The agistment market in the northern Australian rangelands: failings and opportunities

2008 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 283 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. Reeson ◽  
R. R. J. McAllister ◽  
S. M. Whitten ◽  
I. J. Gordon ◽  
M. Nicholas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Asymmetric Information ◽  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Failure Analysis ◽  
Transaction Costs ◽  
Market Failure ◽  
Market Performance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Key Issues

Agistment is the practice of temporarily moving stock between properties, and is used by pastoralists both to strategically develop their enterprises and as a response to environmental heterogeneities such as variation in rainfall. This paper considers the agistment market in the northern Australian rangelands using the ‘market failure framework’. This form of economic analysis identifies failings in a market, thus, provides a rigorous basis for designing interventions intended to improve market performance. Drawing on interviews with pastoralists from the Dalrymple Shire in Queensland we conclude that, although agistment is widely used, there are several failings in the existing market which are likely to result in overall agistment activity being far less than optimal. The market failure analysis indicates that key issues relate to the lack of a common marketplace, asymmetric information on the characteristics of the other party in an agreement, and a lack of mutual expectations at the outset. Innovations with the potential to overcome these failings, while minimising the transaction costs involved in entering an agistment agreement, are discussed.

scholarly journals Asymmetric Information, Transaction Costs, and Farmers Decision To Participate In Tobacco Voor-Oogst Kasturi Contract Farming

Agro Ekonomi ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Rondhi
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Asymmetric Information ◽  
Transaction Costs ◽  
Market Failure ◽  
Information Costs ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Transfer Product ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Additional Costs ◽  
Land Size

Contracts participation between tobacco farmers and traders is still low even benefit of contract is huge. This is related to factors that affect to the contract, demographics, farm characteristic, and other related factors.  Contracts that initially became a tool to prevent market failure because it regulates how economic actors act against other, turns out to cause transaction costs as a result of asymmetric information that makes the contract does not function ideally. Therefore, this study attempts to explain asymmetry information during the transfer product and the potential transaction costs incurred using the New Institutional Economy approach. Beside that, this study also attemps to explain factors that underlie farmers decision making partnership, that were analized by using the analyst logistic regression.Respondents in this study were 100 respondents, 50 tobacco contract farmers, and 50 independent farmers from December 2018 through January 2019. The results showed that asymmetric information caused adverse selection and moral hazard, as many as 30% farmers had sold products to other parties and 8% of farmers had used pesticides that prohibited by traders. Contracts that are not ideal due to asymmetric information must be re-enforced by using additional costs called transaction costs which are divided into three typess, namely search and information costs, cost to design, negotiate and conclude and the monitor and contract enforcement costs. Monitoring costs have the potential to absorb the largest portion compared to other types of transaction costs. The greater the asymmetric information generated, the greater the transaction costs incurred. Then the factors that significantly influence the decision making of tobacco farmers to partnership are long time farming experience, land size, risk aversion level, certainty of price and source of capital.

Rapid Failure Analysis of Low-Yielding Electrical Test Structures Using E-beam Physical and Voltage Contrast Inspection

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver D. Patterson ◽  
Deborah A. Ryan ◽  
Xiaohu Tang ◽  
Shuen Cheng Lei
Keyword(s):  
Failure Analysis ◽  
Defect Detection ◽  
High Volume ◽  
The Other ◽  
Defect Inspection ◽  
Electrical Test ◽  
Detection Mode ◽  
Rapid Generation ◽  
Voltage Contrast ◽  
Additional Support

Abstract In-line E-beam inspection may be used for rapid generation of failure analysis (FA) results for low yielding test structures. This approach provides a number of advantages: 1) It is much earlier than traditional FA, 2) de-processing isn’t required, and 3) a high volume of sites can be processed with the additional support of an in-line FIB. Both physical defect detection and voltage contrast inspection modes are useful for this application. Voltage contrast mode is necessary for isolation of buried defects and is the preferred approach for opens, because it is faster. Physical defect detection mode is generally necessary to locate shorts. The considerations in applying these inspection modes for rapid failure analysis are discussed in the context of two examples: one that lends itself to physical defect inspection and the other, more appropriately addressed with voltage contrast inspection.

SRAM Failure Analysis Strategy

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Egger ◽  
C. Burmer
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Crystal ◽  
Failure Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Analysis Strategy ◽  
Emission Microscopy ◽  
Metal Layers ◽  
Failure Localization

Abstract The area of embedded SRAMs in advanced logic ICs is increasing more and more. On the other hand smaller structure sizes and an increasing number of metal layers make conventional failure localization by using emission microscopy or liquid crystal inefficient. In this paper a SRAM failure analysis strategy will be presented independent on layout and technology.

scholarly journals Effect of seed treatment and foliar spray with fungicides in controlling black point disease of wheat

1970 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
PK Malaker ◽  
IH Mian
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gross Margin ◽  
Black Point ◽  
Wheat Seeds

The efficacy of seed treatment and foliar spray with fungicides in controlling black point incidence of wheat seeds was evaluated in the field. Two seed treating fungicides, namely Vitavax-200 and Homai-80WP were used @ 0.25% of dry seed weight and foliar spray with Tilt-250EC (0.05%) was applied in six different schedules. Untreated and unsprayed controls were also maintained. Seed treatment with either Vitavax-200 or Homai-80WP significantly increased plant population and grain yield, but none of them was found effective in reducing black point incidence. On the other hand, foliar sprays with Tilt-250EC under all the spray schedules except spraying at 70 and 90 DAS significantly minimized the disease severity over unsprayed control. Among the different spray schedules, spraying at 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90 DAS appeared to be most effective, which was similar to spraying at 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 DAS in reducing black point incidence and increasing grain yield. Economic analysis on yield advantage showed that the highest additional gross margin of Tk. 6120/ha with BCR 2.57 was obtained from five sprays applied at 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 DAS. Key Words: Seed treatment, foliar spray, black point, wheat. DOI: 10.3329/bjar.v34i3.3968 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 34(3) : 425-434, September 2009

scholarly journals AgFact: Linking farmers with facts

1997 ◽  
pp. 145-147
Author(s):  
G.I. Ogle ◽  
A.L. Craigie ◽  
M.J. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Service Sector ◽  
The Other ◽  
Information Need ◽  
End User ◽  
Information Base ◽  
The Public ◽  
High Profile ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Distribution Chain

The AgLINK bulletin series dominated all agricultural and horticultural information publications from the late 1960s to the late 1980s, when it was discontinued. The collapse of such a high profile series raises questions about the viability of such a mechanism for linking farmers with facts. This failure highlights three key issues: the need to define and allocate the costs based on who benefits; the appropriate positioning of parties within the distribution chain; and a quality specification to which bulletins must adhere. We consider that AgFACT, the AgResearch pastoral agriculture information base which superseded AgLINK in 1997, should largely be cost neutral to science groups in AgResearch. However, the resources for providing information need to be met by science programmes, a cost which is outweighed by the opportunity to communicate with science stakeholders. The costs of distribution and retail need to fall with the other parties who benefit from the dissemination of this information - the retailer and the end user. We also consider that the role of AgResearch is in manufacture rather than sales to the public, which is best done by the agricultural service sector. AgFACT must maintain tight specifications, to ensure that it is relevant to farmers and other users, accurate and unbiased, and up to date. The penalty for not doing so is a loss of value and, moreover, a risk of it becoming a public liability. Keywords: AgFACT, AgLINK, agricultural information, information base, technology transfer

German Eugenics and the Wider World: Beyond the Racial State

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Weindling
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Welfare State ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Urban Growth ◽  
The Other ◽  
Racial Hygiene ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Rapid Industrialization ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Size And Structure

This article discusses German eugenics as being incorporated of two strands, one racially oriented and the other welfare oriented. Eugenics in Germany was also characterized by its intention to reach out to a wider world of German colonies and German ethnic groups beyond the frontiers of the state. Key issues such as rapid industrialization and urban growth and associated changes in morbidity, family size and structure, and sexuality are addressed. The article outlines a system of public health in which eugenically-trained physicians served the race and nation rather than merely the individual. It provides an understanding of racial hygiene within the context of German imperialism, but the postwar loss of colonies, of territories to the new Polish state, creates a shift of focus within the new welfare state.

The Qualitative Relationship Between Banks and SMEs in Wales

2017 ◽  
pp. 86-110
Author(s):  
Atsede Woldie ◽  
Hooman Hagshenas ◽  
Brychan Celfyn Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Asymmetric Information ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Order Theory ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pecking Order ◽  
Pecking Order Theory ◽  
External Finance ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Qualitative Relationship

A long-term or close and intense relationship with banks could help overcome the main problems like asymmetric information. Using collateral is another way to overcome the effects of asymmetric information. The findings show that having collateral does not reduce loan costs, and on the other hand it will increase the availability of finance for small businesses. In general, small businesses use pecking order theory in choosing their formal sources of finance. Because of their lack of knowledge, they are not completely aware of available sources of finance. Banks are the first and most important external finance provider for small businesses, so having a good long-term relationship with banks can help them to overcome problems like asymmetric information, which would influence their access to more finance. Collateral is the other way to access more finance and it can help small businesses in their relationship with banks, especially in a period of unsustainability to reduce the risks for banks.

Part III The right To Terminate, 8 Express Rights of Termination

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stannard John E ◽  
Capper David
Keyword(s):  
Common Law ◽  
The Other ◽  
General Law ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter discusses express rights of termination. It is not always easy for a party to know for certain whether they are entitled to terminate or not. This is particularly so where the right in question depends on proof of fundamental breach or repudiation. For this reason, parties to a contract frequently, in the interests of certainty, make express provision for this by agreeing in advance that one or both of them may terminate if certain conditions are met. Such express rights of termination can depend on a wide variety of contingencies, but very frequently these will include a breach by the other party. Where this is the case, it is often difficult to distinguish termination under the express right from termination under the general law, particularly where the latter involves termination for breach of condition. The chapter then assesses four key issues with regard to express rights of this sort, most notably: (1) the relationship between express rights of termination and conditions at common law; (2) the requirements for the exercise of such rights; (3) the effect of termination under such a right; and (4) the problem of concurrent rights of termination.

scholarly journals Neo-liberalism and the Nordic welfare model: a study of the Liberal Alliance and ideological adaptation in Denmark

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Troels Fage Hedegaard
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mixed Methods Approach ◽  
Grass Roots ◽  
Liberal Ideology ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Core Idea ◽  
Welfare Model ◽  
The Welfare State

This article explores whether and how the neo-liberal ideology has adapted to the Nordic welfare model by studying the attitudes of voters and grass-roots members of the Danish party Liberal Alliance towards the welfare state. This inquiry into one of the key issues for the neo-liberal ideology is inspired by theory on how an ideology will adapt to its context. The expectation outlined in the article is for the neo-liberals of this party to favour features that make the Nordic welfare model distinctive – extensive governmental responsibility, especially for children and the elderly, and a universalistic approach to providing welfare. I have explored this question using a mixed-methods approach, where I analyse a survey of voters and interviews with grass-roots members of the party. Combined this shows that the neo-liberals in Liberal Alliance do support a role for the welfare state that extends beyond a minimum welfare state, especially for the care of children, but they view old age and retirement mostly as a problem each individual must deal with. Regarding the universalistic approach to providing welfare, the neo-liberals seem torn between two different tendencies, one being a perception of a fair way to provide welfare and the other the idea of a selective welfare state as a neo-liberal core idea, which leads to ambivalent attitudes. I argue that this results in a form of the neo-liberal ideology that has adapted to the Nordic welfare model.

Transaction Costs in Agricultural Marketing Cooperatives: Effects on Market Performance

2013 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo Marcos-Matás ◽  
Miguel Hernández-Espallardo ◽  
Narciso Arcas-Lario
Keyword(s):  
Transaction Costs ◽  
Market Performance ◽  
Agricultural Marketing ◽  
Marketing Cooperatives
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document