Microarray analysis of bast fibre producing tissues of Cannabis sativa identifies transcripts associated with conserved and specialised processes of secondary wall development

2007 ◽  
Vol 34 (8) ◽  
pp. 737 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary A. De Pauw ◽  
John J. Vidmar ◽  
JoAnn Collins ◽  
Rick A. Bennett ◽  
Michael K. Deyholos
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Wall Thickening ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Lipid Transfer ◽  
Bast Fibre ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Wall Deposition ◽  
Fibre Development

The mechanisms underlying bast fibre differentiation in hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) are largely unknown. We hybridised a cDNA microarray with RNA from fibre enriched tissues extracted at three different positions along the stem axis. Accordingly, we identified transcripts that were enriched in tissues in which phloem fibres were elongating or undergoing secondary wall thickening. These results were consistent with a dynamic pattern of cell wall deposition involving tissue specific expression of a large set of distinct glycosyltransferases and glycosylhydrolases apparently acting on polymers containing galactans, mannans, xylans, and glucans, as well as raffinose-series disaccharides. Putative arabinogalactan proteins and lipid transfer proteins were among the most highly enriched transcripts in various stem segments, with different complements of each expressed at each stage of development. We also detected stage-specific expression of brassinosteroid-related transcripts, various transporters, polyamine and phenylpropanoid related genes, and seven putative transcription factors. Finally, we observed enrichment of many transcripts with unknown biochemical function, some of which had been previously implicated in fibre development in poplar or cotton. Together these data complement and extend existing biochemical models of bast fibre development and secondary wall deposition and highlight uncharacterised, but conserved, components of these processes.

scholarly journals The Role of Small Signal Transducing Gtpases in the Regulation of Cell Wall Deposition Patterns in Plants

1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah P. Delmer ◽  
Douglas Johnson ◽  
Alex Levine
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Fiber Development ◽  
Small Gtpase ◽  
Cotton Fibers ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Wall Deposition ◽  
The Future

The combined research of the groups of Delmer, Levine and Johnson has led to a number of interesting findings with respect to the function of the small GTPase Rac in plants and also opened up new leads for future research. The results have shown: 1) The Rac13 protein undergoes geranylgeranlyation and is also translocated to the plasma membrane as found for Rac in mammals; 2) When cotton Rac13 is highly- expressed in yeast, it leads to an aberrant phenotype reminiscent of mutants impaired in actin function, supporting a role for Rac13 in cytoskeletal organization; 3) From our searches, there is no strong evidence that plants contain homologs of the related CDC42 genes found in yeast and mammals; 4) We have identified a rather unique Rac gene in Arabidopsis that has unusual extensions at both the N- and C-terminal portions of the protein; 5) New evidence was obtained that an oxidative burst characterized by substantial and sustained production of H202 occurs coincident with the onset of secondary wall synthesis in cotton fibers. Further work indicates that the H202 produced may be a signal for the onset of this phase of development and also strongly suggests that Rac plays an important role in signaling for event. Since the secondary walls of plants that contain high levels of lignin and cellulose are the major source of biomass on earth, understanding what signals control this process may well in the future have important implications for manipulating the timing and extent of secondary wall deposition. 6) When the cotton Rac13 promoter is fused to the reporter gene GUS, expression patterns in Arabidopsis indicate very strong and specific expression in developing trichomes and in developing xyelm. Since both of these cell types are engaged in secondary wall synthesis, this further supports a role for Rac in signaling for onset of this process. Since cotton fibers are anatomically defined as trichomes, these data may also be quite useful for future studies in which the trichomes of Arabidopsis may serve as a model for cotton fiber development; the Rac promoter can therefore be useful to drive expression of other genes proposed to affect fiber development and study the effects on the process; 7) The Rac promoter has also been shown to be the best so far tested for use in development of a system for transient transformation of developing cotton fibers, a technique that should have many applications in the field of cotton biotechnology; 8) One candidate protein that may interact with Rac13 to be characterized further in the future is a protein kinase that may be analogous to the PAK kinase that is known to interact with Rac in mammals.

Combined elevated temperature and soil waterlogging stresses limit fibre biomass accumulation and fibre quality formation by disrupting protein activity during cotton fibre development

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 715
Author(s):  
Yinglong Chen ◽  
Binglin Chen ◽  
Haimiao Wang ◽  
Wei Hu ◽  
Shanshan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Temperature ◽  
Cell Elongation ◽  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Reduction Process ◽  
Wall Thickening ◽  
Fibre Cell ◽  
Soil Waterlogging ◽  
Fibre Development

Soil waterlogging and high temperature conditions generally occur together, especially in the Yangtze River Valley, China, negatively affecting cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fibre development. Therefore, combined elevated temperature (34.1/29.0°C) and soil waterlogging (6 days) were imposed to study their combined effects on fibre biomass and fibre qualities (length, strength and micronaire). The results showed that in the boll cohort exposed to waterlogging and/or elevated air temperature, combined elevated temperature and soil waterlogging decreased final fibre length (by 8.9–11.3%) and fibre biomass (by 25.8–33.9%) more than either stress individually. A total of 113, 263 and 290 differential abundance proteins were identified related to elevated temperature, waterlogging and the two treatments combined, respectively, in fibres at 15 days after anthesis via the isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation technique, which were classified as: carbohydrate and energy metabolism (21.7%), protein metabolism (16.6%), amino acid metabolism (12.8%), intracellular structural components (6.6%), transport (7.9%), oxidation–reduction process (7.9%), signal transduction (5.2%), lipid metabolism (5.2%), stress response (5.2%), nucleic acid metabolism (4.5%), organic acid metabolism (3.4%) and others (2.1%). Both vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase) and plasma membrane H+-ATPase (PMH+-ATPase) were responsible for fibre length formation, although V-ATPase expression may play a major role in determining fibre cell elongation rather than PM H+-ATPase expression. It was concluded that fibre cell elongation and secondary wall thickening were inhibited mainly by reduced accumulation of osmolytes, blocked synthesis and transport of secondary wall components, and disruption of the cytoskeleton system under combined elevated temperature and soil waterlogging.

Molecular mechanism of AtGA3OX1 and AtGA3OX2 genes affecting secondary wall thickening in stems in Arabidopsis

2013 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 655-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeng-Guang WANG ◽  
Guo-Hua CHAI ◽  
Zhi-Yao WANG ◽  
Xian-Feng TANG ◽  
Chang-Jiang SUN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanism ◽  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Wall Thickening ◽  
Secondary Wall Thickening

Phenological Comparison of the Onset of Vessel Formation Between Ring-Porous and Diffuse-Porous Deciduous Trees in a Japanese Temperate Forest

IAWA Journal ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 431-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitsuo Suzuki ◽  
Kiyotsugu Yoda ◽  
Hitoshi Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Leaf Expansion ◽  
Vessel Element ◽  
Early Maturation ◽  
Vessel Formation ◽  
Wall Deposition ◽  
Water Conduction ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Secondary Wall Deposition ◽  
Diffuse Porous

Initiation of vessel formation and vessel maturation indicated by secondary wall deposition have been compared in eleven deciduous broadleaved tree species. In ring-porous species the first vessel element formation in the current growth ring was initiated two to six weeks prior to the onset of leaf expansion, and secondary wall deposition on the vessel elements was completed from one week before to three weeks after leaf expansion. In diffuse-porous species, the first vessel element formation was initiated two to seven weeks after the onset of leaf expansion, and secondary wall deposition was completed four to nine weeks after leaf expansion. These results suggest that early maturation of the first vessel elements in the ring-porous species will serve for water conduction in early spring. On the contrary, the late maturation of the first vessel elements in the diffuse-porous species indicates that no new functional vessels exist at the time of the leaf expansion.

scholarly journals An improved and efficient method of Agrobacterium syringe infiltration for transient transformation and its application in the elucidation of gene function in poplar

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Zheng ◽  
Jixiu Yang ◽  
Yajuan Chen ◽  
Liping Ding ◽  
Jianhua Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Transformation ◽  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Bacterial Suspension ◽  
Wall Thickening ◽  
Vessel Element ◽  
Transient Transformation ◽  
Transformed Plants ◽  
Poplar Clone

Abstract Background Forest trees have important economic and ecological value. As a model tree, poplar has played a significant role in elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying tree biology. However, a lack of mutant libraries and time-consuming stable genetic transformation processes severely limit progress into the functional characterization of poplar genes. A convenient and fast transient transformation method is therefore needed to enhance progress on functional genomics in poplar. Methods A total of 11 poplar clones were screened for amenability to syringe infiltration. Syringe infiltration was performed on the lower side of the leaves of young soil-grown plants. Transient expression was evaluated by visualizing the reporters β-glucuronidase (GUS) and green fluorescent protein (GFP). The experimental parameters of the syringe agroinfiltration were optimized based on the expression levels of the reporter luciferase (LUC). Stably transformed plants were regenerated from transiently transformed leaf explants through callus-induced organogenesis. The functions of Populus genes in secondary cell wall-thickening were characterized by visualizing lignin deposition therein after staining with basic fuchsin. Results We greatly improved the transient transformation efficiency of syringe Agrobacterium infiltration in poplar through screening for a suitable poplar clone from a variety of clones and optimizing the syringe infiltration procedure. The selected poplar clone, Populus davidiana × P. bolleana, is amenable to Agrobacterium syringe infiltration, as indicated by the easy diffusion of the bacterial suspension inside the leaf tissues. Using this technique, we localized a variety of poplar proteins in specific intracellular organelles and illustrated the protein–protein and protein–DNA interactions. The transiently transformed leaves could be used to generate stably transformed plants with high efficiency through callus induction and differentiation processes. Furthermore, transdifferentiation of the protoxylem-like vessel element and ectopic secondary wall thickening were induced in the agroinfiltrated leaves via the transient overexpression of genes associated with secondary wall formation. Conclusions The application of P. davidiana × P. bolleana in Agrobacterium syringe infiltration provides a foundation for the rapid and high-throughput functional characterization of Populus genes in intact poplar plants, including those involved in wood formation, and provides an effective alternative to Populus stable genetic transformation.

Spatial- and temporal-restricted pattern for amelogenin gene expression during mouse molar tooth organogenesis

Development ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.L. Snead ◽  
W. Luo ◽  
E.C. Lau ◽  
H.C. Slavkin
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Gene Transcription ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Molar Tooth ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Amelogenin Gene ◽  
Stage Of Development

Position- and time-restricted amelogenin gene transcription was analysed in developing tooth organs using in situ hybridization with asymmetric complementary RNA probes produced from a cDNA specific to the mouse 26 × 10(3) Mr amelogenin. In situ analysis was performed on developmentally staged fetal and neonatal mouse mandibular first (M1) and maxillary first (M1) molar tooth organs using serial sections and three-dimensional reconstruction. Amelogenin mRNA was first detected in a cluster of ameloblasts along one cusp of the M1 molar at the newborn stage of development. In subsequent developmental stages, amelogenin transcripts were detected within foci of ameloblasts lining each of the five cusps comprising the molar crown form. The number of amelogenin transcripts appeared to be position-dependent, being more abundant on one cusp surface while reduced along the opposite surface. Amelogenin gene transcription was found to be bilaterally symmetric between the developing right and left M1 molars, and complementary between the M1 and M1 developing molars; indicating position-restricted gene expression resulting in organ stereoisomerism. The application of in situ hybridization to forming tooth organ geometry provides a novel strategy to define epithelial-mesenchymal signal(s) which are believed to be responsible for organ morphogenesis, as well as for temporal- and spatial-restricted tissue-specific expression of enamel extracellular matrix.

scholarly journals Plant weight determines secondary fibre development in fibre hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)

2019 ◽  
Vol 139 ◽  
pp. 111493 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Westerhuis ◽  
S.H. van Delden ◽  
J.E.G. van Dam ◽  
J.P. Pereira Marinho ◽  
P.C. Struik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Plant Weight ◽  
Fibre Development ◽  
Secondary Fibre

scholarly journals Is size an issue of time? Relationship between the duration of xylem development and cell traits

2019 ◽  
Vol 123 (7) ◽  
pp. 1257-1265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Buttò ◽  
Sergio Rossi ◽  
Annie Deslauriers ◽  
Hubert Morin
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
Tree Ring ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Growth Equation ◽  
Wall Deposition ◽  
Secondary Wall Deposition

Abstract Background and Aims Secondary growth is a process related to the formation of new cells that increase in size and wall thickness during xylogenesis. Temporal dynamics of wood formation influence cell traits, in turn affecting cell patterns across the tree ring. We verified the hypothesis that cell diameter and cell wall thickness are positively correlated with the duration of their differentiation phases. Methods Histological sections were produced by microcores to assess the periods of cell differentiation in black spruce [Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.]. Samples were collected weekly between 2002 and 2016 from a total of 50 trees in five sites along a latitudinal gradient in Quebec (Canada). The intra-annual temporal dynamics of cell differentiation were estimated at a daily scale, and the relationships between cell traits and duration of differentiation were fitted using a modified von Bertalanffy growth equation. Key Results At all sites, larger cell diameters and cell wall thicknesses were observed in cells that experienced a longer period of differentiation. The relationship was a non-linear, decreasing trend that occasionally resulted in a clear asymptote. Overall, secondary wall deposition lasted longer than cell enlargement. Earlywood cells underwent an enlargement phase that lasted for 12 d on average, while secondary wall thickness lasted 15 d. Enlargement in latewood cells averaged 7 d and secondary wall deposition occurred over an average of 27 d. Conclusions Cell size across the tree ring is closely connected to the temporal dynamics of cell formation. Similar relationships were observed among the five study sites, indicating shared xylem formation dynamics across the entire latitudinal distribution of the species.The duration of cell differentiation is a key factor involved in cell growth and wall thickening of xylem, thereby determining the spatial variation of cell traits across the tree ring.

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