The effect of wind sway on the form and development of Pinus radiata D. Don

1954 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 35 ◽  
Author(s):  
MR Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Test Area ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Volume Increment ◽  
Similar Series ◽  
Individual Reaction ◽  
Normal Environment ◽  
Guy Wires

The average growth of four series of trees of Pinus radiata D. Don, which were prevented from swaying in the wind by the attachment of guy-wires, is compared with the average growth of similar series of free-swaying trees. Free-swaying trees grew more in diameter over the lower part of the trunk than stayed trees. After 10 yr the increased growth due to sway could be detected to a height on the trunk of between 25 and 30 ft. The effect of sway at a height of 4 f t was greater in a very heavily thinned test area than in a well-stocked test area. Sway caused increased diameter growth of roots near the trunk and increased eccentric trunk development along the line of the main winds. The height growth of the stayed trees was little different from that of the free-swaying trees, but height/diameter relationships were changed. After 2 yr trees that had been prevented from swaying were no longer stable in a normal environment. When the upper parts of stayed trees were allowed to sway the trees made good use of the factors of the locality for 8 yr. In a series where stayed trees were prevented from swaying throughout their length progressive suppression of diameter and volume increment was observed over 15 yr. Individual reaction to the stimulus of sway appeared to be one of the factors that contributed to the progressive assertion of dominance by certain trees.

scholarly journals Performance of Dalbergia palo-escrito Rzed. & Guridi-Gómez, a valuable timber tree, in a coffee plantation in Hidalgo, Mexico

2020 ◽  
Vol 344 ◽  
pp. 47-57
Author(s):  
Alfonso SUÁREZ-ISLAS ◽  
Juan CAPULÍN-GRANDE ◽  
José J. MATEO-SÁNCHEZ
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Coffee Plantation ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Forest Management Practice ◽  
Timber Tree

As a contribution to ex-situ conservation and production recovery of the valuable timber tree species Dalbergia palo-escrito Rzed. & Guridi-Gómez, enrichment planting was undertaken in a coffee plantation at 830 m above sea level in the east of the State of Hidalgo, Mexico. The purpose of this study was to assess the growth and health status of this species in order to put forward forest management recommendations. Average growth at 11 years of age (n = 56) was as follows: normal diameter, 13.2 ± 2.9 cm; total height, 10.9 ± 1.9 m. These values represent a mean annual increase of 1.2 cm/year in diameter and 1.0 m/year in height. Significant statistical differences in diameter growth (P = 0.0001) and height growth (P = 0.003) were observed as a function of crown position; growth, both in diameter and height, was highest in trees with emergent crowns in comparison with poorly lit trees. An association was also found concerning infestation by Struthanthus sp. mistletoe: differences in diameter growth (P = 0.002) were found between trees with mild infestation in comparison with healthy trees, which showed more growth. On the other hand, no height growth differences were detected (P = 0.102). Diameter and height growth were comparable to other commercially valuable species of fine Dalbergia timber on the international market, such as Dalbergia sissoo in India and Dalbergia retusa in mixed plantations in Costa Rica. The study suggests pruning out the mistletoe as a control strategy is a recommended forest management practice, as well as releasing poorly illuminated trees from competition and preserving the shade canopy of other native species.

Growth and yield of unthinned Honduras Pine grown to small sawlog sizes

1969 ◽  
Vol 81 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 125-131
Author(s):  
John K. Francis
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Pinus Caribaea ◽  
Volume Increment ◽  
Annual Volume

Unthinned spacing of Honduras pine (Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis Morelet) ranging in age from 23.3 to 25 years, was evaluated at four installations in Puerto Rico on the basis of survival, growth, and yield. Results showed that marked significant differences existed in means of survival, diameters, and heights of trees in spacings ranging from 1.5 x 1.5 m to 4.3 x 4.3 m. However, because of decreasing diameter and height growth and increasing mortality in the narrower spacings (1.5 m, 2.1 m), and continued rapid diameter growth in the wider spacings (3.0 m, 4.3 m), there were no significant differences in basal area, total inside bark volume, and mean annual volume increment among spacings. Wide spacings are recommended where early thinnings are not possible.

Effects of Crown Thinning on Baldcypress Height, Diameter, and Volume Growth

1988 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 252-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen G. Dicke ◽  
John R. Toliver
Keyword(s):  
Volume Growth ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Taxodium Distichum ◽  
Volume Increment ◽  
Crown Thinning ◽  
Epicormic Branching

Abstract Crown thinning a 63-year-old stand of baldcypress (Taxodium distichum [L.] Rich.) averaging 220 ft²/ac of basal area to 180, 140, and 100 ft²/ac resulted in 5-year diameter growths of 0.44, 0.51, and 0.77 in., respectively. The unthinned control was significantly less at 0.31 in. Six-year height growth averaged 3.1 ft and was not influenced by treatment. Thinning to 140 and 100 ft²/ac stimulated epicormic branching on many trees, which may lower log quality. All crown thinning treatments appeared to increase sawtimber volume increment and sawtimber volume/ac over the control 5 years after thinning. South. J. Appl. For. 12(4):252-256.

scholarly journals Using GEDI lidar data and airborne laser scanning to assess height growth dynamics in fast-growing species: a showcase in Spain

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Guerra-Hernández ◽  
Adrián Pascual
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Pinus Pinaster ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Forest Growth ◽  
Airborne Laser Scanning ◽  
Fast Growing ◽  
Airborne Laser

Abstract Background The NASA’s Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI) satellite mission aims at scanning forest ecosystems on a multi-temporal short-rotation basis. The GEDI data can validate and update statistics from nationwide airborne laser scanning (ALS). We present a case in the Northwest of Spain using GEDI statistics and nationwide ALS surveys to estimate forest dynamics in three fast-growing forest ecosystems comprising 211,346 ha. The objectives were: i) to analyze the potential of GEDI to detect disturbances, ii) to investigate uncertainty source regarding non-positive height increments from the 2015–2017 ALS data to the 2019 GEDI laser shots and iii) to estimate height growth using polygons from the Forest Map of Spain (FMS). A set of 258 National Forest Inventory plots were used to validate the observed height dynamics. Results The spatio-temporal assessment from ALS surveying to GEDI scanning allowed the large-scale detection of harvests. The mean annual height growths were 0.79 (SD = 0.63), 0.60 (SD = 0.42) and 0.94 (SD = 0.75) m for Pinus pinaster, Pinus radiata and Eucalyptus spp., respectively. The median annual values from the ALS-GEDI positive increments were close to NFI-based growth values computed for Pinus pinaster and Pinus radiata, respectively. The effect of edge border, spatial co-registration of GEDI shots and the influence of forest cover in the observed dynamics were important factors to considering when processing ALS data and GEDI shots. Discussion The use of GEDI laser data provides valuable insights for forest industry operations especially when accounting for fast changes. However, errors derived from positioning, ground finder and canopy structure can introduce uncertainty to understand the detected growth patterns as documented in this study. The analysis of forest growth using ALS and GEDI would benefit from the generalization of common rules and data processing schemes as the GEDI mission is increasingly being utilized in the forest remote sensing community.

Impact of tephra deposition on growth in conifers: the year of the eruption

1984 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 731-739 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas M. Hinckley ◽  
Hiromi Imoto ◽  
Katharine Lee ◽  
Susan Lacker ◽  
Yasushi Morikawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fine Root ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Growth Reduction ◽  
Root Mortality ◽  
Foliar Damage ◽  
Associated Species ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Total Tree ◽  
Mount St Helens

Seven sites ranging from 15 to 135 km from Mount St. Helens were selected to study the impact of air-fall tephra on the growth of Abiesamabilis (Dougl.) Forbes, A. procera Rehd., Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco, Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg., and T. mertensiana (Bong.) Carr. As tephra depth increased, there was a corresponding increase in visible foliar damage and associated decreases in diameter and height growth. Reduction in diameter growth was greater than reduction in height growth. The reduction in diameter growth approached 50% in both trees and saplings of A. amabilis. Growth reduction in true firs was greater than in associated species. This difference was related to their greater capacity for interception and retention of air-fall tephra. Damage to trees, and resulting growth reductions, were due to tephra coverage of both the foliage and the soil. Coverage of the foliage resulted in foliar damage, foliage abscission and reduction of total tree foliar area, and increased fine root mortality. Tephra coverage of the soil had the potential to restrict oxygen diffusion into the soil. However, soil oxygen concentrations less than 10% were measured only once over a 2-year period.

scholarly journals The Influence of Regeneration Fellings on the Development of Artificially Regenerated Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) Plantations

2014 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 859-867
Author(s):  
Pavel Bednář ◽  
Jakub Černý
Keyword(s):  
Fagus Sylvatica ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Quality Development ◽  
Statistical Tools ◽  
Total Height ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
Fagus Sylvatica L

This paper analyses the development of beech plantations aged 7 to 18 years that were planted in gap cuts (0.1–0.25 ha; ISF 50%), clear cuts (0.5–1.0 ha; ISF 87%) and finally underplanted areas in shelterwood cuts in mature spruce stands (G = 22–26 m2/ha; ISF 28%). The research consisted of the following analyses: height growth, diameter growth and beech quality development. We used standard statistical tools (p < 0.05) for evaluating height and diameter growth, which showed significant differences in both characteristics (total height and DBH) within 7-year-old and 13-year-old plantations grown in all three regeneration treatments. The tallest beech trees with greatest DBH at the age of 7 and 13 were found in clearings whereas shortest and thinnest trees grew in shelterwoods. However, at the age of 18, there was no significant different between gap cut and clear cut in both parameters. The best quality was observed in shelterwoods.

Growth of Young Black Walnut Plantations in Kentucky1

1989 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul J. Kalisz ◽  
Jeffrey W. Stringer ◽  
Deborah B. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Early Growth ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Black Walnut ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Basal Diameter ◽  
Soil Suitability ◽  
Crown Width ◽  
Competition Control

Abstract Height, basal diameter, and crown width were determined for 2-to 16- year-old black walnut trees in 61 plantations distributed throughout Kentucky. Measurements from the 3050 trees sampled were used to develop height/age, diameter/age, and crown width/diameter equations and curves. These curves provide benchmarks for evaluating the early growth of typical plantations. Annual height and diameter growth were compared among different geologic substrates, landscape positions, levels of competition control, and soil suitability classes. At an average age of 6 years, height and diameter growth averaged 0.9 ft/yr and 0.2 in./yr, respectively, for all 61 plantations. Height growth was 35% greater for plantations located on suitable soils compared to plantations on soils of questionable suitability. Soil suitability did not affect diameter growth, but plantations with good competition control had 50% greater diameter growth compared to plantations with fair or poor competition control. Results of this study re-emphasize two principles of black walnut management: (1) only plant on good sites and (2) always control competition. North. J. Appl. For. 6(1):17-20, March 1989.

scholarly journals Use of Plastic Shelters for Low-Cost Establishment of Street Trees

1996 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Jones ◽  
A. H. Chappelka ◽  
D. H. West
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Industrial Park ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Urban Settings ◽  
Planting Methods ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
One Year

Abstract One-year-old seedlings of 11 commonly used urban shade tree species were protected with plastic shelters to determine effects on survival and growth. Additional seedlings were planted in the cities of Auburn and Opelika, Alabama, to determine seedling performance in actual urban settings and to estimate incidence of vandalism in five urban settings. Shelters increased survival in four species and height growth in seven. Diameter growth responses were mixed. During the first 13 months after planting, only 3% of the seedlings in the cities were damaged by people. However, 20% of the shelters were vandalized at least once. Vandalism rates for shelters were greatest (37-44%) in neighborhoods of privately and publicly owned homes; intermediate (20%) in recreational parks, and lowest (4-6%) in undeveloped or industrial park areas. Installation of each tree with its shelter cost $2.78 (excluding labor) and required 20-25 minutes of labor. Tree shelters show promise as a low-cost alternative to more expensive planting methods, especially in undeveloped portions of cities. South. J. Appl. For. 20(2):85-89.

Productivity in the first seven years of a Pinus radiata-annual pasture agroforest in Western Australia

1987 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 231 ◽  
Author(s):  
GW Anderson ◽  
RW Moore
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Light Transmission ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Tree Density ◽  
High Density ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Farm Scale ◽  
On Farm

Pinus radiata seedlings were planted into an annual pasture at low, medium and high densities. The trees were pruned annually from year 4 and those with poor form were progressively culled until final stand densities of 75, 150 and 225 trees ha-1 were achieved 7 years after planting. The pastures were grazed by sheep from year 4. The sheep carrying capacities of the pastures declined as tree density increased because of competition between trees and pasture and also because of debris from thinning and pruning. In year 7, under the high density trees, the sheep carrying capacity of the pastures was 73% and light transmission was 69% of that of control pastures (no trees) and debris covered about 22% of the pasture. Diameter growth measurements from year 5 to 7 were 7.65, 7, 45 and 6.35 cm for low, medium and high density of trees respectively, which indicates that competition between trees had commenced at the high density (P<0.05). There was little conflict between the agricultural and forestry components at the low stand density with satisfactory production from both. This system has the potential to generate annual income to offset pine establishment and silvicultural costs while providing another source of income in the long term. It is being tried on farm scale by some landholders wishing to diversify from grazing-only enterprises.

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