The potential of new genetic technologies in selecting for stress resistance in pigs

2005 ◽  
Vol 45 (8) ◽  
pp. 775
Author(s):  
C. A. Kerr ◽  
B. M. Hines
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Stress Resistance ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Genetic Technologies ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Commercial Environment

This paper examines the potential for breeding stress resistance in pigs through an understanding of the physiology of the stress response and its associated genetic basis. Pigs reared in commercial units can encounter numerous concurrent stressors that can have a negative impact on performance and welfare. Stress induces physiological and behavioural responses that are multidimensional, consisting of a complex neuroendocrine and immune signalling milieu. Some stress-related genetic parameters have been identified using conventional genetic approaches applied in experimental models. However, these traits do not capture the complexity of the stress response. As a result, the molecular mechanisms underlying the variation associated with stress resistance in pigs in a commercial environment is poorly understood. Gene expression profiling is a powerful tool that can be applied to systematically elucidate stress response pathways and networks. Consequently, gene expression technologies have been applied to identify some putative stress-regulated genes. Further application of these and more traditional technologies will aid in elucidating stress resistance using gene expression as a measure of phenotypic variation at a molecular level. It is envisaged that in the future, tools for selecting for stress resistance could eventually be applied on-farm to enhance production, health and welfare status.

Insights into Responses to Extreme Environmental Conditions in Humans from Studies on Saccharomyces cerevisiae

2015 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 444
Author(s):  
Ramesh C. Meena ◽  
Amitabha Chakrabarti
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Gene Expression Data ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Multiple Stressors ◽  
Expression Data ◽  
Environmental Stress Response ◽  
Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Pathways Analysis

<p>The versatility of the yeast experimental model has aided in innumerable ways in the understanding of fundamental cellular functions and has also contributed towards the elucidation of molecular mechanisms underlying several pathological conditions in humans. Genome-wide expression, functional, localization and interaction studies on the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae exposed to various stressors have made profound contributions towards the understanding of stress response pathways. Analysis of gene expression data from S. cerevisiae cells indicate that the expression of a common set of genes is altered upon exposure to all the stress conditions examined. This common response to multiple stressors is known as the Environmental stress response. Knowledge gained from studies on the yeast model has now become helpful in understanding stress response pathways and associated disease conditions in humans. Cross-species microarray experiments and analysis of data with ever improving computational methods has led to a better comparison of gene expression data between diverse organisms that include yeast and humans.</p>

scholarly journals Sex enhances survival in Paramecium

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amarinder Singh Thind ◽  
Valerio Vitali ◽  
Mario R. Guarracino ◽  
Francesco Catania
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Stress Resistance ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Adaptive Significance ◽  
Paramecium Tetraurelia ◽  
Self Fertilization

AbstractThe pervasiveness of sex despite its well-known costs is a long-standing puzzle in evolutionary biology. Current explanations for the success of sex in nature largely rely on the adaptive significance of the new or rare genotypes that sex may generate. Less explored is the possibility that sex-underlying molecular mechanisms can enhance fitness and convey benefits to the individuals that bear the immediate costs of sex. Here we show that self-fertilization can increase stress resistance in the ciliate Paramecium tetraurelia. This advantage is independent of new genetic variation, coupled with a reduced nutritional input, and offers fresh insights into the mechanistic origin of sex. In addition to providing evidence that the molecular underpinnings of sexual reproduction and the stress response are linked in P. tetraurelia, these findings supply an explanation for the persistence of self-fertilization in this ciliate.

scholarly journals Genetic basis of enhanced stress resistance in long-lived mutants highlights key role of innate immunity in determining longevity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonja Soo ◽  
Paige Rudich ◽  
Meeta Mistry ◽  
Jeremy Van Raamsdonk
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Stress Resistance ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Pathogen Resistance ◽  
Lifespan Extension ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Enhanced Resistance ◽  
Resistance To Stress ◽  
Highly Correlated

Mutations that extend lifespan are associated with enhanced resistance to stress. To better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying this relationship, we studied nine long-lived C. elegans mutants representative of different pathways of lifespan extension. We directly compared the magnitude of their lifespan extension and their ability to resist various external stressors (heat, oxidative stress, bacterial pathogens, osmotic stress, and anoxia). Furthermore, we analysed gene expression in each of these mutants to identify genes and pathways responsible for the enhanced resistance to stress. All of the examined long-lived mutants have increased resistance to one or more type of stress. Resistance to each of the examined types of stress had a significant, positive correlation with lifespan, with bacterial pathogen resistance showing the strongest relationship. All of the examined long-lived mutants have significant upregulation of multiple stress response pathways but differ in which stress response pathway has the greatest enrichment of genes. We used RNA sequencing data to identify which genes are most highly correlated with each type of stress resistance. There was a highly significant overlap between genes highly correlated with stress resistance, and genes highly correlated with longevity, suggesting that the same genetic pathways drive both phenotypes. This was especially true for genes correlated with bacterial pathogen resistance, which showed an 84% overlap with genes correlated with lifespan. Overall, our results demonstrate a strong correlation between stress resistance and longevity that results from the high degree of overlap in genes contributing to each phenotype.

scholarly journals What’s Genetic Variation Got to Do with It? Starvation-Induced Self-Fertilization Enhances Survival in Paramecium

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 626-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amarinder Singh Thind ◽  
Valerio Vitali ◽  
Mario Rosario Guarracino ◽  
Francesco Catania
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Stress Resistance ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Adaptive Significance ◽  
Paramecium Tetraurelia ◽  
Self Fertilization

Abstract The pervasiveness of sex despite its well-known costs is a long-standing puzzle in evolutionary biology. Current explanations for the success of sex in nature largely rely on the adaptive significance of the new or rare genotypes that sex may generate. Less explored is the possibility that sex-underlying molecular mechanisms can enhance fitness and convey benefits to the individuals that bear the immediate costs of sex. Here, we show that the molecular environment associated with self-fertilization can increase stress resistance in the ciliate Paramecium tetraurelia. This advantage is independent of new genetic variation, coupled with a reduced nutritional input, and offers fresh insights into the mechanistic origin of sex. In addition to providing evidence that the molecular underpinnings of sexual reproduction and the stress response are linked in P. tetraurelia, these findings supply an integrative explanation for the persistence of self-fertilization in this ciliate.

scholarly journals iTRAQ-Based Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Heat Stress-Induced Mechanisms in Pepper Seedlings

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Wang ◽  
Chengliang Liang ◽  
Sha Yang ◽  
Jingshuang Song ◽  
Xuefeng Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Heat Tolerance ◽  
Proteomic Analysis ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Heat Stress Response ◽  
Quantitative Proteomic Analysis

Abstract Background: As one of the most important vegetable crops, pepper has rich nutritional value and high economic value. Increasing heat stress due to the global warming has a negative impact on the growth and yield of pepper. Result: In the present study, we investigated the changes of phenotype, physiology, and proteome in heat-tolerant (17CL30) and heat-sensitive (05S180) pepper seedlings in response to heat stress. Phenotypic and physiological changes showed that 17CL30 had a stronger ability to resist heat stress compared with 05S180. In proteomic analysis, a total of 3,874 proteins were identified, and 1,591 proteins were considered to participate in the process of heat stress response. According to bioinformatic analysis of heat-responsive proteins, the heat tolerance of 17CL30 might be related to a higher photosynthesis, signal transduction, carbohydrate metabolism, and stress defense, compared with 05S180. Conclusion: To understand the heat stress response mechanism of pepper, an iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analysis was employed to identify possible heat-responsive proteins and metabolic pathways in 17CL30 and 05S180 pepper seedlings under heat stress. This study provided new insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in heat tolerance of pepper and might offer supportive reference for the breeding of new pepper variety with heat resistance.

scholarly journals Heme Oxygenase-1 at the Nexus of Endothelial Cell Fate Decision Under Oxidative Stress

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sindhushree Raghunandan ◽  
Srinivasan Ramachandran ◽  
Eugene Ke ◽  
Yifei Miao ◽  
Ratnesh Lal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Gene Expression ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
Cell Survival ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Heme Oxygenase ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Heme Oxygenase 1 ◽  
Cell Fate Decisions

Endothelial cells (ECs) form the inner lining of blood vessels and are central to sensing chemical perturbations that can lead to oxidative stress. The degree of stress is correlated with divergent phenotypes such as quiescence, cell death, or senescence. Each possible cell fate is relevant for a different aspect of endothelial function, and hence, the regulation of cell fate decisions is critically important in maintaining vascular health. This study examined the oxidative stress response (OSR) in human ECs at the boundary of cell survival and death through longitudinal measurements, including cellular, gene expression, and perturbation measurements. 0.5 mM hydrogen peroxide (HP) produced significant oxidative stress, placed the cell at this junction, and provided a model to study the effectors of cell fate. The use of systematic perturbations and high-throughput measurements provide insights into multiple regimes of the stress response. Using a systems approach, we decipher molecular mechanisms across these regimes. Significantly, our study shows that heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1) acts as a gatekeeper of cell fate decisions. Specifically, HP treatment of HMOX1 knockdown cells reversed the gene expression of about 51% of 2,892 differentially expressed genes when treated with HP alone, affecting a variety of cellular processes, including anti-oxidant response, inflammation, DNA injury and repair, cell cycle and growth, mitochondrial stress, metabolic stress, and autophagy. Further analysis revealed that these switched genes were highly enriched in three spatial locations viz., cell surface, mitochondria, and nucleus. In particular, it revealed the novel roles of HMOX1 on cell surface receptors EGFR and IGFR, mitochondrial ETCs (MTND3, MTATP6), and epigenetic regulation through chromatin modifiers (KDM6A, RBBP5, and PPM1D) and long non-coding RNA (lncRNAs) in orchestrating the cell fate at the boundary of cell survival and death. These novel aspects suggest that HMOX1 can influence transcriptional and epigenetic modulations to orchestrate OSR affecting cell fate decisions.

scholarly journals Enhancement of the Initial Rate of Ethanol Fermentation Due to Dysfunction of Yeast Stress Response Components Msn2p and/or Msn4p

2010 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 934-941 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daisuke Watanabe ◽  
Hong Wu ◽  
Chiemi Noguchi ◽  
Yan Zhou ◽  
Takeshi Akao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Ethanol Fermentation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Initial Rate ◽  
Response Elements ◽  
High Concentrations

ABSTRACTSake yeasts (strains ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae) produce high concentrations of ethanol in sake fermentation. To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying this brewing property, we compared gene expression of sake and laboratory yeasts in sake mash. DNA microarray and reporter gene analyses revealed defects of sake yeasts in environmental stress responses mediated by transcription factors Msn2p and/or Msn4p (Msn2/4p) and stress response elements (STRE). Furthermore, we found that dysfunction ofMSN2and/orMSN4contributes to the higher initial rate of ethanol fermentation in both sake and laboratory yeasts. These results provide novel insights into yeast stress responses as major impediments of effective ethanol fermentation.

Molecular Basis and Clinical Aspects of Hereditary Megakaryocyte and Platelet Membrane Glycoprotein Disorders

1996 ◽  
Vol 16 (02) ◽  
pp. 114-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Scharf
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Platelet Membrane ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
Membrane Glycoprotein ◽  
Membrane Glycoproteins ◽  
Membrane Expression ◽  
Receptor Complexes ◽  
Platelet Membrane Glycoprotein

SummarySpecific membrane glycoproteins (GP) expressed by the megakaryocyte-platelet system, including GPIa-lla, GPIb-V-IX, GPIIb-llla, and GPIV are involved in mediat-ing platelet adhesion to the subendothelial matrix. Among these glycoproteins, GPIIb-llla plays a pivotal role since platelet aggregation is exclusively mediated by this receptor and its interaction with soluble macromolecular proteins. Inherited defects of the GPIIb-llla or GPIb-V-IX receptor complexes are associated with bleeding disorders, known as Glanzmann's thrombasthenia, Bernard-Soulier syndrome, or platelet-type von Willebrand's disease, respectively. Using immuno-chemical and molecular biology techniques, rapid advances in our understanding of the molecular genetic basis of these disorders have been made during the last few years. Moreover, analyses of patients with congenital platelet membrane glycoprotein abnormalities have provided valuable insights into molecular mechanisms that are required for structural and functional integrity, normal biosynthesis of the glycoprotein complexes and coordinated membrane expression of their constituents. The present article reviews the current state of knowledge of the major membrane glycoproteins in health and disease. The spectrum of clinical bleeding manifestations and established diagnostic criteria for each of these dis-orders are summarized. In particular, the variety of molecular defects that have been identified so far and their genetic basis will be discussed.

The Mechanisms Behind the Biological Activity of Flavonoids

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (39) ◽  
pp. 6976-6990 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana María González-Paramás ◽  
Begoña Ayuda-Durán ◽  
Sofía Martínez ◽  
Susana González-Manzano ◽  
Celestino Santos-Buelga
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Biological Activity ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Intracellular Signaling ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Stress Theory ◽  
Radical Scavenging Properties

: Flavonoids are phenolic compounds widely distributed in the human diet. Their intake has been associated with a decreased risk of different diseases such as cancer, immune dysfunction or coronary heart disease. However, the knowledge about the mechanisms behind their in vivo activity is limited and still under discussion. For years, their bioactivity was associated with the direct antioxidant and radical scavenging properties of phenolic compounds, but nowadays this assumption is unlikely to explain their putative health effects, or at least to be the only explanation for them. New hypotheses about possible mechanisms have been postulated, including the influence of the interaction of polyphenols and gut microbiota and also the possibility that flavonoids or their metabolites could modify gene expression or act as potential modulators of intracellular signaling cascades. This paper reviews all these topics, from the classical view as antioxidants in the context of the Oxidative Stress theory to the most recent tendencies related with the modulation of redox signaling pathways, modification of gene expression or interactions with the intestinal microbiota. The use of C. elegans as a model organism for the study of the molecular mechanisms involved in biological activity of flavonoids is also discussed.

Molecular Mechanisms of Resistance in Testicular Germ Cell Tumors - clinical Implications

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 967-978 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarina Kalavska ◽  
Vincenza Conteduca ◽  
Ugo De Giorgi ◽  
Michal Mego
Keyword(s):  
Germ Cell ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cisplatin Resistance ◽  
Apoptotic Cell ◽  
Germ Cell Tumors ◽  
Treatment Resistance ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Testicular Germ Cell Tumors ◽  
Testicular Germ Cell ◽  
Repair Capacity

Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) represent the most common malignancy in men aged 15-35. Due to these tumors’ biological and clinical characteristics, they can serve as an appropriate system for studying molecular mechanisms associated with cisplatin-based treatment resistance. This review describes treatment resistance from clinical and molecular viewpoints. Cisplatin resistance is determined by various biological mechanisms, including the modulation of the DNA repair capacity of cancer cells, alterations to apoptotic cell death pathways, deregulation of gene expression pathways, epigenetic alterations and insufficient DNA binding. Moreover, this review describes TGCTs as a model system that enables the study of the cellular features of cancer stem cells in metastatic process and describes experimental models that can be used to study treatment resistance in TGCTs. All of the abovementioned aspects may help to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying cisplatin resistance and may help to identify promising new therapeutic targets.

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