Abscisic Acid Synthesis and Metabolism in Wheat Ears

1979 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 99 ◽  
Author(s):  
RW King
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Grain Growth ◽  
Slow Rate ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Grain Development ◽  
Phaseic Acid ◽  
Wheat Grains ◽  
Physiological Importance ◽  
Dihydrophaseic Acid ◽  
Enhanced Degradation

During development of wheat grains their content of abscisic acid (ABA) increased, and this was also shown to occur in the grain of ears detached and grown in culture. Over a 10-day period of growth of ears in culture, their content of ABA increased from 0.31 to 2.56 ng/grain. Loss of ABA from the grain occurred on cessation of grain growth and drying of the grain. With loss of ABA, there was an associated but lesser accumulation of phaseic acid and dihydrophaseic acid, two known metabolites of ABA. Studies with [14C]abscisic acid indicated that premature drying of grain led to some conversion of ABA to compounds chromatographically similar to phaseic and dihydrophaseic acid, but the major products were more polar. Apparently, synthesis of ABA occurred in the developing grain (or at least in the ear) in association with a slow rate of degradation but, at maturity and drying of the grain, there was enhanced degradation of ABA. The physiological importance of these compounds in grain development and dormancy is discussed.

Contrasting dynamics in abscisic acid metabolism in different Fragaria spp. during fruit ripening and identification of involved enzymes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolás E Figueroa ◽  
Thomas Hoffmann ◽  
Klaus Olbricht ◽  
Suzanne R Abrams ◽  
Wilfried Schwab
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Fruit Ripening ◽  
Plant Hormone ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Phaseic Acid ◽  
Aba Metabolism ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Dihydrophaseic Acid ◽  
Abscisic Acid Metabolism

Abstract Abscisic acid (ABA) is a key hormone in non-climacteric Fragaria spp, regulating multiple physiological processes throughout fruit ripening. Its level increases during ripening, and it promotes fruit (receptacle) development. However, its metabolism in the fruit is largely unknown. We analyzed the levels of ABA and its catabolites at different developmental stages of strawberry ripening in diploid and octoploid genotypes and identified two functional ABA-glucosyltransferases (FvUGT71A49 and FvUGT73AC3) and two regiospecific ABA-8’-hydroxylases (FaCYP707A4a and FaCYP707A1/3). ABA-glucose-ester content increased during ripening in diploid F. vesca varieties but decreased in octoploid F. xananassa. Dihydrophaseic acid content increased throughout ripening in all analyzed receptacles, while 7’-hydroxy-ABA and neo-phaseic acid did not show significant changes during ripening. In the studied F. vesca varieties, the receptacle seems to be the main tissue for ABA metabolism, as the content of ABA and its metabolites in the receptacle was generally 100 times higher than in achenes, respectively. The accumulation patterns of ABA catabolites and transcriptomic data from the literature show that all strawberry fruits produce and metabolize considerable amounts of the plant hormone ABA during ripening, which is therefore a conserved process, but also illustrate the diversity of this metabolic pathway which is species, variety and tissue dependent.

scholarly journals Abscisic Acid Metabolism during Fruit Development and Maturation of Mangosteens

2002 ◽  
Vol 127 (5) ◽  
pp. 737-741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoru Kondo ◽  
Wanvisa Ponrod ◽  
Sirichai Kanlayanarat ◽  
Nobuhiro Hirai
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Phaseic Acid ◽  
Garcinia Mangostana ◽  
Aba Metabolism ◽  
Dihydrophaseic Acid ◽  
Main Pathway ◽  
Abscisic Acid Metabolism ◽  
Nonclimacteric Fruit

Endogenous abscisic acid (ABA), its 2-trans isomer (trans-ABA), phaseic acid (PA), and dihydrophaseic acid (DPA) concentrations were quantified in the peel, aril, and seed of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.). Changes in carbon dioxide (CO2) and ethylene (C2H4) production and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) concentration in the peel and aril were also examined. ACC concentration and CO2 and C2H4 production were high at the beginning of fruit development and gradually decreased toward harvest, which confirms that mangosteen is a nonclimacteric fruit. In the peel and aril, the increase in ABA concentration preceded the decrease in peel firmness and coloring of the peel. This suggests that ABA may induce the maturation of mangosteens. The state of ABA metabolism varied with the part of fruit. In the peel, PA and DPA were not considered to be predominant metabolites of ABA because their concentrations were low compared to ABA throughout fruit development. In contrast, in the aril and seed, it is possible that the PA-DPA pathway may be a main pathway of ABA metabolism because the concentrations of DPA in the aril and of PA in the seed directly coincided with the concentrations of ABA. The differences in the ABA metabolites between aril and seed may be caused by the rate of ABA metabolism. The concentrations of ABA and its metabolite in the seed decreased toward harvest.

scholarly journals Expression of the aldehyde oxidase 3, ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase, and VIVIPAROUS 1 genes in wheat cultivars differing in their susceptibility to pre-harvest sprouting

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. e0701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Simlat ◽  
Michał Nowak ◽  
Kamil Brutkowski ◽  
Marcin Hydzik ◽  
Andrzej Zieliński ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Background ◽  
Wheat Cultivar ◽  
Complex Trait ◽  
Aldehyde Oxidase ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Grain Development ◽  
Wheat Grains ◽  
Copalyl Diphosphate Synthase

The quality of wheat grains is often negatively affected by pre-harvest sprouting (PHS), a complex trait with a poorly understood genetic background. In this study two wheat cultivars differing in their susceptibility to PHS were used to investigate expression of three genes: AAO3, CPS3 and VP1. AAO3 is coding for aldehyde oxidase 3, an enzyme involved in the synthesis of abscisic acid. CPS3 codes for ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase which belongs to the pathway of gibberellic acid synthesis. The product of VP1 (VIVIPAROUS 1) is a transcription factor which controls expression of the former two genes. The study was carried out using both developing and sprouting-induced grains. In Piko, a wheat cultivar susceptible to PHS, accumulation of the AAO3 transcript was significantly decreased, during the last stages of grain development, in comparison to Sława, a cultivar tolerant to PHS. In case of the CPS3 and VP1 transcripts, the differences between cultivars were especially evident from 17th to 31st day after pollination. In turn, after induction of sprouting within spikes, accumulation of the AAO3 and VP1 mRNA in the Sława grains was lower in comparison to that observed in the Piko grains. Moreover, accumulation of the CPS3 transcript was significantly higher for Piko than for Sława, both in sprouting and non-sprouting grains. According to our knowledge this report provides the first description of the AAO3 and CPS3 expression in the context of PHS, and in the future it would be valuable to correlate this information with the data on the accumulation of ABA and GA3.

Identification of gibberellins A17, A25, A45, abscisic acid, phaseic acid, and dihydrophaseic acid in seeds of Pyrus communis

1977 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 605-607 ◽  
Author(s):  
George C. Martin ◽  
Frank G. Dennis ◽  
Paul Gaskin ◽  
Jake Macmillan
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Pyrus Communis ◽  
Phaseic Acid ◽  
Dihydrophaseic Acid

scholarly journals Endogenous hormonal content during grain development in hexaploid and tetraploid wheat

1970 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 493-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sridhar Gutam ◽  
Virendra Nath ◽  
GC Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Grain Growth ◽  
Indole Acetic Acid ◽  
Tetraploid Wheat ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Ploidy Levels ◽  
Hormonal Content

A pot experiment was conducted in the rabi (post rainy) seasons of 2001 and 2002 to study the genotypic differences in grain growth rate and endogenous hormonal content in the developing grains of hexaploid and tetraploid wheat. The endogenous hormonal contents of grains in both the ploidy levels had changed in sequence. At 5 days after anthesis (DAA), gibberellic acid (GA3); at 15 DAA (rapid growth phase), indole-acetic acid (IAA); at 25 DAA (dough stage), abscisic acid (ABA) were maximum. At 35 DAA, all the endogenous hormonal level decreased and among the hormones, ABA was highest followed by IAA and GA3. Hexaploids recorded higher concentrations of endogenous hormones (13.38% IAA, 17.89% GA3, and 14.7% ABA) on fresh weight basis and resulted in higher seed weight (56.99 mg/grain) and grain growth rate (0.009 g/g/day) compared to tetraploids (49.08 mg/grain; 0.008 g/g/day) on dry weight basis by better mobilization of photosynthates during grain filling. Key Words: Grain growth rate, hormones, indole-acetic acid, gibberellic acid, abscisic acid. doi:10.3329/bjar.v33i3.1608 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 33(3) : 493-502, September 2008

Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Water Contents During Grain Development and Maturation in Wheat

1977 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 799 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Sofield ◽  
IF Wardlaw ◽  
LT Evans ◽  
SY Zee
Keyword(s):  
Grain Growth ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Water Entry ◽  
Grain Development ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Steady Rate

Plants of five cultivars of wheat were grown under controlled-environmental conditions in order to analyse the effect of cultivar and of temperature and illuminance after anthesis on the accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus by grains in relation to dry matter. The water relations of the grain during maturation were also examined, using calcium content as an index of water entry. The nitrogen and phosphorus contents of grains increased linearly throughout the grain growth period. The percentage of nitrogen and phosphorus in grains fell sharply during the first few days after anthesis but rose progressively thereafter. The higher the temperature, and the lower the illuminance, the higher was the percentage of nitrogen in the grain of all cultivars. Such conditions also reduce final grain size, but their effects on nitrogen concentration in the grain were apparent early in grain development. No evidence was found of a flush of nitrogen or phosphorus into the grain late in its development. Water entry into the grain continued at a steady rate until maximum grain dry weight was reached, then ceased suddenly. No evidence was found of an increased rate of water loss by the grain at that stage, and the rapid fall in water content at the cessation of grain growth may have been due to blockage of the chalazal zone of entry into the grain by the deposition of lipids. Accumulation of dry matter, nitrogen and phosphorus and entry of water into the grain all ceased at the time of lipid deposition in the chalazal zone.

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