scholarly journals Signalling via glutamate and GLRs in Arabidopsis thaliana

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Weiland ◽  
Stefano Mancuso ◽  
Frantisek Baluska
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Glutamate Receptors ◽  
Glutamate Receptor ◽  
Splice Variants ◽  
Gene Expressions ◽  
Plant Signal Transduction ◽  
Altered Gene ◽  
High Flexibility ◽  
Temporal Stimuli ◽  
Functional Receptor

The genome of Arabidopsis thaliana (L. Heynh.) contains 20 coding sequences for homologues of animal ionotropic glutamate receptors. These glutamate receptor-like receptors act as sensors and mediators of a multitude of exogenous as well as endogenous signals and are found in all analysed plant species. Their molecular structure clearly indicates a function as integral membrane proteins with a ligand-gated ion channel activity. Altered gene expressions and the occurrence of mRNA splice variants confer a high flexibility on the gene as well as on the RNA level. An individual glutamate receptor of A. thaliana is able to bind two different ligands (most probable amino acids and their derivatives), whereas a functional receptor complex is likely to consist of four single proteins. These features enable an immense number of sensitivities against various local and temporal stimuli. This review encompasses the last 15 years of research concerning glutamate signalling and glutamate receptors in plants. It is aimed at summarising their major characteristics and involvements to obtain a broader and farer reaching perspective of these fundamental components of plant signal transduction.

scholarly journals Characterizing expression of candidate genes of a glutamate receptor pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana using real-time RT-PCR

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Wurdeman ◽  
Tessa Durham Brooks
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Glutamate Receptors ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Glutamate Receptor ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Qrt Pcr ◽  
Mammalian Tissues ◽  
Pcr Method

AbstractThe Arabidopsis thaliana genome contains twenty genes that are analogous to mammalian ionotropic glutamate receptors. There are sixteen mammalian glutamate receptors, which are best known for their roles in neuroplasticity, learning, and memory. The large number of glutamate receptors in A. thaliana suggests they play important roles in the plant’s growth and development, possibly serving to regulate function like they do in non-excitable mammalian tissues. A specific glutamate receptor, GLR3.3, is highly expressed in root tissue of plants, and has been found to promote stronger, more coordinated curvature development during the process of gravitropism. Gravitropism is the ability of a plant to change its orientation to that of the gravity vector when displaced from its gravitational set point angle (GSPA). A previous association study identified six candidate genes which were correlated with the same phenotypic characteristics of gravitropism as GLR3.3. Utilizing real time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) expression profiles were created for each candidate gene, including GLR3.3. A qRT-PCR method was developed to provide a more quantitative and sensitive way for measuring gene expression than traditional PCR methods. Furthermore, MIQE (Minimum Information for Publication of Quantitative Real-Time PCR Experiments) guidelines were followed to ensure data robustness. Expression profiles that were similar to GLR3.3 were hypothesized to be good candidates as cell signaling components of this novel pathway. This is the beginning of a process that will identify a GLR-dependent pathway, the role of this novel pathway in the gravitropic response, and the influence of GLRs in plant physiology.

scholarly journals Ligand-directed two-step labeling to quantify neuronal glutamate receptor trafficking

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kento Ojima ◽  
Kazuki Shiraiwa ◽  
Kyohei Soga ◽  
Tomohiro Doura ◽  
Mikiko Takato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glutamate Receptors ◽  
Glutamate Receptor ◽  
Receptor Trafficking ◽  
Protein Labeling ◽  
Selective Labeling ◽  
Receptor Localization ◽  
Glutamate Receptor Trafficking ◽  
Versatile Tool ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Long Lifetime

AbstractThe regulation of glutamate receptor localization is critical for development and synaptic plasticity in the central nervous system. Conventional biochemical and molecular biological approaches have been widely used to analyze glutamate receptor trafficking, especially for α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs). However, conflicting findings have been reported because of a lack of useful tools for analyzing endogenous AMPARs. Here, we develop a method for the rapid and selective labeling of AMPARs with chemical probes, by combining affinity-based protein labeling and bioorthogonal click chemistry under physiological temperature in culture medium. This method allows us to quantify AMPAR distribution and trafficking, which reveals some unique features of AMPARs, such as a long lifetime and a rapid recycling in neurons. This method is also successfully expanded to selectively label N-methyl-D-aspartate-type glutamate receptors. Thus, bioorthogonal two-step labeling may be a versatile tool for investigating the physiological and pathophysiological roles of glutamate receptors in neurons.

Screening for MOG-IgG and 27 other anti-glial and anti-neuronal autoantibodies in ‘pattern II multiple sclerosis’ and brain biopsy findings in a MOG-IgG-positive case

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 1541-1549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sven Jarius ◽  
Imke Metz ◽  
Fatima Barbara König ◽  
Klemens Ruprecht ◽  
Markus Reindl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Glutamate Receptors ◽  
Glutamate Receptor ◽  
Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor ◽  
Brain Biopsy ◽  
Acid Decarboxylase ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Metabotropic Glutamate ◽  
Histopathological Studies

Background: Histopathological studies have revealed four different immunopathological patterns of lesion pathology in early multiple sclerosis (MS). Pattern II MS is characterised by immunoglobulin and complement deposition in addition to T-cell and macrophage infiltration and is more likely to respond to plasma exchange therapy, suggesting a contribution of autoantibodies. Objective: To assess the frequency of anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), anti-M1-aquaporin-4 (AQP4), anti-M23-AQP4, anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate-type glutamate receptors (NMDAR) and 25 other anti-neural antibodies in pattern II MS. Methods: Thirty-nine serum samples from patients with MS who had undergone brain biopsy ( n = 24; including 13 from patients with pattern II MS) and from histopathologically non-classified MS patients ( n = 15) were tested for anti-MOG, anti-M1-AQP4, anti-M23-AQP4, anti-NMDAR, anti-α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor-type glutamate receptors (AMPAR), anti-gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors (GABABR), anti-leucine-rich, glioma-activated protein 1 (LGI1), anti-contactin-associated protein 2 (CASPR2), anti-dipeptidyl-peptidase-like protein-6 (DPPX), anti-Tr/Delta/notch-like epidermal growth factor–related receptor (DNER), anti-Hu, anti-Yo, anti-Ri, anti-Ma1/Ma2, anti-CV2/collapsin response mediator protein 5 (CRMP5), anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), anti-amphiphysin, anti-Ca/RhoGTPase-activating protein 26 (ARHGAP26), anti-Sj/inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor 1 (ITPR1), anti-Homer3, anti-carbonic anhydrase–related protein (CARPVIII), anti-protein kinase gamma (PKCgamma), anti-glutamate receptor delta 2 (GluRdelta2), anti-metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR1) and anti-mGluR5, as well as for anti-glial nuclei antibodies (AGNA) and Purkinje cell antibody 2 (PCA2). Results: Antibodies to MOG belonging to the complement-activating immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) subclass were detected in a patient with pattern II MS. Detailed brain biopsy findings are shown. Conclusion: This is the largest study on established anti-neural antibodies performed in MS so far. MOG-IgG may play a role in a small percentage of patients diagnosed with pattern II MS.

scholarly journals More than meets the IR: the expanding roles of variant Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors in sensing odor, taste, temperature and moisture

F1000Research ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 1753 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lena van Giesen ◽  
Paul A. Garrity
Keyword(s):  
Glutamate Receptors ◽  
Glutamate Receptor ◽  
Olfactory Receptors ◽  
Sensory Transduction ◽  
Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors ◽  
Ionotropic Glutamate Receptor ◽  
Ecological Significance ◽  
Ionotropic Receptors ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
Receptor Family

The ionotropic receptors (IRs) are a branch of the ionotropic glutamate receptor family and serve as important mediators of sensory transduction in invertebrates. Recent work shows that, though initially studied as olfactory receptors, the IRs also mediate the detection of taste, temperature, and humidity. Here, we summarize recent insights into IR evolution and its potential ecological significance as well as recent advances in our understanding of how IRs contribute to diverse sensory modalities.

scholarly journals The Reactive Plasticity of Hippocampal Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors in Animal Epilepsies

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 1030
Author(s):  
András Mihály
Keyword(s):  
Glutamate Receptors ◽  
Hippocampal Formation ◽  
Epileptic Seizures ◽  
Subunit Composition ◽  
Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors ◽  
Synaptic Membranes ◽  
Scaffolding Proteins ◽  
Interacting Proteins ◽  
Post Translational Modifications ◽  
Functional Receptor

Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) mediate the synaptic and metabolic actions of glutamate. These iGluRs are classified within the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA)-type, kainate-type, and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-type functional receptor families. The iGluR assemblies are regulated by transcription, alternative splicing, and cytoplasmic post-translational modifications. The iGluR subunit proteins are transported from the endoplasmic reticulum, inserted into the synaptic membranes, and anchored at their action site by different scaffolding and interacting proteins. The functional properties of iGluRs depend on their subunit composition, the amino acid sequence of the protein domains, and the scaffolding proteins in the synaptic membranes. The iGluRs are removed from the membranes by enzymatic action and endocytosis. Hippocampal iGluRs are rearranged through the upregulation and downregulation of the subunits following deafferentation and epileptic seizures. The rearrangement of iGluRs and the alteration of their subunit composition transform neurons into “pathological” cells, determining the further plasticity or pathology of the hippocampal formation. In the present review, we summarize the expression of AMPA, kainate, and NMDA receptor subunits following deafferentation, repeated mild seizures, and status epilepticus. We compare our results to literature descriptions, and draw conclusions as to the reactive plasticity of iGluRs in the hippocampus.

scholarly journals Glutamate triggers the expression of functional ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors in mast cells

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Abdul Alim ◽  
Mirjana Grujic ◽  
Paul W. Ackerman ◽  
Per Kristiansson ◽  
Pernilla Eliasson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cell ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Glutamate Receptors ◽  
Glutamate Receptor ◽  
Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Metabotropic Glutamate ◽  
Protein Levels

Abstract Mast cells are emerging as players in the communication between peripheral nerve endings and cells of the immune system. However, it is not clear the mechanism by which mast cells communicate with peripheral nerves. We previously found that mast cells located within healing tendons can express glutamate receptors, raising the possibility that mast cells may be sensitive to glutamate signaling. To evaluate this hypothesis, we stimulated primary mast cells with glutamate and showed that glutamate induced the profound upregulation of a panel of glutamate receptors of both the ionotropic type (NMDAR1, NMDAR2A, and NMDAR2B) and the metabotropic type (mGluR2 and mGluR7) at both the mRNA and protein levels. The binding of glutamate to glutamate receptors on the mast cell surface was confirmed. Further, glutamate had extensive effects on gene expression in the mast cells, including the upregulation of pro-inflammatory components such as IL-6 and CCL2. Glutamate also induced the upregulation of transcription factors, including Egr2, Egr3 and, in particular, FosB. The extensive induction of FosB was confirmed by immunofluorescence assessment. Glutamate receptor antagonists abrogated the responses of the mast cells to glutamate, supporting the supposition of a functional glutamate–glutamate receptor axis in mast cells. Finally, we provide in vivo evidence supporting a functional glutamate–glutamate receptor axis in the mast cells of injured tendons. Together, these findings establish glutamate as an effector of mast cell function, thereby introducing a novel principle for how cells in the immune system can communicate with nerve cells.

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