azad ◽

Huawei Li ◽

Pan Huang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Intestinal Microbiota ◽

Plasma Concentrations ◽

Dietary Supplementation ◽

Basal Diet ◽

The Other ◽

Plasma Metabolites ◽

Control Group ◽

Weaned Piglets ◽

Plasma Urea

This study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with fermented Mao-tai lees (FML) on growth performance, plasma metabolites, and intestinal microbiota and metabolites of weaned piglets. A total of 128 Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire piglets (28-days old) were randomly assigned to one of four groups, feeding a basal diet (control group), a basal diet supplemented with 2, 4 or 6% FML, respectively, for 42days. The results showed that dietary 4% FML supplementation had higher (p<0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and plasma triglyceride concentration during days 1–14 of the trial than the other FML supplemented groups. In addition, dietary 2 and 4% FML supplementation increased (p<0.05) the ADG during days 15–28 of the trial and plasma total protein concentration on day 42 of the trial compared with the 6% FML supplement. The plasma concentrations of arginine, ethanolamine, histidine, isoleucine, lysine, methionine, proline, taurine, threonine, and tyrosine were increased (p<0.05) in the 4% FML group compared with the other three groups on day 14 of the trial. Dietary supplementation with 2–6% FML decreased (p<0.05) the plasma urea nitrogen concentration on day 14 of the trial and the abundance of Escherichia coli in the colon, and dietary 2 and 4% FML supplementation decreased (p<0.05) the abundance of sulfate-reducing bacteria compared with the control group. In the intestinal contents, a higher concentration of FML (6%) supplementation decreased (p<0.05) the colonic acetate concentration compared with the control and 2% FML groups, while 4% FML supplementation increased (p<0.05) the colonic cadaverine concentration compared with the other three groups. In conclusion, dietary 4% FML supplementation might contribute to the increased amino acids metabolism without affecting the growth performance of weaned piglets. Moreover, dietary 2 and 4% FML supplementation were also beneficial to intestinal health via decreasing the abundances of specific pathogens and increasing the concentrations of microbial metabolites in the gut, which provides the theoretical basis and data support for the application of FML in pigs.

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Wood molasses as a preservative for high moisture barley: 3. Feeding value for growing cattle

Agricultural and Food Science ◽

10.23986/afsci.72181 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 56 (4) ◽

pp. 275-282

Author(s):

Pekka Huhtanen

Keyword(s):

Plasma Concentrations ◽

Rapeseed Meal ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Plasma Urea ◽

Period 2 ◽

Growing Cattle ◽

Average Proportion ◽

Feeding Value ◽

Feed Conversion Rate ◽

Daily Gain

In two experiments the feeding value for growing cattle of barley ensiled with wood molasses (55 % DM) was compared with dried barley (DB) and barley ensiled with AIV II solution (AIVB). Wood molasses was applied at levels of 8 (WMB8) or 16% (WMB16) of barley DM in Exp. 1 and 12 % (WMB12) of barley DM in Exp. 2. The AIV II solution was used at a level of 0.3 % v/w. In Exp. 1 DB and WMB8 were compared during period 1 and DB and WMB16 during period 2. AIVB and WMB12 were compared In Exp. 2. Experiment 1 was performed with 12 and Exp. 2 with 16 animals of Ayrshire and Friesian breed. The average ages of the animals at the beginning of the experiment were 126 and 100 days. The first period in Exp. 1 lasted 45 days and the second 53 days. Experiment 2 lasted 140 days. The feeding was based on barley, soybean meal and hay in Exp. 1 and on barley, rapeseed meal and grass silage in Exp. 2 and daily gain of 1200g/d was targeted. The average proportion of barley of total DM intake averaged 61 % during period 1 and 59 % during period 2 of Exp. 1 and 54 % in Exp. 2. The corresponding proportions of forage of DM intake were 27, 32 and 37 %. The average daily gains of 1107 and 1178g for DB and WMB8, 1182 and 1129 g for DB and WMB16 and 1248 and 1251 g for AIVB and WMB12 were not significantly different. Nor did the groups show any significant differences in feed conversion rate, carcass characteristics and rumen fermentation except the lower (P < 0.05) dressing percentage of the WMB16 group in Exp. 1. Plasma urea N was higher (P < 0.01) and cholesterol lower (P < 0.01) in the AIVB group than in the WMB12 group. Plasma concentrations of glucose, alanine aminotransferase, asparte aminotransferase and creatinine did not differ significantly in the different groups.

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PSVII-6 Effects of heat stress on proteolysis in dairy cattle skeletal muscle

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa054.298 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 168-168

Author(s):

Melissa S Roths ◽

Megan A Abeyta ◽

Tori Rudolph ◽

Brittany Wilson ◽

Matthew B Hudson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Heat Stress ◽

Dairy Cattle ◽

Electric Heating ◽

Economic Loss ◽

Urea Nitrogen ◽

Plasma Urea ◽

E3 Ligases ◽

Acclimation Period ◽

Milk Urea

Abstract Heat stress (HS) occurs when internal body temperatures are elevated above a thermoneutral zone in response to extreme environmental temperatures. In the U.S. dairy industry, HS results in economic loss due to decreased feed intake, milk quality, and milk yield. Previous work has demonstrated increased plasma urea nitrogen in heat stressed dairy cattle which is thought to originate from increased skeletal muscle proteolysis, however this has not been empirically established. The objective of this investigation was to determine the extent to which HS promotes proteolysis in skeletal muscle of dairy cattle. We hypothesized HS would increase activation of the calpain and proteasome systems in skeletal muscle. To test this hypothesis, following a 3-d acclimation period in individual box stalls, all lactating dairy cows were held under thermoneutral (TN) conditions for 4-d for collection of baseline measures and then exposed to TN or HS conditions for 7-d followed by a biopsy of semitendinosus (n=8/group). To induce HS, cattle were fitted with electric heating blankets, which they wore for the duration of the heating period. This approach increased rectal temperature 1.1°C (P< 0.05), respiratory rate by 33 bpm (P< 0.05), plasma urea nitrogen by 19% (P=0.08) and milk urea nitrogen by 26% (P< 0.05), and decreased dry matter intake by 32% (P< 0.05) and milk production by 26% (P< 0.05) confirming HS. Contrary to our expectations, we discovered that calpain I and II abundance and activation, and calpain activity were similar between groups. Likewise, protein expression of E3 ligases, MafBx and Murf1, were similar between groups as was total ubiquitinated proteins and proteasome activity. Collectively, and counter to our hypothesis, these results suggest skeletal muscle proteolysis is not increased following 7-d of HS. These data question the presumed dogma that increased blood urea nitrogen is due to elevated proteolysis in skeletal muscle.

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268 Administering an appeasing substance to optimize welfare and performance of receiving cattle

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa278.355 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽

pp. 193-193

Author(s):

Eduardo Colombo ◽

Reinaldo F Cooke ◽

Alice Brandão ◽

Jacob Wiegand ◽

Kelsey Schubach ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Feed Intake ◽

Feed Efficiency ◽

Treatment Effects ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Plasma Concentrations ◽

Feedlot Cattle ◽

Skin Area ◽

And Performance ◽

Antimicrobial Treatments ◽

Daily Gain

Abstract This experiment evaluated the impacts of bovine appeasing substance (BAS) administration on performance, health, and physiological responses of feedlot cattle during a 45-d receiving period. A total of 342 recently-weaned Angus-influenced steers, originating from 16 cow-calf operations, were obtained from an auction yard on d -1 and road-transported (12 h) to the feedlot. Upon arrival on d 0, body weight (BW) was recorded and steers were ranked by BW and source and assigned to receive BAS (Nutricorp, Araras, SP, Brazil; n = 171) or placebo (diethylene glycol monoethyl ether; CON; n = 171). Treatments (5 mL) were topically applied to the nuchal skin area of each animal. Within treatment, calves were allocated to 1 of 24 drylot pens (12 pens/treatment) and received a free choice total-mixed ration from d 1 to 45. Calves were assessed for bovine respiratory disease (BRD) signs and feed intake was recorded from each pen daily. Steer BW was again recorded on d 1, 7, 17, 31, and 45, whereas blood samples were collected from 5 steers/pen concurrently with each BW assessment. Average daily gain was greater (P = 0.05) in BAS vs. CON calves, although final BW did not differ (P = 0.36) between treatments. No treatment effects were detected for feed intake (P = 0.95), resulting in greater (P = 0.05) feed efficiency in BAS vs. CON steers. No treatment effects were detected (P ≥ 0.37) for plasma concentrations of haptoglobin, whereas plasma cortisol concentrations were greater (P = 0.05) in CON vs. BAS steers on d 7 (treatment × day; P = 0.07). Incidence of BRD was greater (P ≤ 0.05) in BAS vs. CON on d 6 to 10 and d 18 to 21 (treatment × day; P < 0.01), although overall BRD incidence did not differ (P = 0.24) between treatments. The number of antimicrobial treatments required per steer diagnosed with BRD symptoms to recover from sickness was greater (P = 0.04) in CON vs. BAS calves. No treatment differences were detected (P ≥ 0.41) for mortality incidence, or proportion of steers removed from the experiment due to extreme sickness. Results from this experiment indicate BAS administration upon feedlot entry improved average daily gain by enhancing feed efficiency. Administration of BAS facilitated earlier detection of BRD and reduced the need for antimicrobial treatments. Collectively, these results suggest BAS administration as a promising strategy to benefit performance and immunocompetence of feedlot receiving cattle.

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