Chemical weed control in the Ord River Valley. 3. Cotton

1964 ◽  
Vol 4 (15) ◽  
pp. 321
Author(s):  
Rijn PJ van
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
River Valley ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Residual Action

Between 1960 and 1963, four preliminary experiments on herbicides for cotton were carried out at Kimberley Research Station. Diuron, applied pre-emergence at rates of 1/2-1 lb an acre active ingredient (a. i.), and dicryl, applied seven to ten days after emergence at rates of 3-6 lb an acre a. i., gave satisfactory weed control. Diuron, because of its longer residual action (six weeks in early wet season, two months or more in late wet and early dry season) is preferred, and is recommended as the standard herbicidal treatment for Ord River cotton crops.

Ecological aspects of weed control in cotton in the Ord River valley, W.A. 1. Conditions affecting germination of weeds

1968 ◽  
Vol 8 (34) ◽  
pp. 620 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rijn PJ van
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
River Valley ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Ecological Aspects ◽  
Weed Seeds ◽  
Irrigated Crops ◽  
Seed Coats ◽  
Fluctuating Temperatures

Germination tests on seeds of the predominant weeds in the irrigated cotton area of the Ord River valley, W.A., were carried out at different times at varying temperatures in dark germination chambers and at fluctuating temperatures under dark conditions in the glasshouse. Since many of the weed seeds failed to germinate at the time of conducting the experiments, the seed coats were treated either mechanically or with concentrated sulphuric acid. The experiments show that the range of temperatures throughout the year in the Ord valley is such that germination of most of the predominant weeds recorded in irrigated cotton during the wet season could also be expected in irrigated crops during the dry season. It became clear that temperature-germination relations alone are not sufficient to explain the field occurrence of the weeds.

Chemical weed control in irrigation channels at the Kimberley Research Station, Western Australia

1963 ◽  
Vol 3 (10) ◽  
pp. 170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rijin PJ van
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Clitoria Ternatea ◽  
Irrigation Channels ◽  
Butterfly Pea ◽  
Brachiaria Mutica

In three trials at Kimberley Research Station between 1959 and 1962 the herbicides monuron and simazine were tested for the control of weeds in irrigation channels during the wet season. Monuron at 12-16 lbs an acre and simazine at 12 lb an acre active ingredient controlled (or killed) most weeds. More resistant weeds, such as Brachiaria mutica (Forsk.) Stapf. (para grass), Chionachne Hubbardiana Henr. and Clitoria ternatea L. (butterfly pea) required higher rates (up to 20 lb an acre active ingredient). Channels should be sprayed approximately a fortnight before sowing cotton and rice crops. The effectiveness of the treatments was increased by burning the weeds and delving the channels. Since cotton was found susceptible to simazine and rice was very susceptible to monuron, supply channels for cotton should be sprayed with monuron and channels for rice with simazine.

Chemical weed control in the Ord River Valley. 2. Rice

1964 ◽  
Vol 4 (15) ◽  
pp. 316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rijn PJ van
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Good Control ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Japonica Variety ◽  
Indica Variety ◽  
Increase Crop Yield

Three herbicides, CIPC (Isopropyl-N-(3-chloropheny1)-carbamate) EPTC (Ethyl-NN-dipropylthiol- carbamate) and Stam F-34 (3,4-Dichloropropionanilide), were tested for the control of barnyard grasses, Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link and Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv., in rice at Kimberley Research Station. The herbicides were tested at different rates and times of application on land lightly and heavily infested with weeds in crops of dry season rice, japonica variety Caloro, and wet season rice indica variety Meli No. 2 or Sircna. CIPC gave good control of weeds but did not increase crop yield ; furthermore, it was unreliable in its action and in one experiment reduced crop yield. EPTC, at 1 lb an acre active ingredient applied pre-sowing, gave good control of weeds but no increases in crop yield. Stam F-34, at 3-6 lb an acre active ingredient applied two to three weeks after crop emergence, gave good control of weeds in both wet and dry season rice and, as a result, crop yields increased.

Chemical weed control in the Ord River Valley. 1. The oilseed crops : safflower and linseed

1964 ◽  
Vol 4 (15) ◽  
pp. 309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rijn PJ van
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Iodine Value ◽  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
River Valley ◽  
Portulaca Oleracea ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Oilseed Crops ◽  
North West

A range of herbicides was tested on the oilseed crops linseed and safflower at Kiberley Research Station on the Ord River in north-west Australia. Diuron and TCA were the most effective. Diuron at 0.75 and 1 Ib an acre active ingredient, applied pre-emergence, controlled the grasses Chloris spp. and Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link and pigweed, Portulaca oleracea L. without affecting linseed and safflower. TCA at 4 to 8 lb an acre active ingredient, applied pre-emergence, and at 4 lb an acre active ingredient, applied early post-emergence, controlled the above grasses without affecting safflower. On linseed, TCA can be applied at 4 to 8 lb an acre active ingredient as a pre-emergence or early post-emergence spray, but early post-emergence application reduces percentage oil content and iodine value of the seed.

Diuron as a pre-sowing herbicide for cotton in the Ord River Valley

1967 ◽  
Vol 7 (29) ◽  
pp. 572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rijn PJ van
Keyword(s):  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
River Valley ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Land Preparation

When cotton is sown in the middle of the wet season on the Ord River Valley, the formation or ridges and the control of weeds present major problems. One solution would be to complete the final land preparation, including the formation of the ridges, at the end of the dry season (November), and to spray with a herbicide, such as diuron, at the end of the dry or at the onset of the wet season. Four experiments concerned with this system are described. When diuron at 1 1/2-2 lb active ingredient an acre was applied during the dry season or at the beginning of the wet, cotton sown two weeks after spraying was not damaged and weeds were controlled throughout the growing season. When diuron was applied later on in the wet season (January-February), cotton could not be sown without seedling damage until approximately six weeks after spraying. Residues from annual applications of pre-sowing diuron to the same area did not accumulate fast enough to damage subsequent cotton crops.

scholarly journals Actual evapotranspiration and crop coefficients of irrigated lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) under semiarid climate

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-25
Author(s):  
Koffi Djaman ◽  
Daran R. Rudnick ◽  
Yonnelle D. Moukoumbi ◽  
Abdoulaye Sow ◽  
Suat Irmak
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
River Valley ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Senegal River ◽  
Crop Coefficients

Lowland irrigated rice is the predominant crop produced in the Senegal River Valley characterised by very low annual rainfall, high temperatures, and low relative humidity. The Senegal River is shared by Senegal, Mali, Mauritania, and Guinea, and serves as the main source of irrigation water for the adopted double rice cropping system. Developing appropriate resource management strategies might be the key factor for the sustainability of rice production in the region. This study aims to estimate rice seasonal evapotranspiration (ETa), irrigation water requirement, and to develop rice growth stage specific crop coefficients (Kc) to improve rice water productivity. Field experiments were conducted during the hot and dry seasons in 2014 and 2015 at the AfricaRice research station at Fanaye in Senegal. Irrigation water inputs were monitored and actual crop evapotranspiration was derived using the water balance method. Daily reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was estimated using the Penman-Monteith equation and the weather variables were collected at the site by an automated weather station. The results showed that the ETo during the hot and dry season from February 15th to June 30th varied from 4.5 to 9.9 mm and from 3.7 to 10.8 mm in 2014 and 2015, respectively, and averaged 6.8 mm d–1 in 2014 and 6.6 mm d–1 in 2015. The seasonal irrigation water amount for the transplanted rice was 1110 mm in 2014 and 1095 mm in 2015. Rice daily ETa varied from 4.7 to 10.5 mm in 2014 and from 4.4 to 10.5 mm in 2015 and averaged 8.17 mm in 2014 and 8.14 mm in 2015. Rice seasonal ETa was 841.5 mm in 2014 and 855.4 mm in 2015. The derived rice Kc values varied from 0.77 to 1.51 in 2014 and 0.85 to 1.50 in 2015. Rice Kc values averaged 1.01, 1.31, and 1.12 for the crop development, mid-season and late season growth stages, respectively. The Kc values developed in this study could be used for water management under rice production during the hot and dry season in the Senegal River Valley.

Nitrogen contributed by grain legumes to rice grown in rotation on the Cununurra soils of the Ord Irrigation Area, Western Australia

1987 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 155 ◽  
Author(s):  
AL Chapman ◽  
RJK Myers
Keyword(s):  
Green Manure ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Green Gram ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Sesbania Cannabina ◽  
Irrigation Area ◽  
Bare Fallow

The uptake of nitrogen (N) by dry season rice following wet season crops of soybean (for grain or green manure), green gram, Sesbania cannabina (a native legume), a cereal (sorghum or dryland rice for grain), or bare fallow, was studied for 3 cropping cycles over 4 years. The work was done on Cununurra clay (0.04% N) at Kimberley Research Station near Kununurra, W.A., in the Ord Irrigation Area. Stubbles were returned to the soil except in the first cycle when (excluding the green manure treatment) all tops were removed from the plots at maturity. There was a 12-month bare fallow period between the first and second cycles. Dry season rice was drill-sown with or without 100 kg ha-1 of N applied as urea at permanent flooding. Soybean, green gram and Sesbania crops accumulated 290-360, 80-130 and 110-180 kg N ha-1, respectively, in the tops at maturity. An average of about 40 kg N ha-1 was present in the stem bases and roots (0-20 cm depth). Estimates of nitrogen fixation based on 15N dilution measurements ranged from 65-72% of total plant N when the legumes were grown after 12 months fallow, to 93-95% when they were grown immediately following dry season rice. Fertiliser N at 25 kg ha-1 applied presowing ('starter' N) had no significant effect on legume N yield at maturity. N returned in leaves, stems and hulls averaged 30, 50 and 80 kg N ha-1 for green gram, soybean and Sesbania, respectively. Rice grain yields and N uptake at maturity were generally highest after Sesbania and lowest after a wet season cereal crop. Differences among treatments were small and related to the quantity of N returned in residues. On average, 11% of the N in the residues was recovered in the tops of the following rice crop. Rice yields increased over the 4-year period, but mean increases were similar for legume and non-legume treatments. The average apparent recovery of N applied as urea to dry season rice at permanent flooding was 76%. The inclusion of a soybean cash crop in the rotation offers the possibility of a marginal reduction in the need for N fertiliser.

Weed control in tropical ley farming systems: a review

1996 ◽  
Vol 36 (8) ◽  
pp. 1013 ◽  
Author(s):  
CC Martin
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Ley Farming ◽  
Grain Crop ◽  
Herbicide Use

The first sustained effort to develop a ley farming system (a pasture legume rotated with a grain crop) for the Australian semi-arid tropics began in the late 1970s at Katherine, Northern Territory, where various strategies were identified and implemented. It was soon discovered that a main constraint to success was the invasion of the legume ley by grass weeds. This occurred despite the replacement of Townsville stylo (Stylosanthes humilis), which provided the base for the early work, with more competitive legumes such as Verano (Stylosanthes hamata) and Centurion centro (Centrosema pascuorum). Early weed control work focused on the use of chemicals, but later competition and population dynamics were studied in S. humilis pastures. The ley farming system comprised a number of essential elements, each of which offered opportunities for weed control First, a legume ley was rotated with grain crops. Past work concentrated on legume leys, but nitrogen (N)-fertilised grass leys may be successful if the N was economically supplied. Grasses can effectively suppress weeds. Rotation of herbicides is possible. Sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia) can be controlled with atrazine in the sorghum phase, and emergent Sida spp. can be controlled in the pasture phase using a herbicide roller. Second, cattle graze the legume ley and crop residues in the dry season. Cattle can be used to suppress grass weeds in the wet season. The major use of the legume ley, however, was to provide high quality food in the dry season when there was little other available food. Future research should investigate the economics of balancing the need for grass weed control with food provision in the dry season. Third, crops sown directly into a ley killed with a knockdown herbicide. Although the need for improved soil surface management was recognised early, development of reduced tillage was delayed until the availability of glyphosate. Initial work concentrated on improving plant establishment under mulch. Recent work has shown that mulches can effectively control weeds in crops without the use of herbicides; best weed control occurred when glyphosate was applied as a single application at sowing. Fourth, ley regenerated as an intercrop in the grain crop. There is no doubt that the presence of an intercrop reduces the yield of the grain crop. Future research should investigate the economics and risks associated with intercrop-induced changes in yield and herbicide use patterns. The extreme climate and sandy soils pose problems for herbicide use. There is marked seasonal variation in effectiveness of pre-emergence herbicides, ranging from zero to marked crop phytotoxicity. The effectiveness of knockdown herbicides is reduced by stressed target plants and rain soon after spraying. Mulch dynamics, grazing, competition and interference, and herbicide interactions with target plants and the environment, were identified as key features requiring attention in a ley farming system to achieve practical weed management.

Chemical weed control in peanut crops at Katherine, N.T

1968 ◽  
Vol 8 (35) ◽  
pp. 762
Author(s):  
IMW Wood
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Good Control ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
The Other ◽  
Crop Damage ◽  
Complete Control ◽  
Trianthema Portulacastrum ◽  
Average Rainfall ◽  
Short Season

In crops of Spanish peanuts at Katherine, N.T., trifluralin at 1 lb active ingredient an acre and benefin at 2 lb a.i. an acre gave almost complete control of the two pigweeds Trianthema portulacastrum and Portulaca oleracea. During two seasons, one a dry short season and the other a season of average rainfall and duration, both herbicides were very effective and did not cause any crop damage. Prometryne at 3 lb a.i. an acre and linuron at 2 lb a.i. an acre gave good control in the dry season but only fair control in the wetter season. Chloramben at 4 lb a.i. an acre gave excellent weed control with little crop damage in the normal season, but poor weed control and considerable crop damage in the dry season.

The effect of time of planting on yield attributes of oat varieties in the Ord River Valley

1966 ◽  
Vol 6 (22) ◽  
pp. 250
Author(s):  
DF Beech ◽  
MJT Norman
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Close Relation ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
River Valley ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Yield Attributes ◽  
Steep Rise

During the 1964 dry season a study was made at Kimberley Research Station of the effect of time of sowing on the yield attributes of oats grown under irrigation. Two varieties, Avon and Ballidu, were sown at four dates from May to July. Avon, the later variety of the two, declined in grain yield from the first sowing onward and gave a negligible yield at the last two sowings. Ballidu reached maximum grain yield at the second sowing and gave a negligible yield at the last sowing. It appeared that, as in wheat, the major factor influencing grain yield in relation to time of sowing was the steep rise in temperature from August onward. There was a close relation between date of anthesis and grain yield irrespective of variety. Maximum grain and dry matter yield would be expected if sowing date were selected to bring a given variety to anthesis in early August.

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