Alternaria carthami, a seed-borne pathogen of safflower

1976 ◽  
Vol 16 (83) ◽  
pp. 921 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAG Irwin
Keyword(s):  
Seed Coat ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Leaf Blight ◽  
Infected Seed ◽  
Seedling Infection ◽  
Levels Of Control

The fungus Alternaria carthami, which causes leaf blight of safflower, was found to be seed borne. Although some seeds from which A. carthami was isolated were visually discoloured, it was also possible to isolate A. carthami from non-discoloured seeds. A. carthami isolated from seed produced typical leaf blight symptoms in glasshouse inoculations. The fungus reduced seed quality and caused pre-emergence death, seedling death and diseased seedlings. The importance of seedling infection by seed-borne A. carthami was demonstrated by the rapid build up of the disease in the field following the planting of infected seed. Relatively poor levels of control of seed-borne infection were achieved with fungicides when applied as a dust to the seed coat.

scholarly journals Influence of lignin content in soybean seed coat on the incidence of the storage fungus Aspergillus flavus

2012 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 541-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ísis Barreto Dantas ◽  
João Almir de Oliveira ◽  
Heloisa Oliveira dos Santos ◽  
Édila Vilela Resende Von Pinho ◽  
Sttela Dellyzete Veiga Franco da Rosa
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Seed Storage ◽  
Seed Health ◽  
Physiological Quality

Seed quality may be affected by several factors, including permeability, color, and lignin content in the seed coat. This study aimed at evaluating influence of lignin content in the tegument of seed samples of six different soybean cultivars, in which half of each sample was inoculated with the fungus Aspergillus flavus, on the physical and physiological quality, and on the seed health, during 180 days storage period, under cold chamber with controlled conditions of temperature and RH. For that, at each interval of 60 days, samples were removed, and the physiological quality of these seeds was assessed by means of moisture and lignin contents; and by tests of seed health, germination, and electrical conductivity. The moisture content of seeds remained constant during all storage period. In the seed health test, it was found that inoculation was efficient, once the minimum incidence of the fungus in the inoculated seeds was 85%. In the germination test, there was a trend of reduction on percentage germination with the increase in storage period. However, there was an increase on electrical conductivity of seeds assessed. It was concluded that there is no interference of the lignin content in the seed coat on the resistance to infection by the fungus Aspergillus flavus, even after seed storage for a period of 180 days.

scholarly journals Selection of GmSWEET39 for oil and protein improvement in soybean

PLoS Genetics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. e1009114
Author(s):  
Hengyou Zhang ◽  
Wolfgang Goettel ◽  
Qijian Song ◽  
He Jiang ◽  
Zhenbin Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Coat ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Soybean Protein ◽  
Wild Soybean ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Pleiotropic Effect ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Dual Function ◽  
Protein Accumulation

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] was domesticated from wild soybean (G. soja Sieb. and Zucc.) and has been further improved as a dual-use seed crop to provide highly valuable oil and protein for food, feed, and industrial applications. However, the underlying genetic and molecular basis remains less understood. Having combined high-confidence bi-parental linkage mapping with high-resolution association analysis based on 631 whole sequenced genomes, we mapped major soybean protein and oil QTLs on chromosome15 to a sugar transporter gene (GmSWEET39). A two-nucleotide CC deletion truncating C-terminus of GmSWEET39 was strongly associated with high seed oil and low seed protein, suggesting its pleiotropic effect on protein and oil content. GmSWEET39 was predominantly expressed in parenchyma and integument of the seed coat, and likely regulates oil and protein accumulation by affecting sugar delivery from maternal seed coat to the filial embryo. We demonstrated that GmSWEET39 has a dual function for both oil and protein improvement and undergoes two different paths of artificial selection. A CC deletion (CC-) haplotype H1 has been intensively selected during domestication and extensively used in soybean improvement worldwide. H1 is fixed in North American soybean cultivars. The protein-favored (CC+) haplotype H3 still undergoes ongoing selection, reflecting its sustainable role for soybean protein improvement. The comprehensive knowledge on the molecular basis underlying the major QTL and GmSWEET39 haplotypes associated with soybean improvement would be valuable to design new strategies for soybean seed quality improvement using molecular breeding and biotechnological approaches.

Trichometasphaeria turcica. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1971 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. B. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Blight ◽  
Diurnal Periodicity ◽  
Northern Leaf Blight ◽  
Setosphaeria Turcica ◽  
Seedling Infection

Abstract A description is provided for Trichometasphaeria turcica[Setosphaeria turcica]. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Zea mays, Sorghum spp., Euchlaena mexicana and other Gramineae (RAM 41: 40). DISEASE: Northern leaf blight of maize and sorghum forming larger and fewer lesions than Cochlioholus heterostrophus (CMI Descript. 301), mostly on the leaves. They begin as small, dark, water-soaked areas, becoming irregular or elliptical, sometimes linear, brown then straw coloured or greyish, with red-purple or tan borders, often 4 × 10 cm or larger, coalescing and leading to death of leaves. Tassel infection on maize is less conspicuous, ear and crown rots and seedling infection occur (16: 450; 34: 716). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread (CMI Map 257, ed. 3, 1968). Additional records not yet mapped are: Australia (NT), Cameroon, Ecuador, Fiji, Haiti, Indonesia, Iraq, Lebanon, Pakistan (E.) and Saudi Arabia. TRANSMISSION: Air-dispersed, probably violently discharged conidia and showing a diurnal periodicity with a forenoon max. (45, 795; 46, 114). The fungus occurs in seed and survives in host debris (15: 289; 19: 602).

scholarly journals The Extent and Its Source of Variation for Characteristics Related to Seed Quality of Adzuki Beans. II. Variation of seed coat color among growers lots in Hokkaido area.

1991 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 234-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koichi YOSHIDA ◽  
Hisayasu SATO ◽  
Hisashi UESHIMA ◽  
Nobuaki ISHII ◽  
Michinori SATO
Keyword(s):  
Seed Coat ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Coat Color ◽  
Seed Coat Color

scholarly journals Soybean (Glycine max L.) seed quality treated with timbó (Magonia pubescens A.St.-Hil) seed coat

2020 ◽  
Vol 87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Mayra Pereira Silva ◽  
Amanda Ribeiro Correa ◽  
Cárita Rodrigues de Aquino Arantes ◽  
Rosiane Alexandre Pena Guimarães ◽  
Maria de Fátima Barbosa Coelho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Coat ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Accelerated Aging ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Seed Extract ◽  
Soybean Seeds ◽  
Hydroalcoholic Extract ◽  
Physiological Quality ◽  
Glycine Max L

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of timbó seed coat on the physiological and sanitary quality of soybean seeds. Timbó seeds were collected from mature fruits in the Cerrado. The external layer of the seed coat was removed and crushed in a mill and used in the treatment of soybean seeds. Three lots of soybean seeds were used, from high, medium and low vigor seeds. The treatments were: powder; gel; hydroalcoholic extract; synthetic fungicide (Vitavax® - Thiram 200 sc), and untreated seeds. The physiological quality of the soybean seeds was determined by standard germination, accelerated aging, length, fresh and dry mass of seedlings. Blotter test was used to determine the sanitary quality. The statistical analyze used was a completely randomized 3 × 5 factorial design, considering three seed lots and five treatments. Treatment with the coat seed extract and gel improves the physiological quality of soybean seeds from low vigor lots. The treatment of seeds with gel decreases the incidence of Fusarium and Penicillium genus; and treatment with the powder reduced the incidence of the Cercospora genus.

scholarly journals Maturação, temperatura e quebra de dormência na germinação de sementes de sempre-vivas

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 186
Author(s):  
Andréa Santos Oliveira ◽  
Maria Laene Moreira Carvalho ◽  
Cláudio das Neves Vieira Bárbara ◽  
Tanismare Tatiana Almeida ◽  
Marcela Carlota Nery
Keyword(s):  
Seed Coat ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Coat Color ◽  
Seed Vigor ◽  
Seed Coat Color ◽  
Dormancy Breaking ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Breaking Dormancy ◽  
Randomized Experimental Design ◽  
Alternating Temperature

Given the importance of “everlasting” plants for their ornamental value and vulnerability to extractive practices, studies to ensure the propagation of the species are indispensable. The aim of this study was to assess whether there is an association between seed coat color and the quality of everlasting seeds, in the presence or absence of dormancy. Four species (Comanthera elegans, C. nitida, C. bisculata, and Comanthera sp.) were separated with respect to seed coat color and underwent germination first count, germination, and germination speed index testing in a substrate moistened with water or 0.1% fluridone solution, in alternating temperatures of 10/25°C and 15/25°C. A completely randomized experimental design was used in a 4 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement [seed coat color (green, beige, red, brown) × temperature (10/25°C and 15/25°C) × dormancy breaking (with or without)]. In general, the alternating 15/25°C temperature is favorable for germination of everlasting plants. The use of fluridone is favorable to germination and seed vigor, especially when using the alternating temperature of 10/25°C. The effect of seed coat color varies among species; higher germination and vigor values are seen in green seeds for Comanthera sp. and lower values in C. bisculata. For C. nitida and C. elegans, seed coat color does not influence seed quality. Direct relationships between fluoridone efficiency in breaking dormancy of seeds of different species of everlasting plants and classification in different colors are not observed.

scholarly journals Effects of Purple Seed Stain on Seed Quality and Composition in Soybean

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 993
Author(s):  
Richard E. Turner ◽  
M. Wayne Ebelhar ◽  
Teresa Wilkerson ◽  
Nacer Bellaloui ◽  
Bobby R. Golden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Seed Vigor ◽  
Seed Composition ◽  
Infected Seed ◽  
Purple Seed Stain

Purple seed stain disease, caused by (Cercospora kukuchii), is a major concern in soybean (Glycine max (L.)) in Mississippi, USA, due to its effects on seed quality, reducing soybean seed grade and potential market price at elevators. Therefore, investigating the effects of purple seed stain (PSS) on seed quality (germination and vigor) and seed composition (nutrition) is critical. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of PSS on seed harvest index, seed germination, seed vigor, and seed composition components (protein, oil, fatty acids, and sugars). A field experiment was initiated in 2019 in Stoneville, MS, at the Delta Research and Extension Center (DREC) on a Commerce silt loam soil (fine-silty, mixed, superactive, nonacid, thermic Fluventic Epiaquepts). Soybean variety Credenz 4748 LL was used. The results showed that infected (symptomatic) seed had a 5.5% greater Seed Index (based on 100 seed weight) when compared to non-infected (non-symptomatic, as control) seed. Non-infected seed had greater percent germination and seedling vigor when compared to infected seed. Germination was 30.9% greater and vigor was 58.3% greater in non-infected seed. Also, the results showed that infected seed with PSS had higher protein content and some amino acids. No changes in total oil and fatty acids. Sucrose and stachyose were lower in infected seed than in non-infected seed. The research showed that PSS impacted seed health and seed quality (germination and vigor) and seed composition (protein, sugars, and some amino acids). Purple stained seed should be avoided when planting and should be managed properly as low germination is a potential risk. Planting population should be adjusted accordingly due to lack of germination and vigor if PSS is present. This research help growers for purple seed management, and scientists to further understand the potential negative impact on seed quality and nutrition. Further research is needed before conclusive recommendations are made.

scholarly journals The relationship between seed coat color and seed quality in watermelon Crimson sweet

2010 ◽  
Vol 37 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 62-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Mavi
Keyword(s):  
Seed Coat ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Coat Color ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Seed Coat Color ◽  
Emergence Time ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Emergence Percentage ◽  
The Relationship

This work was carried out to determine the relationship between seed coat color and seed quality in Crimson sweet watermelon. Seed lots (1, 2, 3, and 4) were prepared taking into consideration seed coat colors in fresh seeds with naked eye. The color parameters of these prepared seed lots were determined using Minolta colorimeter. To determine quality differences between the seed lots, standard germination test, seed weight, water uptake ratio, mean germination time, emergence percentage, mean emergence time, seedling fresh weight, seedling dry weight and electrical conductivity values were determined. The seed weight (57.22 mg), germination percentage (86.5%), emergence percentage (77.5% total and 76.5% normal), seedling fresh weight (978.7 mg), and dry weight (64.7 mg) of the brown seed lot (Lot 1) were markedly higher than lots having lighter seed coat (2, 3, and 4). On the other hand the mean emergence time (7.7 days) and electrical conductivity value (128.8 μS/cm g in 24 h) of the brown seed lot (Lot 1) were lower than lots having lighter seed coat (2, 3, and 4). The obtained data indicated that seed quality differences can be determined according to the seed coat color of Crimson sweet seeds. It was found that seed lot 1 had higher seed vigor and viability than seed lots 2, 3, and 4. Color parameters b*, C*, L*, and H°, determined by Minolta colorimeter, showed significant correlation with seeds quality parameters.

scholarly journals Quantitative Real-Time PCR Analysis of Individual Flue-Cured Tobacco Seeds and Seedlings Reveals Seed Transmission of Tobacco Mosaic Virus

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (1) ◽  
pp. 194-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madeleine D. Ellis ◽  
Jessica M. Hoak ◽  
Bradley W. Ellis ◽  
Jessica A. Brown ◽  
Tim L. Sit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Seed Transmission ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Infected Seed ◽  
Tobacco Seed ◽  
Individual Seed ◽  
Tobacco Seeds

Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is an extensively studied RNA virus known to infect tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and other solanaceous crops. TMV has been classified as a seedborne virus in tobacco, with infection of developing seedlings thought to occur from contact with the TMV-infected seed coat. The mechanism of TMV transmission through seed was studied in seed of the K 326 cultivar of flue-cured tobacco. Cross pollinations were performed to determine the effect of parental tissue on TMV infection in seed. Dissection of individual tobacco seeds into seed coat, endosperm, and embryo was performed to determine TMV location within a seed, while germination tests and separation of the developing seedling into seed coat, roots, and cotyledons were conducted to estimate the percent transmission of TMV. A reverse-transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) assay was developed and used to determine TMV concentrations in individual seed harvested from pods that formed on plants from TMV-infected and noninfected crosses. The results showed maternal transmission of TMV to tobacco seed and seedlings that developed from infected seed, not paternal transmission. RT-qPCR and endpoint PCR assays were also conducted on the separated seed coat, endosperm, and embryo of individual seed and separated cotyledons, roots, and seed coats of individual seedlings that developed from infected tobacco seed to identify the location of the virus in the seed and the subsequent path the virus takes to infect the developing seedling. RT-qPCR and endpoint PCR assay results showed evidence of TMV infection in the endosperm and embryo, as well as in the developing seedling roots and cotyledons within 10 days of initiating seed germination. To our knowledge, this is the first report of TMV being detected in embryos of tobacco seed, demonstrating that TMV is seedborne and seed-transmitted in flue-cured tobacco.

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