A review of the use of phosphate rocks as fertilizers for direct application in Australia and New Zealand.

1990 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 297 ◽  
Author(s):  
NS Bolan ◽  
RE White ◽  
MJ Hedley
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Chemical Reactivity ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Phosphate Rocks ◽  
Mean Annual Rainfall ◽  
Suitable Area

Field trials in New Zealand have shown that reactive phosphate rocks (RPRs) can be as effective as soluble P fertilisers, per kg of P applied, on permanent pastures that have a soil pH<6.0 (in water) and a mean annual rainfall >800 mm. Whereas RPRs such as North Carolina, Sechura, Gafsa and Chatham Rise have been evaluated on permanent pastures in New Zealand, most Australian field trials have examined unreactive PRs such as Christmas Island A and C grade, Nauru and Duchess, using annual plant species. Only in recent experiments has an RPR, North Carolina, been examined. Except on the highly leached sands in southern and south-western Australia, both reactive and unreactive PRs have shown a low effectiveness relative to superphosphate. In addition to chemical reactivity, other factors may contribute to the difference in the observed agronomic effectiveness of PRs in Australia and New Zealand. Generally, PRs have been evaluated on soils of lower pH, higher pH buffering capacity (as measured by titratable acidity) and higher P status in New Zealand than in Australia. Rainfall is more evenly distributed throughout the year on New Zealand pastures than in Australia where the soil surface dries out between rainfall events. Dry conditions reduce the rate at which soil acid diffuses to a PR granule and dissolution products diffuse away. Even when pH and soil moisture are favourable, the release of P from PR is slow and more suited to permanent pasture (i.e. the conditions usually used to evaluate PRs in New Zealand) than to the annual pastures or crops used in most Australian trials. Based on the criteria of soil pH<6.0 and mean annual rainfall >800 mm, it is estimated that the potentially suitable area for RPRs on pasture in New Zealand is about 8 million ha. Extending this analysis to Australia, but excluding the seasonal rainfall areas of northern and south-western Australia, the potentially suitable area is about 13 million ha. In New Zealand, many of the soils in the North and South Islands satisfy both the pH and rainfall criteria. However, suitable areas in Australia are confined mainly to the coastal and tableland areas of New South Wales and eastern Victoria, and within these areas the actual effectiveness of RPR will depend markedly on soil management and the distribution of annual rainfall. Further research on RPR use should be focused on these areas.

scholarly journals Soil aluminium toxicity in New Zealand pastoral farming – a review

2018 ◽  
pp. 129-136
Author(s):  
Jeff D Morton ◽  
Jim L Moir
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Aluminium Toxicity ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Al Toxicity ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Extractable Soil

As most New Zealand pastoral soils are acidic, aluminium (Al) can be present at high concentrations and restrict plant root growth and shoot yield. In field trials, Al toxicity in white clover has been associated with CaCl2-extractable soil Al levels of 3-5 ppm or exchangeable soil KCl-extractable levels of 1-2 me/100g, when soil pH levels were below 5.5-5.7 in the top 75 mm. Lucerne is less tolerant of Al toxicity than white clover and ryegrass, which in turn are less tolerant than Lotus spp., arrow leaf, subterranean, Caucasian, Persian and gland clovers, and naturalised adventive annuals such as cluster, haresfoot, striated and suckling clovers. Soil Al toxicity generally increases with soil depth. Soil pH is a reliable indicator of soil Al and, on average, can be increased by 0.1 units/tonne/ha of applied lime to reduce soil Al to below the toxic range. Lime application is the most effective strategy where it can be ground-applied. A key limitation of ground-applied lime to reduce Al toxicity is that its movement down the soil only occurs slowly except in high rainfall areas. Soil Al and pH levels and legume content in hill soils varies according to slope and aspect and there is an opportunity to differentially apply lime by air to areas with low soil pH and more legume, for the best economic return.

The effectiveness of rock phosphate fertilisers in Australian agriculture: a review

1988 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 655 ◽  
Author(s):  
MDA Bolland ◽  
RJ Gilkes ◽  
MFD' Antuono
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Rock Phosphate ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
Complete Response ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Residual Value ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Rock Phosphates ◽  
Mean Annual Rainfall

Plant responses to apatite rock phosphates and Calciphos, a calcined calcium iron-aluminium rock phosphate fertiliser, have been measured in many pot and field experiments in Australia, but there is no consistent view of the agronomic effectiveness of these fertilisers. Quantitative indices of the effectiveness of freshly applied rock phosphates relative to freshly applied superphosphate (relative effectiveness or RE values) have been calculated from the data for 164 Australian pot and field experiments on the basis of the substitution value of the rock phosphates for superphosphate. RE values range from <0.1 to 2.5, with the mean value for apatite rock phosphates being 0.26 compared with 0.42 for Calciphos. Statistical analysis of the data demonstrate that variations in RE values were primarily due to systematic differences in experimental design and fertiliser solubility, and not to differences in soil pH, plant species, the capacity of the soil to adsorb P and mean annual rainfall. All RE values >0.4 were obtained from experiments in which only 1 or 2 levels of fertiliser were applied to soils that were poorly responsive to applied P; thus it was not possible to define the complete response curves required to obtain precise values of RE. In most cases, RE values were < 0.4 for experiments in which several levels of fertiliser P were applied to highly P-responsive soils so that complete response curves were defined and precise values of RE estimated. The effectiveness of previously applied rock phosphate (i.e, residual value) remained low and approximately constant for several years after application, being 5-30% as effective as freshly applied superphosphate for the various experiments. The corresponding average value of the relative effectiveness of superphosphate declined by 40% in the first year after application, by a further 15% in the second year, and by a further 30% over the remaining 6 years. However, the magnitude of these declines in relative effectiveness differed substantially between individual sites. The residual value of both the superphosphate and rock phosphate fertilisers appears not to have been systematically influenced by soil type, soil pH, the capacity of the soil to adsorb P, mean annual rainfall, and whether the fertilisers were topdressed or were incorporated. However, there is a need for additional experiments to investigate the influence of these factors on fertiliser effectiveness. It is concluded that, on the basis of published data, rock phosphate fertilisers cannot be regarded as economic substitutes for fertilisers containing water-soluble P for most agricultural applications in Australia. This is because, relative to freshly applied superphosphate, the fertiliser effectiveness of rock phosphates is low in the year of application and it remains low in subsequent years so that uneconomical, very high rates of application of rock phosphate are required.

Antipodean Aftershocks: Group Settlement of Hebridean and non-Hebridean Britons in Western Australia following World War One

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 188-203
Author(s):  
Roy Jones ◽  
Tod Jones
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
British Empire ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
The Sun ◽  
World War ◽  
World War One ◽  
A Site

In the speech in which the phrase ‘land fit for heroes’ was coined, Lloyd George proclaimed ‘(l)et us make victory the motive power to link the old land up in such measure that it will be nearer the sunshine than ever before … it will lift those who have been living in the dark places to a plateau where they will get the rays of the sun’. This speech conflated the issues of the ‘debt of honour’ and the provision of land to those who had served. These ideals had ramifications throughout the British Empire. Here we proffer two Antipodean examples: the national Soldier Settlement Scheme in New Zealand and the Imperial Group Settlement of British migrants in Western Australia and, specifically, the fate and the legacy of a Group of Gaelic speaking Outer Hebrideans who relocated to a site which is now in the outer fringes of metropolitan Perth.

Control of Helicoverpa zea in Tomatoes with Chlorantraniliprole Applied Through Drip Chemigation

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas P. Kuhar ◽  
James F. Walgenbach ◽  
Hélène B. Doughty
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Helicoverpa Zea ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Beneficial Arthropods ◽  
Worker Exposure ◽  
Anthranilic Diamide ◽  
Mammalian Toxicity ◽  
Tomato Fruitworm ◽  
Reduced Risk

Chlorantraniliprole (=Rynaxypyr) is a novel anthranilic diamide insecticide that is of interest to vegetable growers because of its low mammalian toxicity and systemic properties. Field trials were conducted between 2006 and 2008 in North Carolina and Virginia to test the efficacy of chlorantraniliprole as a drip chemigation treatment on tomatoes. Drip chemigation of chlorantraniliprole at various rates and intervals significantly reduced the percentage of tomatoes damaged by tomato fruitworm (Helicoverpa zea) comparable to that typically achieved from multiple foliar applications of insecticides. The best control was achieved with two applications of chlorantraniliprole at 0.074 kg ai/ha, or a single application at 0.099 kg ai/ha. Residual ingestion bioassays showed that chlorantraniliprole was effectively taken up by the roots and was active in leaves up to 66 days after treatment (DAT), active in blossoms up to 22 DAT, but was not active in fruit. Drip chemigation of chlorantraniliprole may offer several advantages over foliar applications, including ease of application, reduced pesticide input into the environment, reduced worker exposure to pesticides, and reduced risk to beneficial arthropods. Accepted for publication 14 January 2010. Published 7 April 2010.

The agronomic effectiveness of reactive phosphate rocks 1. Effect of the pasture environment

1997 ◽  
Vol 37 (8) ◽  
pp. 921 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. G Sale ◽  
R. J. Gilkes ◽  
M. D. A. Bolland ◽  
P. G. Simpson ◽  
D. C. Lewis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Phosphate Rock ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Triple Superphosphate ◽  
Agronomic Effectiveness ◽  
P Sorption ◽  
Reactive Phosphate ◽  
Reactive Phosphate Rock ◽  
Very High

Summary. The agronomic effectiveness of directly applied North Carolina reactive phosphate rock was determined for 4 years from annual dry matter responses at 26 permanent pasture sites across Australia as part of the National Reactive Phosphate Rock Project. Fertiliser comparisons were based on the substitution value of North Carolina reactive phosphate rock for triple superphosphate (the SV50). The SV50 was calculated from fitted response curves for both fertilisers at the 50% of maximum yield response level of triple superphosphate. The reactive phosphate rock was judged to be as effective as triple superphosphate in the 1st year (and every year thereafter) at 4 sites (SV50 >0.9), and was as effective by the 4th year at 5 sites. At another 9 sites the reactive phosphate rock was only moderately effective with SV50 values between 0.5 and 0.8 in the 4th year, and at the final 8 sites it performed poorly with the 4th year SV50 being less than 0.5. Pasture environments where the reactive phosphate rock was effective in the 1st year were: (i) those on sandy, humic or peaty podsols with an annual rainfall in excess of 850 mm; (ii) those on soils that experienced prolonged winter inundation and lateral surface flow; and (iii) tropical grass pastures in very high rainfall areas (>2300 mm) on the wet tropical coast on North Queensland. The highly reactive North Carolina phosphate rock became effective by the 4th year at sites in southern Australia where annual rainfall exceeded 700 mm, and where the surface soil was acidic [pH (CaCl2) <5.0] and not excessively sandy (sand fraction in the A1 horizon <67%) but had some phosphorus (P) sorption capacity. Sites that were unsuitable for reactive phosphate rock use in the medium term (up to 4 years at least) were on very high P-sorbing krasnozem soils or high P-sorbing lateritic or red earth soils supporting subterranean-clover-dominant pasture, or on lower rainfall (< 600 mm) pastures growing on soils with a sandy A1 horizon (sand component >84%). No single environmental feature adequately predicted reactive phosphate rock performance although the surface pH of the soil was most closely correlated with the year-4 SV50 (r = 0.67). Multiple linear regression analysis found that available soil P (0–10 cm) and the P sorption class of the surface soil (0–2 cm), together with annual rainfall and a measure of the surface soil"s ability to retain moisture, could explain about two-thirds of the variance in the year-4 SV50 . The results from this Project indicate that there are a number of specific pasture environments in the higher rainfall regions of Australia where North Carolina reactive phosphate rock can be considered as an effective substitute P fertiliser for improved pasture.

Elatobium abietinum. [Distribution map].

1986 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Pacific Islands ◽  
District Of Columbia ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Elatobium Abietinum ◽  
New Distribution ◽  
Distribution In Europe

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Elatobium abietinum (Walker) [Hemiptera: Aphididae)] Spruce aphid. Attacks Picea spp., Pseudotsuga menziesii. Information is given on the geographical distribution in EUROPE, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Faeroe Islands, Finland, France, East Germany, West Germany, Iceland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, USSR, Latvian SSR, AUSTRALASIA and PACIFIC ISLANDS, Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, NORTH AMERICA, Canada, British Columbia, Ontario, Quebec, USA, California, District of Columbia, North Carolina, Oregon, Utah, Washington, SOUTH AMERICA, Chile.

Podospora excentrica. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Minter
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
South America ◽  
Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
New South ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
South Australia ◽  
South Wales

Abstract A description is provided for Podospora excentrica. Some information on its associated organisms and substrata, dispersal and transmission, habitats and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (South America (Venezuela), Atlantic Ocean (Portugal (Madeira)), Australasia (Australia (New South Wales, South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia)), New Zealand, Europe (Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, UK)).

Amarenomyces ammophilae.

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. F. Cannon
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
North Carolina ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
North America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Macquarie Island ◽  
Coastal Sand ◽  
Sand Ecosystems

Abstract A description is provided for Amarenomyces ammophilae, usually found on attached dead leaves and stems of grasses typical of coastal sand ecosystems. Nothing is known about when it colonizes the substratum, but it is saprobic by the time conidiomata and ascomata are produced. Some information on its associated organisms and substrata, habitats, dispersal and transmission and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (Africa (Morocco), North America (USA (Massachusetts, New York, North Carolina)), Antarctica (Macquarie Island), Australasia (New Zealand), Europe (Belgium, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Ukraine, UK)).

Nitschkia broomeana. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Minter
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Andhra Pradesh ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Diagnostic Features ◽  
Serbia And Montenegro

Abstract A description is provided for Nitschkia broomeana, which are found on cracks in bark. Details are given of its hosts, geographical distribution (Gambia, Ghana, Malawi, Sierra Leone, Zimbabwe, USA (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Louisiana, Nebraska, New Jersey, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee and Virginia), Guatemala, Nicaragua, Panama, Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela, China (Beijing, Fujian, Hebei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Sichuan, Yunnan and Zhejiang), India (Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra), Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Australia (South Australia), New Zealand, Czech Republic, France, UK, Italy, and Serbia and Montenegro), transmission, diagnostic features and conservation status.

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