Quantification of carbon, nitrogen and bacterial biomass in the food of some penaeid prawns

1977 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 113 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJW Moriarty
Keyword(s):  
Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Food Preferences ◽  
Bacterial Biomass ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Important Food ◽  
Live Prey ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Muddy Sediments ◽  
Bacterial C ◽  
Main Food Item

The proventriculus contents have been analysed in five species of penaeid prawns, Penaeus plebejus, P. esculentus, P. merguiensis, Metapenaeus bennettae and Trachypenaeus fulvus. Measurements of organic and inorganic carbon, protein and bacterial biomass show that these prawns are omnivores, feeding in an opportunistic manner. Most proventriculus contents contained about 100-150 mg organic C/g dry weight, of which 10-20% was bacterial C. The muddy sediments, over which the prawns were feeding, contained from 6 to 30 mg C/g dry weight with 6-16 % bacterial C. A sandy seagrass flat contained 2 mg C/g dry weight with 30% bacterial C. Detritus was sometimes the main food item, bacteria constituting up to 30 % of organic C in the proventriculus. Foraminifera, bivalves and crustaceans were important food items in some prawns. Low bacterial biomass, coupled with high CaCO3 and high protein content (about 40 % of organic matter) indicate that the fragments of animal skeletons are from live prey eaten by the prawns. Little difference was noted between species of prawns in their food preferences.

Denitrification and denitrifying efficiencies in sediments of Port Phillip Bay: direct determinations of biogenic N2 and N-metabolite fluxes with implications for water quality

1999 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 589 ◽  
Author(s):  
David T. Heggie ◽  
Graham W. Skyring ◽  
Joseph Orchardo ◽  
Andrew R. Longmore ◽  
Geoffrey J. Nicholson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Sedimentary Facies ◽  
Precision Measurements ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Redfield Ratio ◽  
Tightly Coupled ◽  
C And N ◽  
Muddy Sediments ◽  
Nitrate And Nitrite

High-precision measurements of N2 in benthic chamber waters indicated that denitrification occurs within the major sedimentary facies in Port Phillip Bay. The integrated fluxes of biogenic N2 , ammonia, nitrate and nitrite showed that the stoichiometric relationship between organic C and N in the muddy sediments, occupying about 70% of the seafloor, was 5.7, this being similar to the Redfield ratio of 6.6. High denitrifying efficiencies (75–85%; denitrification rates ~1.3 mmol N2 m–2 day–1) at organic carbon loadings of ~15–25 mmol m–2 day–1 indicate that most N processed through the sediments was returned to the overlying waters as biologically (generally) unavailable N2. At sites of high organic carbon loadings to the sediments (>100 mmol m–2 day–1) denitrification rates and denitrifying efficiencies were near zero and most N is returned to the Bay waters as biologically available ammonium. In chambers ‘spiked’ with 15NO3 , denitrifyers used nitrate produced in the sediments in situ, rather than the exogenous nitrate in overlying waters. The sedimentary microbial processes of ammonification, nitrification and denitrification are therefore tightly coupled.

scholarly journals Subgroup level differences of physiological activities in marine Lokiarchaeota

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiuran Yin ◽  
Mingwei Cai ◽  
Yang Liu ◽  
Guowei Zhou ◽  
Tim Richter-Heitmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Marine Sediments ◽  
Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Bacterial Biomass ◽  
Stable Isotope Probing ◽  
Aromatic Compound Degradation ◽  
Lactate Degradation ◽  
Globally Distributed ◽  
Mud Area

Abstract Asgard is a recently discovered archaeal superphylum, closely linked to the emergence of eukaryotes. Among Asgard archaea, Lokiarchaeota are abundant in marine sediments, but their in situ activities are largely unknown except for Candidatus ‘Prometheoarchaeum syntrophicum’. Here, we tracked the activity of Lokiarchaeota in incubations with Helgoland mud area sediments (North Sea) by stable isotope probing (SIP) with organic polymers, 13C-labelled inorganic carbon, fermentation intermediates and proteins. Within the active archaea, we detected members of the Lokiarchaeota class Loki-3, which appeared to mixotrophically participate in the degradation of lignin and humic acids while assimilating CO2, or heterotrophically used lactate. In contrast, members of the Lokiarchaeota class Loki-2 utilized protein and inorganic carbon, and degraded bacterial biomass formed in incubations. Metagenomic analysis revealed pathways for lactate degradation, and involvement in aromatic compound degradation in Loki-3, while the less globally distributed Loki-2 instead rely on protein degradation. We conclude that Lokiarchaeotal subgroups vary in their metabolic capabilities despite overlaps in their genomic equipment, and suggest that these subgroups occupy different ecologic niches in marine sediments.

scholarly journals Estimating High-Affinity Methanotrophic Bacterial Biomass, Growth, and Turnover in Soil by Phospholipid Fatty Acid 13C Labeling

2006 ◽  
Vol 72 (6) ◽  
pp. 3901-3907 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Maxfield ◽  
E. R. C. Hornibrook ◽  
R. P. Evershed
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Phospholipid Fatty Acid ◽  
Bacterial Biomass ◽  
Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Methane Oxidizing Bacteria ◽  
Constant Structure ◽  
Carbon Recycling ◽  
Time Point

ABSTRACT A time series phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) 13C-labeling study was undertaken to determine methanotrophic taxon, calculate methanotrophic biomass, and assess carbon recycling in an upland brown earth soil from Bronydd Mawr (Wales, United Kingdom). Laboratory incubations of soils were performed at ambient CH4 concentrations using synthetic air containing 2 parts per million of volume of 13CH4. Flowthrough chambers maintained a stable CH4 concentration throughout the 11-week incubation. Soils were analyzed at weekly intervals by gas chromatography (GC), GC-mass spectrometry, and GC-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry to identify and quantify individual PLFAs and trace the incorporation of 13C label into the microbial biomass. Incorporation of the 13C label was seen throughout the experiment, with the rate of incorporation decreasing after 9 weeks. The δ13C values of individual PLFAs showed that 13C label was incorporated into different components to various extents and at various rates, reflecting the diversity of PLFA sources. Quantitative assessments of 13C-labeled PLFAs showed that the methanotrophic population was of constant structure throughout the experiment. The dominant 13C-labeled PLFA was 18:1ω7c, with 16:1ω5 present at lower abundance, suggesting the presence of novel type II methanotrophs. The biomass of methane-oxidizing bacteria at optimum labeling was estimated to be about 7.2 � 106 cells g−1 of soil (dry weight). While recycling of 13C label from the methanotrophic biomass must occur, it is a slower process than initial 13CH4 incorporation, with only about 5 to 10% of 13C-labeled PLFAs reflecting this process. Thus, 13C-labeled PLFA distributions determined at any time point during 13CH4 incubation can be used for chemotaxonomic assessments, although extended incubations are required to achieve optimum 13C labeling for methanotrophic biomass determinations.

scholarly journals Fluvial biofilm responses to joint changes in nutrients, temperature, turbidity and water velocity: an ex situ experiment

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 165
Author(s):  
Joaquín Cochero ◽  
Nora Gómez
Keyword(s):  
Structural Parameters ◽  
Bacterial Biomass ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Water Velocity ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Biomass Ash ◽  
Total Carbohydrate ◽  
Carbohydrate Concentration ◽  
Biological Variables ◽  
Chlorophyll A Content

The aim of this study was to explore the responses of the epipelic biofilm of a Pampean stream with little impact from human activity to two environmental conditions, with joint modifications in nutrients, temperature, water velocity and turbidity. The experiment was conducted using artificial channels and lasted five weeks. The biological variables measured included chlorophyll-a content, bacterial biomass, ash-free dry weight, total carbohydrate concentration, total respiratory activity, and biofilm composition. Results show that the species’ composition of the biofilm was affected, although no other structural or metabolic variables measured were. These results highlight the importance of including structural parameters to measure rapid changes in water quality, even when analyzing the effects of co-occurring variables.

scholarly journals Upland Rice Growth after Low-Input Amendments on Upland Soil in West Kalimantan, Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 119
Author(s):  
Sutarman Gafur ◽  
Ismahan Umran
Keyword(s):  
Upland Rice ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cow Manure ◽  
Upland Soil ◽  
Organic C ◽  
West Kalimantan ◽  
Low Input ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Poor Soil

Upland soils in West Kalimantan used for agricultural activities reach about 483,077 hectares. However, this land potential is not yet optimally exploited due to poor soil fertility. To increase its productivity, there is a need to invent technology packages that are not only effective but also efficient. This research is designed to study the growth of upland rice and the changes in certain soil properties after low-input treatment applications. This research used a Completely Randomized Design. There were 6 treatments and 4 replications. The treatment levels were P0 (no treatment), P1 (7tons of cow manure/ha + 300 kg NPK compound), P2 (15tons of cow manure/ha + 300 kg NPK compound), P3 (7tons of compost/ha + 300 kg NPK compound), P4 (15tons of compost/ha + 300 kg NPK compound), and P5 (600 kg/ha NPK compound). Parameters included plant height and dry weight, NPK absorptions, soil pH, organic C content, and NPK contents after soil treatment. The results showed that upland rice responded well to low-input amendment treatments compared to that of grow-in soil with no input treatments. Both the treatments using 15 tons of cow manure and 15 tons of rice straw compost per hectare, each plus 300 kg of NPK, were suggested to be further research topics for treatments in upland soil of West Kalimantan.

scholarly journals Patterns of carbon processing at the seafloor: the role of faunal and microbial communities in moderating carbon flows

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 4343-4357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clare Woulds ◽  
Steven Bouillon ◽  
Gregory L. Cowie ◽  
Emily Drake ◽  
Jack J. Middelburg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Biomass ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Community Respiration ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Coastal Zones ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Sand Flat ◽  
Permeable Sediments ◽  
C Cycling ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract. Marine sediments, particularly those located in estuarine and coastal zones, are key locations for the burial of organic carbon (C). However, organic C delivered to the sediment is subjected to a range of biological C-cycling processes, the rates and relative importance of which vary markedly between sites, and which are thus difficult to predict. In this study, stable isotope tracer experiments were used to quantify the processing of C by microbial and faunal communities in two contrasting Scottish estuarine sites: a subtidal, organic C rich site in Loch Etive with cohesive fine-grained sediment, and an intertidal, organic C poor site on an Ythan estuary sand flat with coarse-grained permeable sediments. In both experiments, sediment cores were recovered and amended with 13C labelled phytodetritus to quantify whole community respiration of the added C and to trace the isotope label into faunal and bacterial biomass. Similar respiration rates were found in Loch Etive and on the Ythan sand flat (0.64 ± 0.04 and 0.63 ± 0.12 mg C m−2h−1, respectively), which we attribute to the experiments being conducted at the same temperature. Faunal uptake of added C over the whole experiment was markedly greater in Loch Etive (204 ± 72 mg C m−2) than on the Ythan sand flat (0.96 ± 0.3 mg C m−2), and this difference was driven by a difference in both faunal biomass and activity. Conversely, bacterial C uptake over the whole experiment in Loch Etive was much lower than that on the Ythan sand flat (1.80 ± 1.66 and 127 ± 89 mg C m−2, respectively). This was not driven by differences in biomass, indicating that the bacterial community in the permeable Ythan sediments was particularly active, being responsible for 48 ± 18 % of total biologically processed C. This type of biological C processing appears to be favoured in permeable sediments. The total amount of biologically processed C was greatest in Loch Etive, largely due to greater faunal C uptake, which was in turn a result of higher faunal biomass. When comparing results from this study with a wide range of previously published isotope tracing experiments, we found a strong correlation between total benthic biomass (fauna plus bacteria) and total biological C processing rates. Therefore, we suggest that the total C-cycling capacity of benthic environments is primarily determined by total biomass.

scholarly journals Bioremediation of Hexavalent Chromium by Chromium Resistant Bacteria Reduces Phytotoxicity

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (17) ◽  
pp. 6013
Author(s):  
Shanewaz Hossan ◽  
Saddam Hossain ◽  
Mohammad Rafiqul Islam ◽  
Mir Himayet Kabir ◽  
Sobur Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Biomass ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Luria Bertani ◽  
Isotherm Models ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Infrared Analysis ◽  
Relative Reduction ◽  
Tannery Effluent ◽  
Luria Bertani Broth

Chromium (Cr) (VI) has long been known as an environmental hazard that can be reduced from aqueous solutions through bioremediation by living cells. In this study, we investigated the efficiency of reduction and biosorption of Cr(VI) by chromate resistant bacteria isolated from tannery effluent. From 28 screened Cr(VI) resistant isolates, selected bacterial strain SH-1 was identified as Klebsiella sp. via 16S rRNA sequencing. In Luria–Bertani broth, the relative reduction level of Cr(VI) was 95%, but in tannery effluent, it was 63.08% after 72 h of incubation. The cell-free extract of SH-1 showed a 72.2% reduction of Cr(VI), which indicated a higher activity of Cr(VI) reducing enzyme than the control. Live and dead biomass of SH-1 adsorbed 51.25 mg and 29.03 mg Cr(VI) per gram of dry weight, respectively. Two adsorption isotherm models—Langmuir and Freundlich—were used for the illustration of Cr(VI) biosorption using SH-1 live biomass. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed an increased cell size of the treated biomass when compared to the controlled biomass, which supports the adsorption of reduced Cr on the biomass cell surface. Fourier-transform infrared analysis indicated that Cr(VI) had an effect on bacterial biomass, including quantitative and structural modifications. Moreover, the chickpea seed germination study showed beneficial environmental effects that suggest possible application of the isolate for the bioremediation of toxic Cr(VI).

Determination of Bacterial Cell Dry Mass by Transmission Electron Microscopy and Densitometric Image Analysis

1998 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 688-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Loferer-Krößbacher ◽  
J. Klima ◽  
R. Psenner
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Image Analysis ◽  
Bacterial Biomass ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Bacterial Assemblages

ABSTRACT We applied transmission electron microscopy and densitometric image analysis to measure the cell volume (V) and dry weight (DW) of single bacterial cells. The system was applied to measure the DW ofEscherichia coli DSM 613 at different growth phases and of natural bacterial assemblages of two lakes, Piburger See and Gossenköllesee. We found a functional allometric relationship between DW (in femtograms) and V (in cubic micrometers) of bacteria (DW = 435 · V 0.86); i.e., smaller bacteria had a higher ratio of DW to V than larger cells. The measured DW of E. coli cells ranged from 83 to 1,172 fg, and V ranged from 0.1 to 3.5 μm3(n = 678). Bacterial cells from Piburger See and Gossenköllesee (n = 465) had DWs from 3 fg (V = 0.003 μm3) to 1,177 fg (V = 3.5 μm3). Between 40 and 50% of the cells had a DW of less than 20 fg. By assuming that carbon comprises 50% of the DW, the ratio of carbon content to Vof individual cells varied from 466 fg of C μm−3 forVs of 0.001 to 0.01 μm3 to 397 fg of C μm−3 (0.01 to 0.1 μm3) and 288 fg of C μm−3 (0.1 to 1 μm3). Exponentially growing and stationary cells of E. coli DSM 613 showed conversion factors of 254 fg of C μm−3 (0.1 to 1 μm3) and 211 fg of C μm−3 (1 to 4 μm3), respectively. Our data suggest that bacterial biomass in aquatic environments is higher and more variable than previously assumed from volume-based measurements.

Selective biosorption of lanthanide (La, Eu, Yb) ions by an immobilized bacterial biomass

2000 ◽  
Vol 42 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 91-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.-C. Texier ◽  
Y. Andrès ◽  
P. Le Cloirec
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Velocity ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Bacterial Biomass ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Column Experiments ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Metallic Ions ◽  
Kinetic Measurements ◽  
Chitosan Beads ◽  
Chitosan Matrix

The removal of metallic ions La3+, Eu3+ and Yb3+ from aqueous solution by immobilized biomass of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was investigated in batch and column reactors. Batch studies consisted in kinetic measurements for lanthanum adsorption by biomass-chitosan beads. Results did not show a significant effect of the presence of bacteria into chitosan matrix on the lanthanum uptake. Then, laboratory-scale fixed-bed column experiments were carried out using biomass-entrapped polyacrylamide gel beads, which contained approximately 48% (dry weight basis) of biomass. The lanthanum sorption was dependent on the superficial liquid velocity based on empty column in the range 0.76–2.29 m.h-1. The removal of lanthanide cations (2 mM) at pH 5.0 and 0.76 m/h was 198 μmol.g-1 (dry biomass) for lanthanum, 167 μmol.g-1 for europium and 192 μmol.g-1 for ytterbium (±10%). These results are of the order of 1.7–2 times lower than those observed in batch systems with free bacterial cells. Column experiments with mixed-cationsolutions showed the following sequence of preferential biosorption: Eu3+ >Yb3+ >La3+.

scholarly journals Chemical composition of Rhodocyclus gelatinosus biomass produced in poultry slaughterhouse wastewater

2003 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Helena Giglio Ponsano ◽  
Pedro Magalhães Lacava ◽  
Marcos Franke Pinto
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Bacterial Biomass ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Poultry Feed ◽  
Total Carbohydrate ◽  
Slaughterhouse Wastewater ◽  
Fluorescent Lamps ◽  
Glass Columns ◽  
Rhodocyclus Gelatinosus

Rhodocyclus gelatinosus R1 grew photoautotrophically in poultry slaughterhouse wastewater inside glass columns (90x670 mm) during 7 days at 31 ± 4ºC, under anaerobiosis and lightness supplied by daylight plus 3 (100W) incandescent and 4 (40W) fluorescent lamps. The culture was centrifuged (4,500xg/20 min) and lyophilized to originate a bacterial biomass with 7.1% moisture content. Chemical composition investigation showed 67.6% crude protein, 27.6% total carbohydrate, 0.6% lipids and 4.2% ash (dry weight). Amino acid composition of the biomass was similar to others described in the literature for Rhodocyclus gelatinosus and for other photosynthetic bacteria. Effluent COD removal after cultivation and elimination of the biomass was around 90%. The valuable chemical composition of Rhodocyclus gelatinosus R1 biomass and the high content in essential amino acids signs for the potential use of the product in poultry feed.

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