A small-scale milling technique for establishment of flour yield of wheat

1974 ◽  
Vol 14 (70) ◽  
pp. 658 ◽  
Author(s):  
BR Whan
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Soft Wheat ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Common Basis ◽  
Constant Moisture Content ◽  
Flour Yield ◽  
Milling Yield ◽  
Satisfactory Relationship

The Brabender Quadrumat Junior mill was investigated as a possible means of estimating the flour yield of small samples of wheat. When very hard, hard and soft wheats were milled at a constant moisture content (whether equilibrium or a higher, conditioned moisture content) on the Quadrumat Junior mill, the flour yields did not correlate with those from a Buhler experimental mill, because the hard and very hard varieties were over-estimated. A satisfactory relationship was obtained by milling the hard wheats at a moisture content one per cent higher than the soft wheats, and the very hard wheats two per cent higher than the soft wheats. All wheats could then be compared on a common basis. When seven soft wheat samples were milled on the Quadrumat Junior and six large experimental mills, the Quadrumat Junior estimated the flour yields as accurately as any of the large mills. This method appears to be suitable for selection in a wheat breeding programme to improve milling yield. Samples as small as 5 g can be used

Selection of cultivars for soft wheat quality. 2. Small scale tests of soft wheat quality

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (62) ◽  
pp. 299 ◽  
Author(s):  
HJ Moss ◽  
CS Edwards ◽  
NA Goodchild
Keyword(s):  
Soft Wheat ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Water Retention Capacity ◽  
Wheat Quality ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
Fermentation Time ◽  
Cultivar Groups ◽  
Scale Test ◽  
Milling Yield ◽  
Selection Of

Ten small scale tests of soft wheat quality have been investigated for their ability to discriminate between cultivars, and to arrange a series of samples in order of acceptability according to soft wheat criteria. The tests were grain size, fibre, protein, and ash content, pearling resistance, wheatmeal granularity, wheatmeal fermentation time, milling yield (Brabender Quadrumat Mill), sedimentation value and alkaline water retention capacity of the flour. Grain fibre and pearling resistance ranked cultivars in the same order irrespective of location or season, but the ranking according to other tests depended on environmental features. No small scale test nor combination of small scale tests was satisfactory at all sites for predictive purposes. Within most single-cultivar groups grains became harder as they became larger, while the protein level simultaneously declined.

A comparison of some small-scale tests for bread-making quality used in wheat breeding

1980 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Blackman ◽  
A. A. Gill
Keyword(s):  
Protein Quality ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Loaf Volume ◽  
Bread Making ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Sedimentation Volume

SummaryTwenty-five winter wheat varieties and breeders' lines including hard and soft texture, good or poor bread and biscuit-making types were grown at two locations in the U.K. in 1977 to provide the test samples. Small-scale tests of bread-making quality including extensometer, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) sedimentation volume, residue protein, urea dispersible protein and Pelshenke tests, were compared with loaf volumes and loaf scores.Averaged over the two sites, a modified extensometer test and the SDS test gave the closest correlation with loaf volume and loaf score and were only poorly correlated with Hagberg Falling Number and percentage protein. The SDS test gave the closest correlation between sites followed by the extensometer readings; loaf volume and score had much lower values. The SDS values and extensometer readings give a better measure of the genetic differences in protein quality of varieties than loaf volume and score, being less affected by growing conditions. With its small sample size and high throughput, the SDS sedimentation volume is likely to be the most useful screening test for wheat breeding programmes.

Type of Slope Failure Identified from Pore Water Pressure and Moisture Content Measurements

2015 ◽  
Vol 744-746 ◽  
pp. 690-694
Author(s):  
Muhammad Rehan Hakro ◽  
Indra Sati Hamonangan Harahap
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Pore Pressure ◽  
Slope Failure ◽  
Pore Water Pressure ◽  
Water Pressure ◽  
Failure Process ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Content Increase ◽  
Sudden Increase ◽  
Model Slope

Rainfall-induced landslides occur in many parts of the world and causing a lot of the damages. For effective prediction of rainfall-induced landslides the comprehensive understanding of the failure process is necessary. Under different soil and hydrological conditions experiments were conducted to investigate and clarify the mechanism of slope failure. The failure in model slope was induced by sprinkling the rainfall on slope composed of sandy soil in small flume. Series of tests were conducted in small scale flume to better understand the failure process in sandy slopes. The moisture content was measured with advanced Imko TDR (Time Domain Reflectrometry) moisture sensors in addition to measurements of pore pressure with piezometers. The moisture content increase rapidly to reach the maximum possible water content in case of higher intensity of rainfall, and higher intensity of the rainfall causes higher erosion as compared to smaller intensity of the rainfall. The controlling factor for rainfall-induced flowslides was density of the slope, rather than intensity of the rainfall and during the flowslide the sudden increase in pore pressure was observed. Higher pore pressure was observed at the toe of the slope as compared to upper part of the slope.

The infestibility of stored paddy by Sitophilus sasakii (Tak.) and Rhyzopertha dominica (F.).

1960 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 599-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael H. Breese
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Rhyzopertha Dominica ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
British Guiana ◽  
Rapid Multiplication

Indications of the type of paddy grain most commonly infested by Sitophilus sasakii (Tak.) and Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) have been obtained from the examination of infested samples of paddy grown in Trinidad, W.I., and in British Guiana.Small-scale experiments with sound mature paddy have shown that S.sasakii is unable to feed and breed in a grain with an intact husk, even when the moisture content is high. It is also probable that R. dominica finds it extremely difficult to attack and infest such grains.The rapid multiplication of S. sasakii in paddy is dependent on there being a high proportion of grains with badly damaged husks. Infestation can occur in grains with a slight separation of the lemma and palea, or with slightly split husks, but the adult that develops is often unable to emerge from such grains.

Parameters Affecting Milling Qualities of Undefatted Soybeans (Glycine max, L. Merill) (2): Selected Physical Properties

2005 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Ganiy O. Raji ◽  
John Alaba Victor Famurewa
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Soybean Protein ◽  
Soy Flour ◽  
International Institute ◽  
Attrition Mill ◽  
Protein Retention ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Flour Yield

Soybean protein is highly rich in the essential amino acid needed by human body. In the developing countries, its use will be more generally acceptable when converted to flour like wheat. This work focused on establishing the optimum conditions of some physical characteristics of soybean for high quality and acceptable soy flour. The characteristics studied for soybean samples subjected to heat treatment of boiling and oven drying were the effect moisture content (MC) and the hull thickness on the quality of the flours. Ten samples of Tax 1485 at different moisture levels ranging from 20.6% to 8.6% and five varieties (Tax 1440-1E, Tax 1740, Tax 1485, Tax 1456 and Tax 1448-2E) obtained from International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA), having different hull thicknesses were used. Soybean with mixed varieties commonly found in the open markets was also used to compare the effects of MC on the studied parameters. Flours obtained from the samples milled in an attrition mill were subjected to proximate, sieve and organoleptic evaluations. The hull thickness was found to have no correlation with protein retention, acceptability and flour yield, but moisture content has a very significant effect on the qualities. Between moisture content of 20.6% and 8.6%, protein and acceptability reduced from 40.0% to 27.7% and 4.3 to 2.2 respectively while yield increased from 0.9% to 5.8%. Though protein was reducing with reduced MC, there was no significant difference (p<0.05) in protein retention between MC of 20.6% and 10.1% but it became significant at 9.4%. There was no significant difference in acceptability from 13.6% to 8.6% MC and between 8.9% and 11.0% MC for flour yield. Both Tax 1485 and mixed varieties followed the same trend only that they have different absolute values. The mixed varieties however had no significant difference in protein content between 19.8% and 10.2% MC. These results, therefore established that to obtain acceptable soyflour of high flour yield and protein content, moisture content of soybean after processing should be about 10% (dry basis).

VARIATION IN BREADMAKING QUALITY OF SYSTEMATIC CONTROLS IN A WHEAT BREEDING NURSERY AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO PLANT BREEDING PROCEDURES

1969 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. G. Briggs ◽  
W. Bushuk ◽  
L. H. Shebeski
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Wheat Protein ◽  
Quality Test ◽  
Breadmaking Quality ◽  
Test Characteristics ◽  
Moisture Basis ◽  
Flour Yield ◽  
The University

In a spring wheat breeding nursery at the University of Manitoba in 1967, the wheat protein content of systematic control plots of Triticum aestivum cv. Manitou varied from 10.3% to 16.5% (at 13.5% moisture basis). The correlation between grain yield and protein content of these plots was 0.88 and significant at the 99% confidence level. Correlations calculated for control plots at specified distances apart indicate that for all breadmaking quality test characteristics except bushel weight and flour yield, contiguous plots are significantly more similar in quality than those further apart. The correlation between control plots 2.7 m (9 ft) apart is 0.84 (P = 0.05) for wheat protein percent and of similar order for those quality characteristics which are dependent on total protein. Areas of high and low quality "potential" can be identified in a wheat nursery by using quality data from controls at frequent intervals, and this information should be used by the breeder when assessing the single quality test of a breeding line from a given area of the nursery.

scholarly journals An Analysis of the Current Status of Woody Biomass Gasification Power Generation in Japan

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 4903
Author(s):  
Yasutsugu Baba ◽  
Andante Hadi Pandyaswargo ◽  
Hiroshi Onoda
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Woody Biomass ◽  
Biomass Gasification ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Utilization Rate ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Bio Oil

Forests cover two-thirds of Japan’s land area, and woody biomass is attracting attention as one of the most promising renewable energy sources in the country. The Feed-in Tariff (FIT) Act came into effect in 2012, and since then, woody biomass power generation has spread rapidly. Gasification power generation, which can generate electricity on a relatively small scale, has attracted a lot of attention. However, the technical issues of this technology remain poorly defined. This paper aims to clarify the problems of woody biomass gasification power generation in Japan, specifically on the challenges of improving energy utilization rate, the problem of controlling the moisture content, and the different performance of power generation facilities that uses different tree species. We also describe the technological development of a 2 MW updraft reactor for gasification and bio-oil coproduction to improve the energy utilization rate. The lower heating value of bio-oil, which was obtained in the experiment, was found to be about 70% of A-fuel oil. Among the results, the importance of controlling the moisture content of wood chips is identified from the measurement evaluation of a 0.36 MW-scale downdraft gasifier’s actual operation. We discuss the effects of tree species variation and ash on gasification power generation based on the results of pyrolysis analysis, industry analysis for each tree species. These results indicate the necessity of building a system specifically suited to Japan’s climate and forestry industry to allow woody biomass gasification power generation to become widespread in Japan.

Utilization of Large-Scale Rolling-Wheel Tester to Investigate the Stress Reduction in Pavement Layers Due to the Use of Geosynthetic Materials

2019 ◽  
Vol 2673 (2) ◽  
pp. 445-455
Author(s):  
Jason Wright ◽  
S. Sonny Kim ◽  
Mi G. Chorzepa ◽  
Stephan A. Durham
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Pressure Sensors ◽  
Optimum Moisture Content ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Wheel Load ◽  
Subgrade Soils ◽  
Rolling Wheel ◽  
Aggregate Base ◽  
Pavement Foundation

In a geosynthetic-reinforced pavement system, the load-bearing capacity of subgrade soil is improved by the lateral distribution of vertical stresses at the reinforcing layer. Under small-scale triaxial testing, the tensile properties of the geosynthetic are difficult to measure. Therefore, it is desirable to conduct large-scale testing to accurately monitor the behavior of geosynthetic-reinforced pavement foundations when subjected to rolling-wheel loadings. This study investigates the behavior of geosynthetic-reinforced pavement foundation systems through large-scale rolling-wheel tests performed with problematic subgrade soils found in north Georgia. Sixteen large-scale specimens were constructed of which twelve were reinforced with geosynthetic. Subgrade soils were compacted either at their optimum moisture content or at a higher than optimum moisture content to produce different California Bearing Ratios during specimen preparation. Both an extruded biaxial geogrid and woven geotextile were placed at various locations to investigate the optimal placement locations for different subgrade conditions. Pressure sensors were installed near the bottom of the aggregate base layer and near the top of the subgrade layer to monitor the variations in vertical stress within the pavement system under rolling-wheel load. Further, light weight deflectometer measurements were collected post-test to determine the effect of the geosynthetic on pavement foundation stiffness. The vertical pressure at the bottom of the aggregate base and top of subgrade decreased on average approximately 15.3% and 18.8%, respectively. The results indicate which type of geosynthetic and placement location provides the greatest reduction of pressure for each of the given subgrade conditions.

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