122 SEX-SPECIFIC EFFECTS OF PARENTAL DIET DURING PREGNANCY ON EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT IN THE LONG SNOUT SEAHORSE (HIPPOCAMPUS REIDI; GINSBURG, 1933)

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 153 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Otero-Ferrer ◽  
M. Izquierdo ◽  
A. Fazeli ◽  
W. V. Holt
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Embryo Development ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Brood Pouch ◽  
The Other ◽  
Suitable Model ◽  
Fatty Acid Profiles ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Males And Females

As in mammals, seahorse embryos develop internally but, unlike in mammals, this process occurs within a paternal structure (the brood pouch). Functionally, the brood pouch supports developing embryos through placenta-like interactions, but as egg quality is determined by the female's diet, the seahorse system offers opportunities to study the effect of the male's diet on embryo development while varying the female's diet independently. In this study, we investigated the hypothesis that development of seahorse embryos is affected differentially by independent manipulation of the male and female parental diets. Adult males and females were fed separately with either wild-caught crustaceans (Male-W or Female-W, respectively) or commercial aquarium diet (Male-C or Female-C, respectively) for 1 month before conception and during the subsequent pregnancy (approximately 15 days). Dietary unsaturated fatty acid content (18:3n-3) and (20:4n-6) in the W diet was approximately double that in the C diet. In total, 5231 first-brood offspring were obtained from 4 treatment groups formed from (1) Male-W × Female-W; (2) Male-C × Female-W; (3) Male-W × Female-C; and (4) Male-C × Female-C. Each treatment was replicated with 4 couples. Newborns (10 from each brood) were weighed and dimensions measured. Fifteen-day postnatal survival rates were determined from 40 offspring/couple (N at Day 0 = 160/treatment) and fatty acid profiles were evaluated. Data were analysed by nested analyses of covariance (ANCOVA); replicates were nested within treatments and individual offspring measurements were nested within replicates (male and female parental sizes were used as covariates). Offspring produced by the Male-C × Female-W were ~10% taller (both as standard length and tail length; P < 0.05) than those produced by Male-W × Female-W couples but their 15-day survival was poorer (12.9% v. 39%; χ2 = 39.19, 1 DF; P < 0.001). Fifteen-day survival of the other groups was 0% in both cases. When both male and female parents were fed the commercial diet, their offspring were considerably smaller than those from all the other treatments (P < 0.05). The offspring produced by Male-W × Female-C couples showed distortion of the snout:head length ratio, a phenotypic feature that was highly consistent in the Male-W × Female-W treatment group. Fatty acid profiles of the offspring showed significant dependence on the preconception dietary treatment; 20:4n-6 and 22:6n-3 contents were significantly lower in Male-C × Female-C than in Male-W × Female-C (P < 0.01) offspring, showing that the male's pouch could compensate for the poorer quality of lipids derived directly from eggs. These results support the hypothesis that diet received during the preconception period and pregnancy by the males and females differentially affects embryonic growth and fatty acid content, and suggest that seahorses are a suitable model species for understanding the effects of parental diet on offspring health. Supported by the EU FP7/2007–2013 AquaExcel network (grant agreement No. 262336) and the COST Action (FA1201) (Epigenetics and Periconception Environment).

The Spawning of Echinus Esculentus and Some Changes in Gonad Composition

1931 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-150
Author(s):  
F. C. STOTT
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Sea Temperature ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Simultaneous Decrease ◽  
Post Spawning ◽  
Food Reserves ◽  
Inshore Migration

1. The spring inshore migration of Echinus at Port Erin in 1930 started in early February and reached its maximum in the middle of March. Mature gonads were found at the end of February and throughout March and early April. At the end of June all gonads examined were spent. The sea temperature throughout this period was observed. It is probable that May was the chief month in which natural spawning took place. 2. A cycle of changes in the composition of the gonad are recorded from November 1929 to July 1930. The chief of these are: (a) In the males an increase in percentage dry weight as the gonads mature ; the opposite taking place in the females. (b) A large and simultaneous decrease in percentage glycogen in both male and female gonads prior to spawning followed by a great post-spawning increase. The fatty acid content does not alter with the maturation of the gonad, but an indication is given that an increase in the percentage of carbohydrates other than glycogen occurs. Hence it is suggested that glycogen is transformed in the maturing gonad into carbohydrate food reserves for the ripe eggs and sperm.

Embryonic developmental plasticity in the long-snouted seahorse (Hippocampus reidi, Ginsburg 1933) in relation to parental preconception diet

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 1020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Otero-Ferrer ◽  
Marisol Izquierdo ◽  
Alireza Fazeli ◽  
William V. Holt
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Fatty Acid Profiles ◽  
Commercial Diet ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Offspring Growth ◽  
Males And Females

The aim of the present study was to investigate the hypothesis that parental periconception nutrition in adult seahorses affects the development and growth of their offspring. We tested the hypothesis that because seahorse embryos develop inside the male’s brood pouch, manipulation of the male’s diet would affect offspring growth and development independently of the female’s diet. Adult males and females were fed separately with either wild-caught crustaceans or commercial aquarium diet for 1 month before conception to influence the periconception environment. Approximately 10 000 offspring were obtained from four different treatment groups (Male/Wild or Male/Commercial × Female/Wild or Female/Commercial). Weights, physical dimensions and fatty acid profiles of the newborns were determined. Offspring produced when the males receiving commercial diet were mated with wild-fed females were larger (P < 0.05) than those produced by wild-fed males. When both males and females were fed with commercial diet, their offspring were significantly smaller than those from the other treatment groups. When commercial diet-fed females were mated with wild-fed males, the offspring showed distortion of the snout : head length ratio. These results support the view that the preconception diet received by males and females differentially affects embryonic development.

scholarly journals n-3 PUFAs improve erythrocyte fatty acid profile in patients with small AAA: a randomized controlled trial

2019 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 1154-1163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lara T. Meital ◽  
Mark T. Windsor ◽  
Rebecca M. L. Ramirez Jewell ◽  
Peter Young ◽  
Karl Schulze ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Desaturase Activity ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Fatty Acid Profiles ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Distribution Width ◽  
Pufa Supplementation ◽  
Adrenic Acid ◽  
Erythrocyte Fatty Acid

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is an important cause of death in older adults, which has no current drug therapy. Inflammation and abnormal redox status are believed to be key pathogenic mechanisms for AAA. In light of evidence correlating inflammation with aberrant fatty acid profiles, this study compared erythrocyte fatty acid content in 43 AAA patients (diameter 3.0–4.5 cm) and 52 healthy controls. In addition, the effect of omega-3 PUFA (n-3 PUFA) supplementation on erythrocyte fatty acid content was examined in a cohort of 30 AAA patients as part of a 12 week randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. Blood analyses identified associations between AAA and decreased linoleic acid (LA), and AAA and increased Δ6-desaturase activity and biosynthesis of arachidonic acid (AA) from LA. Omega-3 PUFA supplementation (1.5 g DHA + 0.3 g EPA/day) decreased red blood cell distribution width (14.8 ± 0.4% to 13.8 ± 0.2%; P = 0.003) and levels of pro-inflammatory n-6 PUFAs (AA, 12.46 ± 0.23% to 10.14 ± 0.3%, P < 0.001; adrenic acid, 2.12 ± 0.13% to 1.23 ± 0.09%; P < 0.001). In addition, Δ-4 desaturase activity increased (DHA/docosapentaenoic acid ratio, 1.85 ± 0.14 to 3.93 ± 0.17; P < 0.001) and elongase 2/5 activity decreased (adrenic acid/AA ratio, 0.17 ± 0.01 to 0.12 ± 0.01; P < 0.01) following supplementation. The findings suggest that n-3 PUFAs improve fatty acid profiles and ameliorate factors associated with inflammation in AAA patients.

Omega-3 enriched broiler meat: The influence of dietary α-linolenic-ω-3 fatty acid sources on growth, performance and meat fatty acid composition

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge O Azcona ◽  
Marcelo J Schang ◽  
Pilar T Garcia ◽  
Claudia Gallinger ◽  
Ricardo Ayerza Jr. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
The Other ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
White Meat ◽  
Broiler Meat ◽  
Chia Seed

Western diets are typically low in ω-3 fatty acids, and high in saturated and ω-6 fatty acids. There is a need to increase dietary ω-3 fatty acid content. Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) has the highest botanical source of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) known, and recently has been receiving more attention because of this. Feeding ALA to animals has been shown to increase the ω-3 fatty acid content of the foods they produce, and hence offers consumers an easy way to increase their intake of ω3 fatty acids without altering their diet. Broilers were fed rapeseed, flaxseed, chia seed and chia meal to assess the ability of these feed ingredients to increase the ω-3 fatty acid content of the meat, and also to determine whether any negative effects on bird production would arise. Flaxseed produced significantly (P < 0.05) lower body weights, weight gains and poorer conversion ratios than did the other feeds. Except in the case of the chia meal with the dark meat, the chia seed significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the saturated fatty acid (SFA) content of the white and dark meats compared with the control diet. Adding ALA increased the ALA, LCω-3 fatty acid and total polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ω-3 fatty acid content of both meat types, except in the case of the white meat of the birds fed rapeseed. Chia seed gave the highest total PUFA ω-3 increase, yielding 157 and 200% increases for the dark and white meat, respectively, compared with the control. The ω-6:ω-3 and SFA:ω-3 ratios dramatically improved in both types of meat when chia seed, chia meal or flaxseed was added to the diet. The study also showed that not all ALA-rich seeds are biologically equivalent sources in terms of producing ω-3 enriched broiler meat. Chia proved to be superior to the other sources examined in this trial. Key words: Chia seed, flaxseed, rapeseed, omega-3, alpha-linolenic, broiler meat, fatty acid

Analysis of Peanuts and Peanut Products for Total Lipids, Fatty Acids and Proximates

1991 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Sheppard ◽  
T. S. Rudolf
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Total Lipids ◽  
Fatty Acid Profiles ◽  
Oleic And Linoleic Acids

Abstract The four major peanut types and several peanut products were analyzed for total lipids, fatty acid content, fat, ash and protein. Runner and Virginia types contained similar amounts of oleic and linoleic acids that were significantly different from those found in Valencia and Spanish types of peanuts. Characterization of the peanut types into groups by fatty acid profiles was more definitive than by sterol profiles. No significant differences in fat, ash or protein content were found between the various peanut types. Peanut products did not always exhibit the same fatty acid and sterol profiles as peanuts.

Effect of light intensity on the ultrastructure of the filamentous cyanobacterium, Anabaena variabilis

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 300-301
Author(s):  
C. S. Bricker ◽  
S. R. Barnum ◽  
B. Huang ◽  
J. G. Jaworskl
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Anabaena Variabilis ◽  
Chloroplast Envelope ◽  
Major Constituent ◽  
Filamentous Cyanobacterium ◽  
Photosynthetic Membrane ◽  
Effect Of Light

Cyanobacteria are Gram negative prokaryotes that are capable of oxygenic photosynthesis. Although there are many similarities between eukaryotes and cyanobacteria in electron transfer and phosphorylation during photosynthesis, there are two features of the photosynthetic apparatus in cyanobacteria which distinguishes them from plants. Cyanobacteria contain phycobiliproteins organized in phycobilisomes on the surface of photosynthetic membrane. Another difference is in the organization of the photosynthetic membranes. Instead of stacked thylakolds within a chloroplast envelope membrane, as seen In eukaryotes, IntracytopIasmlc membranes generally are arranged in three to six concentric layers. Environmental factors such as temperature, nutrition and light fluency can significantly affect the physiology and morphology of cells. The effect of light Intensity shifts on the ultrastructure of Internal membrane in Anabaena variabilis grown under controlled environmental conditions was examined. Since a major constituent of cyanobacterial thylakolds are lipids, the fatty acid content also was measured and correlated with uItrastructural changes. The regulation of fatty acid synthesis in cyanobacteria ultimately can be studied if the fatty acid content can be manipulated.

Determination of fatty acid content in some edible insects of Mexico

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.M. Pino Moreno ◽  
A. Ganguly
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Periplaneta Americana ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Capric Acid ◽  
Caproic Acid ◽  
Insect Species ◽  
Edible Insects

In the present paper we have determined the fatty acid content of some edible insects of Mexico. A comparative analysis of the insect species studied in this research showed that caproic acid was present in a minimal proportion which ranged between 0.01 for Periplaneta americana (nymphs) and 0.06 (g/100 g, dry basis) for Euschistus strenuus. The highest proportion of caprilic acid (0.09) was found in Tenebrio molitor (adults). Atta sp. had the highest amount of capric acid (0.26). Polistes sp. was found to be rich in lauric acid (0.77) and for myristic acid it had the highest content (5.64). Dactylopius sp. and E. strenuus were rich in palmitic acid (14.89). Euschistus taxcoensis had the highest quantity of palmitoleic acid (12.06). Llaveia axin exhibited the highest quantity of stearic acid (22.75). Polistes sp. was found to be rich in oleic acid (38.28). The highest quantity of linoleic acid was observed in T. molitor (larvae) (10.89), and in L. axin the highest content of linolenic acid (7.82) was obtained. A comparison between the species under the present investigation revealed that, in general, the insects are poor in caproic, caprilic, capric, lauric, myristic, palmitoleic and linolenic acids, because the quantities were either minimal or could not be detected at all. They had moderate quantities of stearic, palmitic and linoleic acids and had high quantities of oleic acid. Finally it was concluded that although a particular insect species is unable to fulfil the total fatty acid need for a human, if consumed in combination they could definitely be able to supply a good amount of this highly valued nutrient.

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