The quest for the function of 'Hass' avocado carbohydrates: clues from fruit and seed development as well as seed germination

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 79 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Z. Tesfay ◽  
I. Bertling ◽  
J. P. Bower ◽  
Carol Lovatt
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Sugar Metabolism ◽  
Evolutionary Development ◽  
Adult Tissue ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Published Evidence ◽  
Storage Carbohydrate ◽  
The Common ◽  
Hass Avocado ◽  
Mature Seeds

D-Mannoheptulose (D-manno-2-heptulose) and perseitol (D-glycero-D-manno-heptose) are unusual seven-carbon (C7) sugars that have been postulated to act as storage and transport sugars in avocado. However, thus far, there is no published evidence that satisfactorily explains the physiological functions of these carbohydrates. Various tissues at different stages of the avocado life-cycle were therefore analysed for C7 carbohydrates to derive clues on the function of the six-carbon (C6) and C7 sugars. Adult reproductive tissues (flower buds and fruit) contained significantly greater concentrations of C7 than C6 sugars, whereas in juvenile avocado tissue, the classic C6 storage carbohydrate, starch, was found only in developing and mature seeds, predominatly in the cotyledons. The dramatic increase in shoot and cotyledon C7-sugar concentrations, together with a reduction of starch reserves in the cotyledons as a result of lack of light during germination, suggests that the C6 storage carbohydrate (CHO) starch can be converted to fuel the C7 metabolism. Therefore, a changeover from C6 carbohydrate to C7 sugar metabolism characterises the progression from juvenility to maturity in avocado. Avocado seems to mirror its evolutionary development characterised by a switch-over from the common C6- to a specialised C7-sugar metabolism in the juvenile versus adult tissue. The dominance of C7 carbohydrates over C6 in adult tissues is, therefore, due to the fact that C7 sugars have multifunctional roles as a source of energy and anti-oxidants.

Diversity of organisms

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip James
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Native Species ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Green Spaces ◽  
The Common ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Diversity Of Life

The focus of this chapter is an examination of the diversity of living organisms found within urban environments, both inside and outside buildings. The discussion commences with prions and viruses before moving on to consider micro-organisms, plants, and animals. Prions and viruses cause disease in plants and animals, including humans. Micro-organisms are ubiquitous and are found in great numbers throughout urban environments. New technologies are providing new insights into their diversity. Plants may be found inside buildings as well as in gardens and other green spaces. The final sections of the chapter offer a discussion of the diversity of animals that live in urban areas for part or all of their life cycle. Examples of the diversity of life in urban environments are presented throughout, including native and non-native species, those that are benign and deadly, and the common and the rare.

scholarly journals Sexual reproduction and genetic exchange in parasitic protists

Parasitology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 142 (S1) ◽  
pp. S120-S127 ◽  
Author(s):  
GARETH D. WEEDALL ◽  
NEIL HALL
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Genome Sequencing ◽  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Animal Disease ◽  
Eukaryotic Evolution ◽  
Sequencing Technology ◽  
Parasite Reproduction ◽  
The Common ◽  
Higher Eukaryotes

SUMMARYA key part of the life cycle of an organism is reproduction. For a number of important protist parasites that cause human and animal disease, their sexuality has been a topic of debate for many years. Traditionally, protists were considered to be primitive relatives of the ‘higher’ eukaryotes, which may have diverged prior to the evolution of sex and to reproduce by binary fission. More recent views of eukaryotic evolution suggest that sex, and meiosis, evolved early, possibly in the common ancestor of all eukaryotes. However, detecting sex in these parasites is not straightforward. Recent advances, particularly in genome sequencing technology, have allowed new insights into parasite reproduction. Here, we review the evidence on reproduction in parasitic protists. We discuss protist reproduction in the light of parasitic life cycles and routes of transmission among hosts.

scholarly journals I. Mahonia aquifolia as a nurse of the wheat mildew ( Puccinia graminis )

1883 ◽  
Vol 36 (228-231) ◽  
pp. 1-3
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Puccinia Graminis ◽  
Knowing That ◽  
The Common ◽  
Germ Tubes

It has always been difficult to account for the widely-spread nature of outbreaks of wheat mildew in districts in which the common barberry is either entirely absent or very uncommon. In the year 1874 the Rev. James Stevenson found at Glamis, in Forfarshire, an Æcidium upon Mahonia aquifolia , which the Rev. M. J. Berkelev pronounced to be Æcidium berberidis . In the following year Dr. Paul Magnus found the same fungus at Lichterfelde, near Berlin, but since that time it does not seem to have been noticed by any one. On the 31st of May, 1883, Mr. William C. Little, of Stagsholt, March, gave me a freshly gathered specimen of Mahonia aquifolia , upon the berries of which the Æcidium was abundant. Knowing that upon the barberry no less than three different AEcidia occur, I determined to prove by direct experimental culture whether this one was the Æeidium berberidis of Persoon (the æcidiospore of Puccinia graminis ). At 10 p. m. on the evening of the 31st May I placed some of the spores upon the cuticle of some wheat-plants which had been cultivated under a bell-glass. In eleven days the uredo of Puccinia graminis made its appearance upon these plants. The details of this, as well as of two other experiments, are appended. On the 13th June I placed some of the secidiospores upon a piece of wheat cuticle; in twelve hours they had germinated, and a little later the germ-tubes were seen entering the stomata, in the same manner as those of Æcidium berberidis do (see figure). It is then clear that the Æcidium upon Mahonia aquifolia is identical with the Æcidium berberidis (Pers.), and is a part of the life-cycle of Puccinia graminis , and is unconnected with the Æcidium magellanicum (Berk.), and the Æcidium of Puccinia berberidis (Mont.). The Mahonia in question is widely cultivated in gardens throughout England and is a favourite evergreen in shrubberies. It is also extensively planted in woods as a covert for game.

Knowledge Discovery Process Models

2012 ◽  
pp. 72-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mouhib Alnoukari ◽  
Asim El Sheikh
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Knowledge Discovery ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Common Factor ◽  
Final Outcome ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Discovery Process ◽  
The Common ◽  
Discovery Process Models

Knowledge Discovery (KD) process model was first discussed in 1989. Different models were suggested starting with Fayyad’s et al (1996) process model. The common factor of all data-driven discovery process is that knowledge is the final outcome of this process. In this chapter, the authors will analyze most of the KD process models suggested in the literature. The chapter will have a detailed discussion on the KD process models that have innovative life cycle steps. It will propose a categorization of the existing KD models. The chapter deeply analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of the leading KD process models, with the supported commercial systems and reported applications, and their matrix characteristics.

A review of current ophthalmic anaesthetic practice

2020 ◽  
Vol 135 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-72
Author(s):  
Laura McRae ◽  
Andrew Presland
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Anaesthetic Techniques ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Ophthalmic Surgery ◽  
Anaesthetic Practice ◽  
Published Evidence ◽  
The Common ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Sharp Needle

Abstract Intro Ophthalmic surgery ranks among the commonest procedures performed worldwide. This review considers the range of anaesthetic techniques available to the modern ophthalmic anaesthetist, and practical considerations to evaluate in different circumstances. There is a brief summary of the main issues pertaining to the common ophthalmic subspecialties and operations. Sources of data Pubmed. Areas of agreement We present a view of contemporary ophthalmic anaesthetic practice as we see it, both from current UK clinical experience, and the available published evidence. Areas of controversy There is an ongoing debate about the safety of sharp needle blocks (SNBs) compared to subtenons and topical techniques, but SNBs still have a role to play, both in specific cases, and in circumstances where resources are limited. Growing points It remains a challenge to provide safe, cost effective anaesthesia to a growing patient base with ever increasing demands and medical comorbidities. There is a continuing trend towards replacing general with local anaesthesia where possible. Research Research in ophthalmic anaesthesia, as in so many areas, has been plagued by heterogeneity and small studies. A coordinated, large scale, multicentred approach to research questions in future would help to guide best practice with more certainty.

scholarly journals Notes on the Life Cycle and Natural History of Dismorphia Virgo (Lepidoptera Pieridae: Dismorphiinae) in Costa Rica

1972 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 165-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allen M. Young
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Central American ◽  
South American ◽  
Species Status ◽  
New Information ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common

This paper summarizes the life cycle and some aspects of natural history of the tropical pierid, Dismorphia virgo (Dismorphiinae) in Costa Rica. The precise taxonomic status of the butterfly in Central America has not been established, and it may represent a variable northern isolate of the common South American D. critomedia. Therefore, independent of whether the Central American form discussed in this paper has achieved full species status as the more northern virgo or is a subspecies or variety of critomedia evolving towards species status, this paper provides new information on the biology of the butterfly in Costa Rica. The establishment of precise taxonomic position awaits further study, and for the present purpose, I refer to the butterfly as D. virgo.

scholarly journals New record of Common Owlet Moth Spirama helicina (Hubner, 1831) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Catocalinae) from Aligarh (Uttar Pradesh) with systematic account, distribution, host plants and biological control

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-41
Author(s):  
Akhlaq Husain ◽  
◽  
Wajid Hasan ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
New Record ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
Systematic Account ◽  
The Common

The present communication deals with the new record of Spirama helicina (Hubner, 1831), the Common Owlet Moth from Aligarh (Uttar Pradesh) and its systematic account, distribution, life cycle, host plants and biological control.

scholarly journals Life cycle assessment of sewage sludge pyrolysis: environmental impacts of biochar as carbon sequestrator and nutrient recycler

Detritus ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 94-105
Author(s):  
Fabian Gievers ◽  
Achim Loewen ◽  
Michael Nelles
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Nutrient Cycle ◽  
Sludge Incineration ◽  
Midpoint Method ◽  
The Common ◽  
Digested Sewage Sludge ◽  
By Products

The pyrolysis of sewage sludge is an alternative method to recycle the contained nutrients, such as phosphorus, by material use of the resulting biochar. However, the ecological effects of pyrolysis are not easy to evaluate. Therefore, a life cycle assessment (LCA) was carried out to determine the environmental impact of sewage sludge pyrolysis and to compare it with the common method of sewage sludge incineration. In order to identify the most sustainable applications of the resulting biochar, four different scenarios were analyzed. The modeled life cycles include dewatering, drying and pyrolysis of digested sewage sludge and utilization paths of the by-products as well as various applications of the produced biochar and associated transports. The life cycle impact assessment was carried out using the ReCiPe midpoint method. The best scenario in terms of global warming potential (GWP) was the use of biochar in horticulture with net emissions of 2 g CO2 eq./kg sewage sludge. This scenario of biochar utilization can achieve savings of 78% of CO2 eq. emissions compared to the benchmark process of sewage sludge mono-incineration. In addition, no ecological hotspots in critical categories such as eutrophication or ecotoxicity were identified for the material use of biochar compared to the benchmark. Pyrolysis of digested sewage sludge with appropriate biochar utilization can therefore be an environmentally friendly option for both sequestering carbon and closing the nutrient cycle.

scholarly journals An assessment of the evidence for antibacterial activity of stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) extracts

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Freya Harrison ◽  
Jessica Furner-Pardoe ◽  
Erin Connelly
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Weak Acid ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogens ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Published Evidence ◽  
The Common ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

Stinging nettles (Urtica spp.) have been used in a diverse range of traditional and historical medicines from around the world for the treatment of skin diseases, wounds, urinary disorders, respiratory diseases, bone and joint pain, anaemia and other circulatory problems, as well as in cosmetic preparations for skin and haircare. As part of an interdisciplinary exploration of nettle-based remedies, we performed a systematic review of published evidence for the antimicrobial activity of Urtica spp. extracts against bacteria and fungi that commonly cause skin, soft tissue and respiratory infections. We focussed on studies in which minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays of U. dioica were conducted on the common bacterial opportunistic pathogens Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus. No studies used fresh leaves (all were dried prior to use), and no studies prepared nettles in weak acid (corresponding to vinegar) or in fats/oils, which are common combinations in historical and traditional preparations. We addressed this gap by conducting new antibacterial tests of extracts of fresh U. dioica leaves prepared in vinegar, butter or olive oil against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. Our systematic review and additional experimental data leads us to conclude that there is no strong evidence for nettles containing molecules with clinically useful antimicrobial activity. It seems most likely that the utility of nettles in traditional topical preparations for wounds may simply be as a "safe" absorbent medium for keeping antibacterial (vinegar) or emollient (oils) ingredients at the treatment site.

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