Epidermal structure and ontogeny of stomata in vegetative and floral organs of Hibiscus rosasinensis L

1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 89 ◽  
Author(s):  
JA Inamdar ◽  
AJ Chohan
Keyword(s):  
Guard Cells ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Anther Wall ◽  
Epidermal Structure ◽  
Floral Organs ◽  
Anomocytic Stomata ◽  
Outer Epidermis

The epidermal structure and ontogeny of stomata in vegetative and floral organs of Hibiscus rosasinensis are described. The epidermal cells are polygonal isodiametric or elongated and arranged irregularly or parallel to the long axis. The anticlinal walls of the epidermis are thick, straight, arched, or rarely sinuous. The surface of the cuticle shows parallel striations radiating from the guard cells or hair bases. Six types of glandular and eglandular trichomes have been noticed. The mature stomata are anisocytic, paracytic, or anomocytic. The development of anisocytic and paracytic stomata is of the mesogenous or syndetocheilic type. The ontogeny of anomocytic stomata conforms to the perigenous or haplocheilic type. The three types of stomata occur on all the vegetative and floral organs of this plant except the anther wall and the outer epidermis of the carpel. The developmental modes are constant from organ to organ within the same plant.

Stomatal ontogeny of the vegetative and floral organs of some Papilionaceae

1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 81 ◽  
Author(s):  
GL Shah ◽  
BV Gopal
Keyword(s):  
Vigna Unguiculata ◽  
Subsidiary Cell ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Vegetative Organs ◽  
Floral Organs ◽  
Leaf Petiole ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Anomocytic Stomata ◽  
Subsidiary Cells ◽  
Stomatal Ontogeny

The structure and development of stomata on the vegetative and floral organs of Vigna unguiculata Walp., and the vegetative organs of Phaseolus radiatus L. and P. aconitifolius Jacq. are described. Paracytic, anisocytic, and anomocytic stomata are present on the same surface of different organs of the plants investigated except on the stem and petiole of V. unguiculata, the bract of P. radiatus, and the petiole, stipule, and stipel of P. aconitifolius where the last type is absent. Stomata with only one subsidiary cell are found on the leaf, petiole, sepal, and petal of V. unguiculata. Diacytic stomata occur on the stipel of P. radiatus and the stem, stipule, and stipel of P. aconitifolius. Paracytic stomata are by far the commonest on each organ. The frequency of different types of stomata on different organs in the plants investigated is tabulated. The ontogeny of different kinds of stomata on each organ is mesogenous, but the perigenous type may be found on the petal and pericarp of V. unguiculata and the stipule of P. radiatus. The variation in stomata is due to: (a) a diversity in stomatal types even on the same surface, and (b) an increase in the number of subsidiary cells. The subsidiary cells divide, or additional subsidiary cells are derived from adjacent epidermal cells. The present study also supports the inclusion of the species concerned in the tribe Phaseolae.

scholarly journals Micromorphology of glandular structures in Echium vulgare L. flowers

2012 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Weryszko-Chmielewska ◽  
Mirosława Chwil
Keyword(s):  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Guard Cells ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Lower Region ◽  
Small Column ◽  
Anomocytic Stomata ◽  
Cuticular Ornamentation ◽  
Glandular Cells ◽  
Subsidiary Cells ◽  
Glandular Structures

The micromorphology of selected elements of <i>Echium vulgare</i> L. flowers was investigated, with special attention to the structure of the nectaries and the stigma of the pistil as well as types of trichomes occurring on the surface of the calyx. The nectary had the shape of an uneven disc located around the lower region of the four-parted ovary of the pistil. The glandular cells formed a tier with a height of 330 μm and a radial width of 144 μm. Nectar was secreted onto the nectary surface through anomocytic stomata located at the level of other epidermal cells. Most of the stomata were open, with a different dimension of the pore. Their largest number was observed at the base of the nectary, and 462 stomata were noted on the whole surface of the nectary. The cuticle on the surface of the guard cells formed fine, circular striae. The subsidiary cells formed striated cuticular ornamentation, with the striae arranged radially in the direction of the stoma, whereas on the surface of other epidermal cells the striae formed an arrangement with different directions. The epidermis on the surface of the stigma formed regularly arranged papillae with a fan-shaped, expanded upper part which had corrugated outer walls, whereas the base of the cell formed a widened small column. The epidermis of the abaxial part of the calyx was covered by numerous non-glandular trichomes of different length which were made up of one or several cells. The glandular trichomes in the epidermis of the calyx grew with smaller density compared to the protective trichomes, and they were composed of a 1-2-celled stalk and a glandular head.

Epidermal Structure and Stomatal Ontogeny in Zornia Gmel

1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 327 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Kannabiran
Keyword(s):  
Basal Part ◽  
Ovary Wall ◽  
Epidermal Structure ◽  
Anomocytic Stomata ◽  
Subsidiary Cells ◽  
Dual Origin ◽  
Narrow Base ◽  
Outer Epidermis ◽  
Stomatal Ontogeny

Epidermal structure and development of stomata were studied in the vegetative and fioral organs of Zornia diphylla (L.) Pers. and Z. zeylonensis Pers. Most of the intercostal cells in leaflet, stipule, and bract are large-sized mucilaginous idioblasts. The swollen base of the idioblast compresses the basal part of the adjacent subsidiary or ordinary cell, which hence has a narrow base in contrast to that of the idioblast. Para-mesogenous, aniso-, and tetra-mesoperigenous stomata occur in all organs of the above species. In addition, the outer epidermis of the ovary wall shows aperigenous (anomocytic) stomata. Stomata of the first three types are dolabrate, irrespective of their mesogenous or mesoperigenous development. These types are related, the differences between them depending on the nature of the placement of the second wall of the meristemoid. The present study lends support to an earlier contention that anomocytic (aperigenous) stomata may result from suppression of the divisions of the meristemoid of paracytic type. It is suggested that stomata flanked by two lateral, parallel, meso- genous subsidiaries which do not meet each other at least at one pole (incomplete), should be termed aniso- or tetra-mesoperigenous according to the total number of subsidiary cells of dual origin.

Fossil flowers and leaves of the Ebenaceae from the Eocene of southern Australia

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (10) ◽  
pp. 1825-1843 ◽  
Author(s):  
James F. Basinger ◽  
David C. Christophel
Keyword(s):  
Guard Cells ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Fossil Leaves ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
Late Tertiary ◽  
The Family ◽  
Fossil Flowers ◽  
Subsidiary Cells ◽  
Clay Lenses ◽  
Coal Measures

Numerous flowers and a diverse assemblage of leaves are mummified in clay lenses in the base of the Demons Bluff Formation overlying the Eastern View Coal Measures. Fossil localities occur in the Alcoa of Australia open cut near Anglesea, Victoria, Australia. Flowers are tubular, less than 10 mm long, and about 5 mm wide. Four sepals are connate forming a cup-shaped calyx. Four petals are fused in their basal third and alternate with sepals. Flowers are all unisexual and staminate. Stamens are epipetalous and consistently 16 in number, arranged in 8 radial pairs. Pollen is subprolate, tricolporate, and about 32 μm in diameter. The exine is smooth to slightly scabrate. A rudimentary ovary occurs in some flowers. Sepals usually have a somewhat textureless abaxial cuticle with actinocytic stomata. Some sepals, however, have frill-like cuticular thickenings over some abaxial epidermal cells and some subsidiary cells with pronounced papillae overarching guard cells. One of the more common leaf types found associated with the flowers is characterized by the same peculiar cuticular thickenings and overarching papillae on subsidiary cells that occur on sepals. This cuticular similarity indicates that flowers and leaves represent a single taxon. Leaves are highly variable in size and shape but are consistently entire margined, with pinnate, brochidodromous venation. The suite of features characterizing the flowers is unique to the Ebenaceae. Flowers of many extant species of Diospyros (Ebenaceae) closely resemble the fossil flowers. Fossil leaves, too, are typical of leaves of extant Diospyros. Both flowers and leaves are considered conspecific and have been assigned the name Austrodiospyros cryptostoma gen. et sp. nov. The Anglesea fossils represent one of the earliest well-documented occurrences of the Ebenaceae and are the earliest known remains of Ebenaceae from Australia. They support the hypothesis of a Gondwanan origin for the family with late Tertiary diversification in the Malesian region.

The epidermis in Passerina/ (Thymelaeaceae): structure, function and taxonomic significance

Bothalia ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Bredenkamp ◽  
A. E. Van Wyk
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Mediterranean Climate ◽  
High Light Intensity ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Cell Orientation ◽  
Abaxial Surface ◽  
Epidermal Structure ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Epidermal Features ◽  
Structural Adaptations

Epidermal features were studied in all 17 species of Passerina, a genus endemic to southern Africa. Leaves in Passerina are inversely ericoid, the adaxial surface concave and the abaxial surface convex. Leaves are inversely dorsiventral and epistomatic. The adaxial epidermis is villous, with unicellular, uniseriate trichomes and relatively small thin-walled cells, promoting flexibility of leaf margins owing to turgor changes. In common with many other Thymelaeaceae, abaxial epidermal cells are large and tanniniferous with mucilaginous cell walls. The cuticle is adaxially thin, but abaxially well devel­oped, probably enabling the leaf to restrict water loss and to tolerate high light intensity and UV-B radiation. Epicuticular waxes, present in all species, comprise both soft and plate waxes. Epidermal structure proves to be taxonomically impor­tant at family, genus and species levels. Interspecific differences include arrangement of stomata and presence or absence of abaxial epidermal hair. Other diagnostic characters of the abaxial epidermal cells are arrangement,size and shape, cutic- ular ornamentation and presence or absence of wax platelets. Two groups of species on the basis of abaxial epidermal cell orientation are recognised. Many leaf epidermal features in Passerina are interpreted as structural adaptations to the Mediterranean climate of the Cape.

scholarly journals Variations and abnormalities of stamen morphologies in cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) cultivars

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 109-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Mert ◽  
A. Soylu
Keyword(s):  
Surface Morphology ◽  
Pollen Grain ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Filament Length ◽  
Cornelian Cherry ◽  
Floral Organs ◽  
Cornus Mas ◽  
Scanning Electron

: Stamen morphologies of six cornelian cherry cultivars (Degirmendere, Erkenci Degirmendere, İri Bardak, Yuvarlak Bardak, Uzun Memeli, and Bugur) (<I>Cornus mas</I> L.) were evaluated using scanning electron, light and stereo microscopes. Flowers of cornelian cherry cultivars generally had four stamens, but a few of them had three or five stamens. Abnormal and normal stamens were found together in the cultivars examined. Percentages of abnormal stamens among the cultivars ranged from 12% to 22%. Various types of stamen abnormalities were identified in the cultivars such as variations in filament length, abnormalities in anther structure, fusion of stamen to other floral organs. Pollen grain numbers per anther varied between 1,380 and 4,240 among the cultivars. Abnormal anther surface morphology in the cultivars consisted of uneven and swollen epidermal cells. Anther dimensions varied between 624.00 and 1,001.25 &mu;m in length and 460.50 and 745.50 &mu;m in width. Anthers of all the cultivars had subprolate and prolate type of shapes.

Comparative morphology of leaf epidermis in 34 species of Maianthemum (Asparagaceae, Polygonateae) and their systematic significance

Phytotaxa ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 275 (2) ◽  
pp. 81 ◽  
Author(s):  
YING MENG ◽  
JIA-JIAN WANG ◽  
ZE-LONG NIE
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Distribution ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetics ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Guard Cells ◽  
Comparative Morphology ◽  
Leaf Epidermis ◽  
Systematic Significance ◽  
Anomocytic Stomata ◽  
Epidermal Features ◽  
Scanning Electron

To investigate the possibility of using leaf epidermal characters for species identification in developing a classification for Maianthemum, we examined leaf epidermal features from across the geographic distribution of the genus, including sampling of 34 species, one subspecies and one variety, and used light and scanning electron microscopy to make observations of these features. Our results suggest that the shape of epidermal cells, and anticlinal walls on both the abaxial and adaxial leaf surface have systematic significance for defining Maianthemum taxa and are congruent with clades inferred using molecular phylogenetics. The pattern of anticlinal walls in the genus seems to be related to the geographic distribution and environmental conditions. Other characters yielded in this study including anomocytic stomata, elliptic to narrow elliptic guard cells, wrinkled, striate or nearly smooth cuticle, smooth or sinuolate to erose inner margin of the outer stomatal rim, are not useful for taxon circumscription in the genus.

Fine structure of Wolffia arrhiza

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (9) ◽  
pp. 1619-1622 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Anderson ◽  
W. W. Thomson ◽  
J. A. Swader
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Cell Division ◽  
Vegetative Reproduction ◽  
Guard Cells ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Meristematic Cells ◽  
Wolffia Arrhiza ◽  
Microscopic Studies

Light and electron microscopic studies of Wolffia arrhiza L. frond development during vegetative reproduction showed that the fronds were composed entirely of chlorenchymous cells. Chloroplasts in the epidermal cells other than the guard cells were unique in that they contained no starch. Cell division occurred only at the proximal end of daughter fronds early in their development. Meristematic cells contained chloroplasts with clearly defined grana. Proplastids, commonly observed in meristematic cells of apical regions of other plants, were absent in the cells of these plants.

Strucure and ontogeny of normal and abnormal stomata in vegetative and floral organs of Physalis minima L

1971 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 85 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Patel ◽  
JA Inamdar
Keyword(s):  
Pore Formation ◽  
Guard Cells ◽  
Subsidiary Cell ◽  
Arrested Development ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Floral Organs ◽  
Close Relationship

Fourteen types of normal and abnormal stomatal structure and development in vegetative and floral organs of Physalis minima are presented. Those described include anomocytic, anisocytic, paracytic, and diacytic stomata, those transitional between paracytic and diacytic, and stomata with a single subsidiary cell. Anomalies observed are degeneration of the meristemoid, a persistent stomatal initial, single guard cells, twin stomata, single guard cells in relationship with a normal stoma, twin single guard cells, stomata with aborted guard cells, and arrested development. Development of the anomocytic type is haplocheilic or perigenous; that of the anisocytic, paracytic, diacytic, transitional, and with a single subsidiary cell is syndetocheilic or mesogenous. The persistent stomatal initials are variable in shape and occur solitary or in close relationship with the normal stoma. They may be notched and divide by centripetally extending furrows. Single guard cells develop directly from the meristemoid, or one of the guard cells degenerates before or after pore formation. Twin stomata, single guard cells in close relationship with normal stomata, and twin single guard cells develop from two adjacent meristemoids. Stomata with aborted guard cells are formed as a result of degeneration of guard cells. Arrested development results from early degeneration of nuclei and cytoplasm. The aberrent developments noticed here are partly due to extrinsic factors.

The occurrence of functional non-chlorophyllous guard cells in Paphiopedilum spp.

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherman D. Nelson ◽  
James M. Mayo
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescence Microscopy ◽  
Blue Light ◽  
Guard Cell ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Light Response ◽  
Guard Cells ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Stomatal Response ◽  
Intact Leaves ◽  
Stomatal Functioning

Hypostomatous lady slipper orchids, Paphiopedilum spp., were found to have non-chlorophyllous epidermal cells, including guard cells. The lack of chlorophyll within the guard cells was demonstrated by fluorescence microscopy. A "normal" chlorophyllous mesophyll was present. The leaf resistances of intact leaves were about 5–10 s cm−1 in the light and were greater than 100 s cm−1 in the dark, indicating light opening and dark closure of the stomata. A CO2-dependent stomatal response (i.e., a tendency to close at elevated CO2 levels) was demonstrated, as was a CO2-independent light response (i.e., greater opening in blue light than in red). This provides direct evidence to support the idea that guard cell chlorophyll is not necessary for stomatal functioning.

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