Susceptibility of forage legumes to infestation by the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (8) ◽  
pp. 775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bożena Kordan ◽  
Katarzyna Stec ◽  
Paweł Słomiński ◽  
Marian J. Giertych ◽  
Anna Wróblewska-Kurdyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Feeding Activity ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Electrical Penetration Graph ◽  
Forage Legumes ◽  
Common Vetch ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Phloem Sap ◽  
Experimental Time ◽  
Crimson Clover

The small-seeded legumes are important forage crops for grazing animals and contribute nitrogen to succeeding crops in crop rotation systems. However, the susceptibility of several of the forage legumes to the specialist pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) has never been investigated. The present study on aphid probing behaviour using the Electrical Penetration Graph technique revealed that the forage legumes studied were (i) highly acceptable (common vetch Vicia sativa L.), (ii) acceptable (wooly vetch Vicia villosa Roth), (iii) moderately acceptable (fodder galega Galega orientalis Lam., crimson clover Trifolium incarnatum L., Persian clover Trifolium resupinatum L., white clover Trifolium repens L.), (iv) barely acceptable (common bird’s-foot-trefoil Lotus corniculatus L., yellow lucerne Medicago falcata L., alfalfa Medicago sativa L., sand lucerne Medicago × varia Martyn, common bird’s-foot Ornithopus sativus Brot., alsike clover Trifolium hybridum L., red clover Trifolium pratense L., common sainfoin Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.), and (v) unacceptable (white melilot Melilotus albus Medik.) to the pea aphid. On (i) plants, probing occupied 85% of experimental time, all aphids (100%) succeeded in feeding on phloem sap, phloem phase occupied 50% of probing time, sap ingestion periods were long (mean duration: 100.8 ± 28.2 min.) and engaged 97% of the phloem phase. On (ii) plants, probing occupied 73% of exp. time, feeding activity occurred in 66.7% of aphids, phloem phase occupied 30% of probing time, sap ingestion periods were long (mean duration: 115.5 ± 46.7 min) and engaged 80% of the phloem phase. On (iii) plants, probing ranged from 53% of exp. time on T. repens to 70% on T. incarnatum and T. resuspinatum, feeding occurred in 35.3% of aphids on T. resuspinatum up to 54.5% on T. incarnatum, phloem phase occupied 10% of exp. time on G. orientalis, T. incarnatum, and T. resuspinatum and 20% on T. repens, sap ingestion periods were from 9.8 ± 1.8 min. on G. orientalis to 51.9 ± 20.7 min. long on T. resuspinatum and engaged from 30% of phloem phase on G. orientalis to 80% on T. incarnatum. On (iv) plants, probing occupied 25% of exp. time on O. viciifolia up to 38% on O. sativus and T. hybridum, feeding occurred in 6.7% of aphids on T. hybridum to 28% on O. sativus, phloem phase occupied less than 1% of probing time on all plants except O. viciifolia (4%) and O. sativus (5%) and it consisted mainly of salivation. On M. albus (v), probing occupied 22% of experimental time, the probes were short (1.8 ± 0.3 min), and no aphid on M. albus showed feeding on phloem sap. M. albus can be recommended for intercropping, ‘push-pull’ strategies, or as a barrier crop against A. pisum in sustainable agricultural practices.

scholarly journals Effect of Lupin Cyclitols on Pea Aphid Probing Behaviour

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bożena Kordan ◽  
Lesław Lahuta ◽  
Katarzyna Dancewicz ◽  
Wojciech Sądej ◽  
Beata Gabryś
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Total Duration ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Main Stage ◽  
Electrical Penetration Graph ◽  
Phloem Sap ◽  
Probing Behaviour ◽  
Plant Treatment

Effect of Lupin Cyclitols on Pea Aphid Probing BehaviourThe cyclitols: D-pinitol, D-chiro-inositol are naturally present in the tissues ofLupinus angustifolius. The effect of these cyclitols on the behaviour of the pea associated clone ofAcyrthosiphon pisumduring various stages of probing was studied. The main stage of probing studied was the stylet penetration in mesphyll and vascular bundle. D-pinitol, D-chiro-inositol and their mixture were exogenously applied to peaPisum sativumexplants and the aphid probing behaviour was evaluated using the Electrical Penetration Graph technique (EPG). Feeding of peas with cyclitols at a concentration of 10 mM, caused a selective accumulation of D-pinitol and D-chiro-inositol in stems, leaf petioles, and leaf blades. In aphid bodies, both cyclitols were traced, respectively, to the host plant treatment. The new cyclitols in pea tissues did not significantly affect the total duration and frequency of aphid activities during probing in peripheral as well as vascular tissues. However, the aphid behaviour on cyclitol-treated plants as compared to their behaviour on the control was slightly altered. Non-probing and probing in mesophyl prevailed among aphid activities during the initial period of stylet penetration. Aphids on D-pinitol+D-chiro-inositol-treated plants reached phloem vessels relatively later than aphids on the control and D-chiro-inositol plants. There were recurrent switches between E1 (salivation) and E2 (sap ingestion) patterns in some aphids during the phloem phase on D-pinitol and D-pinitol+D-chiro-inositol - treated plants. This may reflect difficulties in the uptake of the phloem sap, and point to lupin cyclitols as being responsible, at least in part, for the rejection ofL. angustifoliusas a host plant by the pea clone ofA. pisum.

scholarly journals Effect of Soy Leaf Flavonoids on Pea Aphid Probing Behavior

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 756
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Stec ◽  
Bożena Kordan ◽  
Beata Gabryś
Keyword(s):  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Electrical Penetration Graph ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Phloem Sap ◽  
Probing Behavior ◽  
Epg Technique ◽  
Glycine Max L

Flavonoids detected in soybean Glycine max (L.) Merr. (Fabaceae) cause various alterations in the metabolism, behavior, and development of insect herbivores. The pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) poses potential threat to soybeans, but the effect of individual flavonoids on its feeding-associated behavior is relatively unknown. We monitored probing behavior (stylet penetration activities) of A. pisum on its preferred host plant, Pisum sativum L. untreated (control) and treated with 0.1% ethanolic solutions of flavonoids apigenin, daidzein, genistein, and kaempferol. We applied the electrical penetration graph (electropenetrography, EPG) technique, which visualizes the movements of aphid stylets within plant tissues. None of the applied flavonoids affected the propensity to probe the plants by A. pisum. However, apigenin enhanced the duration of probes in non-phloem tissues, which caused an increase in the frequency and duration of stylet mechanics derailment and xylem sap ingestion but limited the ingestion of phloem sap. Daidzein caused a delay in reaching phloem vessels and limited sap ingestion. Kaempferol caused a reduction in the frequency and duration of the phloem phase. Genistein did not affect aphid probing behavior. Our findings provide information for selective breeding programs of resistant plant cultivars to A. pisum.

scholarly journals Trehalose and glucose levels regulate feeding behavior of the phloem-feeding insect, the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guang Wang ◽  
Jing-Jiang Zhou ◽  
Yan Li ◽  
Yuping Gou ◽  
Peter Quandahor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Electrical Penetration Graph ◽  
Glucose Content ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Phloem Feeding ◽  
Trehalose Content

AbstractTrehalose serves multifarious roles in growth and development of insects. In this study, we demonstrated that the high trehalose diet increased the glucose content, and high glucose diet increased the glucose content but decreased the trehalose content of Acyrthosiphon pisum. RNA interference (RNAi) of trehalose-6-phosphate synthase gene (ApTPS) decreased while RNAi of trehalase gene (ApTRE) increased the trehalose and glucose contents. In the electrical penetration graph experiment, RNAi of ApTPS increased the percentage of E2 waveform and decreased the percentage of F and G waveforms. The high trehalose and glucose diets increased the percentage of E2 waveform of A. pisum red biotype. The correlation between feeding behavior and sugar contents indicated that the percentage of E1 and E2 waveforms were increased but np, C, F and G waveforms were decreased in low trehalose and glucose contents. The percentage of np, E1 and E2 waveforms were reduced but C, F and G waveforms were elevated in high trehalose and glucose contents. The results suggest that the A. pisum with high trehalose and glucose contents spent less feeding time during non-probing phase and phloem feeding phase, but had an increased feeding time during probing phase, stylet work phase and xylem feeding phase.

scholarly journals Bacteriocyte Reprogramming to Cope With Nutritional Stress in a Phloem Sap Feeding Hemipteran, the Pea Aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Colella ◽  
Nicolas Parisot ◽  
Pierre Simonet ◽  
Karen Gaget ◽  
Gabrielle Duport ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Nutritional Stress ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Phloem Sap ◽  
Sap Feeding

Acceptance of low-saponin lines of alfalfa with varied phenolic concentrations by pea aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae)

Biologia ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylwia Goławska ◽  
Iwona Łukasik
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Spearman Rank Correlation ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Phloem Sap ◽  
Reproduction Period ◽  
Aphid Feeding ◽  
Low Levels

AbstractThis research aims to examine the effect of phenolics on pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) (Homoptera: Aphididae) development and feeding behaviour, on leaves of selected low-saponin lines of Radius alfalfa (Medicago sativa). There was a slight, negative correlation (Spearman rank correlation r s = −0.80) between concentrations of saponins and phenols. Lines with higher concentrations of saponins had less phenolics. Levels of phenolics in low-saponin lines of alfalfa cv. Radius were related to their acceptance by the pea aphid. Our data revealed an inverse relationship between level of phenolics and the aphid abundance and its biology on studied alfalfa lines. Larval development of the pea aphid was longer, reproduction period was shorter, and the fecundity was lower on low-saponin lines with higher level of phenolics. There were observed some tendencies in the pea aphid feeding behaviour on these lines: prolonging the probing of the peripheral tissues (epidermis and mesophyll) and shortening the period of phloem sap ingestion. The better hosts for the pea aphid were low-saponin lines with low levels of phenolic compounds.

Does phloem-based resistance to aphid feeding affect host-plant acceptance for reproduction? Parturition of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, on two near-isogenic lines of Medicago truncatula

2013 ◽  
Vol 103 (6) ◽  
pp. 683-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Jung Nam ◽  
G. Powell ◽  
J. Hardie
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Truncatula ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Host Recognition ◽  
Near Isogenic Lines ◽  
Electrical Penetration Graph ◽  
Isogenic Lines ◽  
Aphid Clone ◽  
Plant Acceptance

AbstractProbing behaviour (prior to parturition) and parturition of two clones (PS01 and N116) of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum on two genotypes (near-isogenic lines (NILs)) (Q174_5.13 and Q174_9.10) of Medicago truncatula were investigated using electrical penetration graph (EPG) coupled with simultaneous visual monitoring for parturition. Line Q174_5.13 has been reported to show a phloem-based resistance to feeding in the clone PS01 but to be susceptible to the clone N116, whereas Q174_9.10 has shown to be susceptible to both aphid clones. The time taken to first parturition by clone PS01 was similar on Q174_5.13 and Q174_9.10. Prior to parturition, no aphids on Q174_5.13 contacted phloem, but 5% of the aphids on Q174_9.10 showed phloem salivation (recognized by EPG pattern E1). No phloem contact was observed with aphid clone N116 on either NILs of Medicago before first parturition occurred, and the time taken to first larviposition was similar on Q174_5.13 and Q174_9.10. The results indicate that the initiation of parturition of the clone PS01 and N116 on both NILs does not require the phloem contact and seems unchanged by a phloem-based resistance mechanism to feeding on Medicago. This finding suggests that host recognition and decisions about parturition occur before phloem contact or ingestion, and act independently on R-gene-mediated resistance.

scholarly journals Effects of Endosymbiont Disruption on the Nutritional Dynamics of the Pea Aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum

Insects ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Lv ◽  
Lei Wang ◽  
Wen Sang ◽  
Chang-Zhong Liu ◽  
Bao-Li Qiu
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Buchnera Aphidicola ◽  
Phloem Sap ◽  
Nutritional Factors ◽  
Pea Aphids ◽  
Aphid Host

Pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) is a worldwide pest that feeds exclusively on the phloem sap of numerous host plants. It harbours a well-known primary endosymbiont Buchnera aphidicola that helps to overcome the nutritional deficiency of a plant-based diet. However, how the Buchnera contributes to the nutritional and energy metabolism of its aphid host is unclear to date. In the current study, the function of Buchnera in relation to nutritional synthesis of pea aphid was investigated by disrupting the primary endosymbiont with an antibiotic rifampicin. Our findings revealed that the disruption of Buchnera led to infertility and higher loss in body mass of aphid hosts. Body length and width were also decreased significantly compared to healthy aphids. The detection of nutrition indicated that the quantity of proteins, soluble sugars, and glycogen in aposymbiotic pea aphids increased slowly with the growth of the aphid host. In comparison, the quantities of all the nutritional factors were significantly lower than those of symbiotic pea aphids, while the quantity of total lipid and neutral fat in aposymbiotic pea aphids were distinctly higher than those of symbiotic ones. Thus, we concluded that the significant reduction of the total amount of proteins, soluble sugars, and glycogen and the significant increase of neutral fats in aposymbiotic pea aphids were due to the disruption of Buchnera, which confirmed that the function of Buchnera is irreplaceable in the pea aphid.

scholarly journals Antixenosis in Glycine max (L.) Merr against Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Stec ◽  
Bożena Kordan ◽  
Iwona Sergiel ◽  
Magdalena Biesaga ◽  
Joanna Mroczek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Electronic Monitoring ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Electrical Penetration Graph ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Soybean Cultivars ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Soybean Leaves

AbstractTo reveal the antixenosis potential against the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) we analyzed the pea aphid survival and probing behavior, and the quantitative and qualitative variation of flavonoids in the leaves of selected soybean Glycine max (L.) Merr (Fabaceae) cultivars ‘Aldana’, ‘Annushka’, ‘Augusta’, ‘Madlen’, ‘Mavka’, ‘Simona’, ‘Violetta’, and ‘Viorica’. Aphid survival was drastically impeded on all cultivars. The electronic monitoring of aphid probing using the Electrical Penetration Graph (EPG) technique revealed that on all soybean cultivars, A. pisum readily probed into leaf tissues but the probes were usually terminated before reaching vascular tissues, which demonstrates the activity of antixenosis mechanisms in peripheral tissues epidermis and/or mesophyll in soybean leaves. The potency of antixenosis factors differed among soybean cultivars, which was reflected in differences in aphid survival and frequency and duration of phloem sap ingestion. Seven flavonoids were found: apigenin, daidzein, genistein, glycitein, isorhamnetin, kaempferol, and rutin, which occurred in different amount and proportion in individual cultivars. The content of apigenin and genistein in all soybean cultivars studied probably made them relatively unacceptable to A. pisum. Kaempferol in ‘Aldana’ might be responsible for the observed strong antixenosis resistance of this cultivar to A. pisum. The results of our survey provide the first detailed data that can be used for future studies.

scholarly journals Antixenosis in Glycine max (L.) Merr against Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Stec ◽  
Bożena Kordan ◽  
Iwona Sergiel ◽  
Magdalena Biesaga ◽  
Joanna Gasik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Electronic Monitoring ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Electrical Penetration Graph ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Soybean Cultivars ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Soybean Leaves

Abstract To reveal the antixenosis potential against the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) we analyzed the pea aphid survival and probing behavior, and the quantitative and qualitative variation of flavonoids in the leaves of selected soybean Glycine max (L.) Merr (Fabaceae) cultivars ‘Aldana’, ‘Annushka’, ‘Augusta’, ‘Madlen’, ‘Mavka’, ‘Simona’, ‘Violetta’, and ‘Viorica’. Aphid survival was drastically impeded on all cultivars. The electronic monitoring of aphid probing using the Electrical Penetration Graph (EPG) technique revealed that on all soybean cultivars, A. pisum readily probed into leaf tissues but the probes were usually terminated before reaching vascular tissues, which demonstrates the activity of antixenosis mechanisms in peripheral tissues epidermis and/or mesophyll in soybean leaves. The potency of antixenosis factors differed among soybean cultivars, which was reflected in differences in aphid survival and frequency and duration of phloem sap ingestion. Seven flavonoids were found: apigenin, daidzein, genistein, glycitein, isorhamnetin, kaempferol, and rutin, which occurred in different amount and proportion in individual cultivars. The content of apigenin and genistein in all soybean cultivars studied probably made them relatively unacceptable to A. pisum. Kaempferol in ‘Aldana’ might be responsible for the observed strong antixenosis resistance of this cultivar to A. pisum.

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