The heterogeneity of turnip-tops (Brassica rapa) seeds inside the silique affects germination, the activity of the final step of the ethylene pathway, and abscisic acid and polyamine content

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 767 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Isabel Puga-Hermida ◽  
Mercedes Gallardo ◽  
María del Carmen Rodríguez-Gacio ◽  
Angel J. Matilla
Keyword(s):  
Carboxylic Acid ◽  
Brassica Rapa ◽  
Acc Oxidase ◽  
Ethylene Sensitivity ◽  
Germinating Capacity ◽  
Polyamine Content ◽  
Exogenous Ethylene ◽  
First Time ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Turnip Tops

The mature silique of turnip-tops (Brassica rapa L. cv. Rapa) contains seeds that are heterogeneous in colour. From these seeds, we have selected three homogeneous lots: black (B), dark brown (DB) and light brown (LB). The dry seeds of these lots contained different levels of free and conjugated 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), polyamines (PA) and ABA, the levels of the latter being inversely related to the germinative capacity. The water uptake (WU) rate was much faster in LB seeds than in B. This fact was probably related to the breaking of the seed coat, the speed of which was B >> DB > LB. The ABA, spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm) contents decreased in the seeds during germination, whereas the putrescine (Put) levels rose sharply (B > DB > LB). For the first time in seeds, heterogeneity is reported with respect to ethylene sensitivity and synthesis. Whereas exogenous ethylene did not alter the percentage of germination in lot B, germination was higher in DB and LB (LB�>> DB) in the presence of ethylene. The final step of the ethylene pathway was altered concomitantly with this change in germinating capacity, affecting the levels of 1-(malonylamino)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (MACC), ACC, ACC–oxidase (ACO) and ethylene production. The gene BrACO1, recently characterised by us, is expressed differently in the three seed lots, particularly in the LB, where little transcription occurs. Finally, ethylene inhibits Put, Spd and Spm levels at different intensities in the three lots. The results point towards variation in the channelling of ACC towards synthesis of ethylene and / or PA, caused by the heterogeneity.

scholarly journals (238) Ethylene Screening using 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) in Both Nonmutagenized and Mutagenized Snapdragon Lines

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 1021B-1021
Author(s):  
Leslie Heffron ◽  
Alan Blowers ◽  
Michael Uchneat ◽  
Schuyler Korban
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Biological Activity ◽  
Carboxylic Acid ◽  
Inbred Line ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Relative Sensitivity ◽  
Antirrhinum Majus ◽  
Ethylene Sensitivity ◽  
Hybrid Lines ◽  
Different Levels

A tissue culture screen for ethylene tolerance using 1-aminocyclo-propane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) was optimized for a snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) inbred line, OAK564. Two experiments were conducted using various concentrations of ACC (ranging from 0 to 100 μM). Presence of 5 μM ACC in the tissue culture medium elucidated biological activity in snapdragon seeds. This screen was used to determine relative sensitivity to ethylene in 48 hybrid lines. Different levels of sensitivity to ethylene were observed among the various hybrid lines. Moreover, 40,000 mutagenized seeds from three M2 populations, derived from different levels of EMS (0.5%, 0.75%, and 1.0%) treatments, were screened for ethylene sensitivity. A total of 231 putative mutants were recovered spanning eight distinct phenotypes based on the `triple response' assay. Of these putative mutants, 16 mutants were selected for further analysis, including at least one and up to three lines from each of the eight phenotypic classes. Plants were established in the greenhouse, and allowed to grow to maturity to collect selfed seeds. These seeds were once again screened with 5 μM ACC to determine the level of ethylene sensitivity present within each of the eight phenotypic classes. Responses in the M3 populations varied from complete ethylene tolerance to ethylene sensitivity. Implications of these results on the recovery of ethylene tolerant mutants will be discussed.

scholarly journals Using a Seedling Hypocotyl Elongation Assay as a Genetic Screen for Ethylene Sensitivity of Seedling Geranium Cultivars

2001 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
David G. Clark ◽  
Christopher Dervinis ◽  
James E. Barrett ◽  
Terril A. Nell
Keyword(s):  
Carboxylic Acid ◽  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Genetic Screen ◽  
Hypocotyl Elongation ◽  
Cultivar Differences ◽  
Ethylene Synthesis ◽  
Hypocotyl Length ◽  
Ethylene Sensitivity ◽  
Exogenous Ethylene

Experiments were conducted to determine if the seedling hypocotyl elongation and petal abscission assays could be used to identify differences in ethylene sensitivity among seedling geranium (Pelargonium ×hortorum) cultivars. When seedlings of six geranium cultivars were germinated and grown in the dark in the presence of the ethylene biosynthetic precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) at various concentrations, they exhibited the triple response (measured as reduced hypocotyl length). While seedlings from all six cultivars were sensitive to ACC, `Scarlet Elite' seedlings were most sensitive, and `Multibloom Lavender', `Elite White' and `Ringo 2000 Salmon' seedlings were the least sensitive when germinated and grown on 20 mm [2022 mg·L-1 (ppm)] ACC. Florets representing three developmental stages of each of the six cultivars were exposed to 1 μL·L-1 of exogenous ethylene for 0, 30, or 60 min to determine if differences in cultivar sensitivity could be determined for petal abscission. Of the six cultivars tested, `Ringo 2000 Salmon', `Multibloom Lavender' and `Elite White' were the least ethylene sensitive. Florets were also self-pollinated to test for cultivar differences in ethylene synthesis and subsequent petal abscission. Ethylene production and petal abscission were both promoted in self-pollinated florets compared to nonpollinated florets. `Ringo 2000 Salmon', `Multibloom Lavender' and `Elite White' florets produced similar amounts of ethylene as all other cultivars, but abscised fewer petals after pollination. Our results indicate that the seedling hypocotyls elongation assay may be used to identify geranium cultivars with reduced sensitivity to ethylene. The data also suggest that genetic variability exists among geraniums for both ethylene sensitivity and biosynthesis.

scholarly journals Development of Ethylene-synthesizing Capacity in Preclimacteric Apples: Interaction between Abscisic Acid and Ethylene

2000 ◽  
Vol 125 (4) ◽  
pp. 505-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Lara ◽  
M. Vendrell
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Carboxylic Acid ◽  
Acc Oxidase ◽  
Acc Synthase ◽  
Maturity Stage ◽  
Malus Sylvestris ◽  
Commercial Harvest ◽  
Specific Accumulation ◽  
Exogenous Ethylene ◽  
Endogenous Aba

ABA and ethylene treatments were applied to preclimacteric `Granny Smith' apples [Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf.] harvested at three different maturity stages. Ethylene production rates, ethylene-forming capacity (EFC), free and conjugated ACC contents, presence of ACC oxidase (ACO) and ripening-related ACC synthase (ACS) proteins, and endogenous ABA levels were monitored at harvest and during 3 weeks thereafter. ABA treatment resulted in a specific accumulation of ACO protein and of ACS-related polypeptides in fruit collected ≈2 months before commercial harvest, whereas the same tissues showed no response to exogenous ethylene. In contrast, fruit harvested 1 month later proved more sensitive to ethylene but not to ABA, in accordance with evolution of endogenous ABA levels, which were highest at this maturity stage and were enhanced in response to exogenous ethylene. A possible role for ABA as an inductor of the competency to ripen is discussed. Chemical names used: abscisic acid (ABA); 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC).

scholarly journals Wheat Bread with Grape Seeds Micropowder: Impact on Dough Rheology and Bread Properties

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 138-150
Author(s):  
Veronika Valková ◽  
Hana Ďúranová ◽  
Jana Štefániková ◽  
Michal Miškeje ◽  
Marián Tokár ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Flour ◽  
Dough Rheology ◽  
Wheat Bread ◽  
Grape Seeds ◽  
Rheological Analysis ◽  
First Time ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Bread Properties ◽  
Electronic Eye ◽  
Different Levels

AbstractThe current study was designed to enhance the functionality of white bread by replacement of wheat flour with different levels (1%, 2%, 5%, and 8%) of grape seeds micropowder (GSMP) with nanosized particles (10 µm). Chemical composition of GSMP, volume and sensory attributes, evaluated with the panel of evaluators and an electronic nose (e-nose) and an electronic eye (e-eye) were investigated in the tested breads. It has been found out that GSMP contained appreciable amounts of flavonoids including catechin, epicatechin, gallic acid and minerals especially, Ca, K and Mg. The data from rheological analysis showed that the addition of GSMP (mainly at 5% and 8% levels) to the wheat flour had a positive effect on dough manifesting with rheology by increased dough stability. The volume of the experimental breads (above 1% concentration) was demonstrably declined (P < 0.0001) in comparison with the control bread. Sensory rating revealed that the bread fortified with 1% GSMP was judged by the consumer panelists as the most acceptable with the highest scores for all quality attributes which was also confirmed by the data of e-nose and e-eye. Our results suggest for the first time that 1% GSMP addition appears to be a promising functional ingredient to improve bread with required qualitative and sensory properties.

Urban cloverleaves: origin, aesthetics, and contradictions of the Slussen, Stockholm

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Álvaro Clua Uceda
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Engineering ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Compact City ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Southern District ◽  
Stockholm Archipelago ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
First Time ◽  
Historic City ◽  
Different Levels

On 11 October 1935, the inauguration of the Slussen urban cloverleaf took place in front of the excited citizens of Stockholm. It had the attributes of a pure traffic machine taken from the most advanced traffic engineering publications, and it expressed the optimistic cultural modernism that five years ago the Stockholm International Exhibition had promoted.1 This urban cloverleaf was made of translucent glass, reinforced concrete, metallic handrails, and reflective tiles and was meant to solve, in one single gesture, the complex urban link between the Lake Mälaren and the Baltic Sea, between Gamla Stan – the historic city centre – and Södermalm – the southern district built on top of the 35-metre-high plateau [1]. The solution made difficult urban compromises between the foothills of the Brunkeberg topography, the smooth water surfaces of the Stockholm archipelago, the architecture of the historic urban tissue, and the demands of a complex articulated mobility. Boats, goods, suburban trains, subways, trams – later buses – pedestrians, cyclists, and automobiles finally converged on this place at different levels, completing the intricacies of a threedimensional geometry which, for the first time in history, was inserted into a compact city.

Design, synthesis and evaluation of structurally diverse ortho-acylphenol-diindolylmethane hybrids as anticancer agents

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi-Gang Yin ◽  
Xiong-Wei Liu ◽  
Hui-Juan Wang ◽  
Min Zhang ◽  
Xiong-Li Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carboxylic Acid ◽  
Anticancer Agents ◽  
Nucleophilic Addition ◽  
Ring Opening ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Efficient Synthesis ◽  
Design Synthesis ◽  
Pyrone Ring ◽  
Ring Opening Reaction ◽  
First Time

A highly efficient synthesis of structurally diverse ortho-acylphenol–diindolylmethane hybrids 3 using carboxylic acid-activated chromones as versatile synthetic building blocks is reported here for the first time, through 1,4-nucleophilic addition and followed by a decarboxylation and pyrone ring opening reaction process.

scholarly journals THE FORMATION OF THE FINANCIAL AND BUDGETARY SPHERE IN NORTH OSSETIA IN THE TRANSITION PERIOD (1917-1931)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Е.И. КОБАХИДЗЕ
Keyword(s):  
Financial Management ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Socialist Economy ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
Economic Space ◽  
Political Transformations ◽  
Economic Strategies ◽  
First Time ◽  
North Ossetia ◽  
Different Levels

В статье впервые анализируются раннесоветские практики формирования финансово-бюджетной сферы Северной Осетии в контексте государственной политики управления финансами. Их изучение представляется актуальным в связи с очевидным параллелизмом с процессами первого постсоветского десятилетия, когда в России формировалось новое политическое и экономическое пространство, в котором были активно задействованы восстановительные хозяйственно-экономические механизмы, применявшиеся в 20-х гг. XX в. Становление финансовой и бюджетной системы в Северной Осетии рассматривается в ее тесной связи с ходом государственного строительства; отдельное внимание уделено вопросам налогообложения, формирования бюджетов разных уровней, конкретным показателям хозяйственно-экономического развития Осетии на разных этапах переходного периода и в рамках политико-экономических стратегий «военного коммунизма» и «новой экономической политики». Общая специфика исследуемых процессов обусловлена значительными политическими трансформациями, переживаемыми страной в ходе построения советского государства и социалистической экономики. В то же время анализ документов и материалов, в том числе впервые вводимых в научный оборот, показывает, что Осетия, оказавшись в советской системе власти и управления, приобрела собственный опыт построения основ государственности и ее институтов, в том числе в финансовой сфере. For the first time, the article analyzes the early Soviet practices of the formation of the financial and budgetary sphere of North Ossetia in the context of the state policy of financial management. Their study is relevant in connection with the obvious parallelism with the processes of the first post-Soviet decade, when a new political and economic space was formed in Russia, in which the restorative economic mechanisms used in the 1920s were actively involved. The formation of the financial and budgetary system in North Ossetia is considered in its close connection with the progress of state building; special attention is paid to the issues of taxation, the formation of budgets of different levels, specific indicators of economic development of Ossetia at different stages of the transition period and within the framework of political and economic strategies of “war communism” and “new economic policy”. The general specificity of the processes under study is due to the significant political transformations experienced by the country in the course of building the Soviet state and socialist economy. At the same time, the analysis of documents and materials, including those introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, shows that Ossetia, having found itself in the Soviet system of power and administration, has acquired its own experience in building the foundations of statehood and its institutions, in the financial sphere as well.

scholarly journals Late-Stage β-C(sp3)–H Deuteration of Carboxylic Acids

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Uttry ◽  
Sourjya Mal ◽  
Manuel van Gemmeren
Keyword(s):  
Carboxylic Acid ◽  
Carboxylic Acids ◽  
Late Stage ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Catalyst Systems ◽  
First Time

Carboxylic acid moieties are highly abundant in bioactive molecules. In this study we describe the late-stage β-C(sp<sup>3</sup>)–H deuteration of free carboxylic acids. Based on our finding that the C–H activation with our catalyst systems is reversible, the de-deuteration process was first optimized. The resulting conditions involve ethylenediamine-based ligands, which, amongst other positions, for the first time enables the functionalization of non-activated methylene β-C(sp<sup>3</sup>)–H bonds and can be used to achieve the desired deuteration when using a deuterated solvent. The reported method allows for the functionalization of a wide range of free carboxylic acids with diverse substitution patterns, as well as the late-stage deuteration of bioactive molecules and related frameworks.

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