Nitrogen contributed by grain legumes to rice grown in rotation on the Cununurra soils of the Ord Irrigation Area, Western Australia

1987 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 155 ◽  
Author(s):  
AL Chapman ◽  
RJK Myers
Keyword(s):  
Green Manure ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Green Gram ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Sesbania Cannabina ◽  
Irrigation Area ◽  
Bare Fallow

The uptake of nitrogen (N) by dry season rice following wet season crops of soybean (for grain or green manure), green gram, Sesbania cannabina (a native legume), a cereal (sorghum or dryland rice for grain), or bare fallow, was studied for 3 cropping cycles over 4 years. The work was done on Cununurra clay (0.04% N) at Kimberley Research Station near Kununurra, W.A., in the Ord Irrigation Area. Stubbles were returned to the soil except in the first cycle when (excluding the green manure treatment) all tops were removed from the plots at maturity. There was a 12-month bare fallow period between the first and second cycles. Dry season rice was drill-sown with or without 100 kg ha-1 of N applied as urea at permanent flooding. Soybean, green gram and Sesbania crops accumulated 290-360, 80-130 and 110-180 kg N ha-1, respectively, in the tops at maturity. An average of about 40 kg N ha-1 was present in the stem bases and roots (0-20 cm depth). Estimates of nitrogen fixation based on 15N dilution measurements ranged from 65-72% of total plant N when the legumes were grown after 12 months fallow, to 93-95% when they were grown immediately following dry season rice. Fertiliser N at 25 kg ha-1 applied presowing ('starter' N) had no significant effect on legume N yield at maturity. N returned in leaves, stems and hulls averaged 30, 50 and 80 kg N ha-1 for green gram, soybean and Sesbania, respectively. Rice grain yields and N uptake at maturity were generally highest after Sesbania and lowest after a wet season cereal crop. Differences among treatments were small and related to the quantity of N returned in residues. On average, 11% of the N in the residues was recovered in the tops of the following rice crop. Rice yields increased over the 4-year period, but mean increases were similar for legume and non-legume treatments. The average apparent recovery of N applied as urea to dry season rice at permanent flooding was 76%. The inclusion of a soybean cash crop in the rotation offers the possibility of a marginal reduction in the need for N fertiliser.

The uptake and use of nitrogen by paddy rice in fallow, cereal, and legume cropping systems

1999 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 945 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. Ockerby ◽  
A. L. Garside ◽  
S. W. Adkins
Keyword(s):  
Rice Yield ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Paddy Rice ◽  
Rice Crop ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Physiological Efficiency ◽  
Legume Crops

In a previous paper, we reported that prior crops either increased or decreased the yield of paddy rice (Oryza sativa L.) and altered its response to fertiliser N. We considered that rice yield responses to prior crop might have reflected the uptake of crop residue N and the efficiency of its use to produce grain. Experiments consisted of dry-season grain or legume crops, or fallow, followed by wet-season rice (cv. Lemont); and wet-season grain or legume crops, or fallow, followed by dry-season rice. Urea at one-third of the rate required for optimum rice yield was applied at 3 stages of rice crop growth: sowing, permanent flood, and/or panicle initiation. Soil N supplied 4.1 to 6.5 g N/m2 to the rice crop, depending on the season. Rice also recovered 0 to 0.25 of the N in the residue of a prior maize crop and 0.23 to 0.57 of the N in grain legume residues or a legume green manure crop; the fraction was greater if fertiliser N was not applied. Increased N uptake was the major contributor to heavier yield. The relationship between grain yield and crop N content was mostly linear, and thus physiological efficiency of N use for rice grain production was essentially constant across the range of environments provided by fertiliser N and cropping system treatments in this study. In experiments where fertiliser N was applied, there were small effects of prior cereal and legume cropping treatments on physiological efficiency. In contrast, without fertiliser N application, physiological efficiency was increased by prior cereal and legume crops, which likely resulted from a greater congruence between the N demand of the rice crop, and the N supply from the soil and incorporated residue, when compared with a fallow treatment.

Effects of Phosphorus and Carbofuran on the Growth and Nitrogen Fixation of Azolla pinnata and the Yield of Rice

1988 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. Singh ◽  
P. K. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Uptake ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Azolla Pinnata ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Nitrogen Yield ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Dry Seasons

SUMMARYThe effects of phosphorus fertilizer and the insecticide carbofuran on the growth and N2-fixation of Azolla pinnata and on the growth, grain yield and nitrogen uptake of intercropped rice were examined in a wet and a dry season. Treatment with phosphorus or carbofuran increased the biomass of Azolla and the amount of nitrogen fixed (nitrogen yield) in both seasons, but the response was much better in the dry season. Azolla inoculation at 1.0 t ha−1 resulted in a greater bio mass and nitrogen yield than inoculation at 0.5 t ha−1. In the dry season, a combination of phosphorus and carbofuran enhanced the growth and N2-fixation of Azolla more than either treatment alone. Carbofuran treatment slowed the rate of decomposition of Azolla, particularly in the dry season. The plant height, leaf area index and dry matter production of rice at flowering time were increased in the plots treated with phosphorus or carbofuran in the wet season and these treatments increased rice grain yield and nitrogen uptake in both the wet and dry seasons.

scholarly journals Soil Management for Better Nutrition of Lowland Rice

2006 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 139-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
KR Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Nitrate Leaching ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Lowland Rice ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Bare Fallow

Some experiments were conducted in field conditions at Rampur, Nepal between 2001 and 2003 to assess the potential of wheat straw management with grain and green manure legumes in the lowland areas on soil N dynamics, crop yields and systems’ N balances. Two levels of wheat straw incorporation (0 and 2 Mg ha-1) with four types of land management (bare fallow control, mucuna, mungbean and maize) treatments were randomly allotted in the 10 m2 plots in the fields. When the land was left bare during the transition season, Nmin was initially building up of 50-80 kg of nitrate-N and subsequently lost by nitrate leaching and denitrification, resulting in low N uptake of rice. The application of wheat straw during DWT significantly reduced soil Nmin at the same rate as soil microbial biomass-N increased and resulted in <1 kg ha-1 of nitrate leaching and minimal nitrous oxide emissions from the soil. Growing cover crops during transition period reduced leaching losses by half and nitrous oxide emissions by two thirds of those in the bare fallow control, and BNF-N additions by legumes ranged from 27 to 56 kg ha-1. Depending on the type of legume, this resulted in increased crop N uptake and grain yield. The lower N benefits were associated with the grain legume because about 50% of the N assimilation was removed by grain harvest, while the high benefits were obtained with green manures. When DWT is sufficiently long, the cultivation of legumes appears economically and ecologically beneficial and should be encouraged. Combinations of straw amendment and green manure use during DWT provide the largest benefits in terms of grain yield, and N balance with possible long-term benefits for system’s productivity. Key words: Soil, nutrient management, lowland rice J. Inst. Agric. Anim. Sci. 27:139-147 (2006)

Chemical weed control in the Ord River Valley. 3. Cotton

1964 ◽  
Vol 4 (15) ◽  
pp. 321
Author(s):  
Rijn PJ van
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
River Valley ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Residual Action

Between 1960 and 1963, four preliminary experiments on herbicides for cotton were carried out at Kimberley Research Station. Diuron, applied pre-emergence at rates of 1/2-1 lb an acre active ingredient (a. i.), and dicryl, applied seven to ten days after emergence at rates of 3-6 lb an acre a. i., gave satisfactory weed control. Diuron, because of its longer residual action (six weeks in early wet season, two months or more in late wet and early dry season) is preferred, and is recommended as the standard herbicidal treatment for Ord River cotton crops.

scholarly journals Management of Native Soil Nitrogen for Reducing Nitrous Oxide Emissions and Higher Rice Production

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keshav R. Pandey ◽  
S. C. Shah ◽  
M. Becker
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Native Soil ◽  
Bare Fallow

Present production of rice is far below its reported potential yield because of being Ndeficiency, the major constraint. Because of poverty, small farmers have to rely on native soil N-supply. Between wheat harvest and rice transplanting, a dry-to-wet season transition (DWT) period exist with changing soil moisture from aerobic to anaerobic and a large amount of native soil N loss is hypothesized. To study soil N dynamism and possible management options for DWT, two years field experiments were conducted in Chitwan with four land management treatments like bare fallow, mucuna, mungbean and maize. Treatments were randomly allotted in 10 m<sup>2</sup> plots. During DWT, building up of 50-75 kg of nitrate-N was observed at 60-75 % field capacity (FC) soil moisture but lost after flooding through leaching and denitrification, resulting in low grain yield and N uptake of succeeding rice. Growing cover crops during DWT, reduced leaching loss by half and N2O emissions by two thirds of those in the bare fallows. Atmospheric-N addition by legumes ranged from 27 to 56 kg ha-1 depending on the types of legumes and increased N uptake and grain yield by 24-42 kg N ha-1 yr-1 and 1.2-2.1 Mg ha-1 yr-1respectively. Thus, cultivation of grain/green manure legumes appears economically and ecologically beneficial.Key Words: bare fallow, crop N uptake, denitrification, green manure, leaching, nitrate catch crops, nitrificationThe Journal of Agriculture and Environment Vol:9, Jun.2008  Page: 1-9

Grazing Management Strategies for Reseeded Rangelands in the East Kimberley Region of Western Australia.

1991 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
RB Hacker ◽  
SB Tunbridge
Keyword(s):  
Management System ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Perennial Species ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Continuous Grazing

Grazing management strategies involving continuous grazing, wet season rest, dry season rest and a range of stocking rates of steers were evaluated on reseeded rangeland at Ord Regeneration Research Station by the use of temporary exclosures within continuously grazed paddocks. The rangeland is a patchwork of plant communities in various stages of regeneration. Under continuous grazing, liveweight gain in three of the four years of the trial was more closely related to botanical differences between paddocks than to stocking rate although all paddocks were confined to the one land unit. Animals generally selected those parts of the pasture where regeneration of perennial grasses was least advanced and the vegetation was characterized by short annual and semi-perennial species. Differences in the yield of these species between paddocks accounted for much of the variation in liveweight gain. Perennial species contributed most to animal production when seasonal conditions were poor. Over the study as a whole, year-in-year-out stocking rate was much more important than management system (proportion of wet season grazing) in determining vegetation changes. Nevertheless, selective grazing of the short grass patches will prevent the use of a continuous grazing strategy in these pastures. However, continued regeneration should be feasible under a tactical management system in which grazing is managed to ensure that a minimum level of cover is maintained on the short grass phase and that the end of dry season utilization level for the key perennial species does not exceed an average (over years) of about 30 per cent.

Chemical weed control in the Ord River Valley. 2. Rice

1964 ◽  
Vol 4 (15) ◽  
pp. 316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rijn PJ van
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Good Control ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Japonica Variety ◽  
Indica Variety ◽  
Increase Crop Yield

Three herbicides, CIPC (Isopropyl-N-(3-chloropheny1)-carbamate) EPTC (Ethyl-NN-dipropylthiol- carbamate) and Stam F-34 (3,4-Dichloropropionanilide), were tested for the control of barnyard grasses, Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link and Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv., in rice at Kimberley Research Station. The herbicides were tested at different rates and times of application on land lightly and heavily infested with weeds in crops of dry season rice, japonica variety Caloro, and wet season rice indica variety Meli No. 2 or Sircna. CIPC gave good control of weeds but did not increase crop yield ; furthermore, it was unreliable in its action and in one experiment reduced crop yield. EPTC, at 1 lb an acre active ingredient applied pre-sowing, gave good control of weeds but no increases in crop yield. Stam F-34, at 3-6 lb an acre active ingredient applied two to three weeks after crop emergence, gave good control of weeds in both wet and dry season rice and, as a result, crop yields increased.

Seasonal changes in the nutritive value of some native pasture species in North-western Australia.

1980 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 175 ◽  
Author(s):  
AM Holm ◽  
GJ Eliot
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Pasture Land ◽  
North Western

The nutritive value of Astrebla elymoides, A. pectinata, Chrysopogon fallax, Iseilema vaginiflorum, Neptunia monosperma from black soil plains (BSP) pasture land; and Plectrachne pungens, Chrysopogon fallax, Sorghum plumosum, and Eriachne obtusa of curly spinifex-ribbon grass (CSRC;) pasture land, was assessed over the period October 1975 to October 1977 at the Fitzroy Pastoral Research Station, north Western Australia. Seasonal trends in crude protein, crude fibre. phosphorus. calcium and in vitro digestibility, together with some physiological parameters are described for each species. BSP pastures were found to be higher in crude protein, lower in crude fibre and more digestible than CSRG pasture species. Crude protein contents of most BSP pasture species were sufficient for maintenance of cattle during the dry season while CSRG species were below maintenance All species were deficient in phosphorus over the dry season and some species were marginal to deficient over the wet season.

The response of weaner cattle grazing natural pastures in north western Australia to phosphoric acid, non protein nitrogen and sulphur in their drinking water.

1981 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 133
Author(s):  
A.McR. Holm ◽  
AL Payne ◽  
PD Morgan ◽  
EJ Speijers
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Cattle Grazing ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogenous Compounds ◽  
North Western

The study was designed to evaluate the effects of phosphorus and non protein nitrogen supplementation on weaner cattle grazing natural pastures on the Fitzroy Pastoral Research Station, north Western Australia. The study was repeated over the period July 1971 to April 1976, with four drafts of weaners which grazed Mitchell grass pastures during the dry season and curly spinifex-ribbon grass pastures during the wet season. In each year, one of four groups received either no supplement (control), urea plus sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid, or urea plus ammonium sulphate plus phosphoric acid. The supplements were measured into and mixed with the drinking water. Weaners given phosphoric acid gained between 10.5 and 21.7 kg a head more than those not given phosphorus. The response was significant in two of the four dry seasons, three of the four wet seasons and for every ye= when both seasons were considered together. Urea supplements increased liveweight gain over the dry season and depressed liveweight gain over the wet season. There was no advantage to urea when the two seasons were combined. Cattle given supplements through the drinking water drank less water and more of those given nitrogenous compounds died than those not receiving supplements.

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